森林公园林分结构特征对空间热环境的影响
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摘要
通过对野外标准地实测与分析获取森林公园林分结构特征和温度的相关信息,研究林分非空间结构特征与林分空间结构特征对热环境的影响.结果表明:林分非空间结构及空间结构特征对空间热环境模型的影响占比分别为66.25%、33.75%.林分非空间结构中的郁闭度、树高、枝下高对空间热环境的影响最显著,而胸径、林分胸高断面积、植株密度对空间热环境的影响不显著.郁闭度与气温呈线性负相关,树高、枝下高与空间热环境存在显著正相关,郁闭度每增加0.1,空气温度降低0.4℃;而树高每增加0.1 m,温度增加0.013℃;枝下高每增加0.1 m,温度增加0.017℃.空间结构特征中混交度与空间热环境呈正相关,混交度每增加0.1,温度增加0.19℃;开阔比与空间热环境呈负相关关系,开阔比每增加0.1,温度下降0.22℃.
To investigate the function of forest park on regulating urban climate, 5 spatial structure indexes(i.e.: dominance, open comparison, Mingling degree, competition index, uniform angle index) and 7 non-spatial structure indexes were analyzed at 11 sampling plots across Sanming Golden Bay Forest Park. And temperature was monitored every 10 minutes for 2 min between 11:30-12:30 in August. Then Pearson analysis and model test were conducted to evaluate relationships between different indexes and their contribution to forest temperature. The results showed that the influence of non-spatial structure and spatial structure for forest on spatial thermal environment model was 66.25% and 33.75%, respectively. Canopy density, tree height, branch height had significant impacts on the spatial thermal environment, while DBH, forest chest high cross-sectional area and plant density did not influence the spatial thermal environment significantly. Canopy density was linearly negatively correlated with temperature, while tree height and branch height were significantly positively correlated with spatial thermal environment. For every 0.1 increment of canopy density, air temperature decreased by 0.4 ℃ and for every 0.1 increment of Mingling degree, air temperature increased by 0.19 ℃. The open comparison was negatively correlated with space thermal environment, namely for every 0.1 increment of open comparison, air temperature decreased by 0.22 ℃.
To investigate the function of forest park on regulating urban climate, 5 spatial structure indexes(i.e.: dominance, open comparison, Mingling degree, competition index, uniform angle index) and 7 non-spatial structure indexes were analyzed at 11 sampling plots across Sanming Golden Bay Forest Park. And temperature was monitored every 10 minutes for 2 min between 11:30-12:30 in August. Then Pearson analysis and model test were conducted to evaluate relationships between different indexes and their contribution to forest temperature. The results showed that the influence of non-spatial structure and spatial structure for forest on spatial thermal environment model was 66.25% and 33.75%, respectively. Canopy density, tree height, branch height had significant impacts on the spatial thermal environment, while DBH, forest chest high cross-sectional area and plant density did not influence the spatial thermal environment significantly. Canopy density was linearly negatively correlated with temperature, while tree height and branch height were significantly positively correlated with spatial thermal environment. For every 0.1 increment of canopy density, air temperature decreased by 0.4 ℃ and for every 0.1 increment of Mingling degree, air temperature increased by 0.19 ℃. The open comparison was negatively correlated with space thermal environment, namely for every 0.1 increment of open comparison, air temperature decreased by 0.22 ℃.
引文
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[2] 何薇,黄尤优,严贤春,等.我国城市绿地景观缓解城市热环境效应的研究进展[J].四川环境,2016,35(02):153-156.
[3] 晏海.城市公园绿地小气候环境效应及其影响因子研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2014.
[4] 上官莎逸,刘健,余坤勇,等.福州城市公园绿地可达性影响因素[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2018,47(4):494-502.
[5] 叶丽梅,江志红,霍飞.南京地区下垫面变化对城市热岛效应影响的数值模拟[J].大气科学学报,2014,37(5):642-652.
[6] 冯悦怡,胡潭高,张力小.城市公园景观空间结构对其热环境效应的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(12):3 179-3 187.
[7] 邵永昌,庄家尧, 李二焕,等.城市森林冠层对小气候调节作用[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(6):1 532-1 539.
[8] 李翔泽,李宏勇,张清涛,等.不同地被类型对城市热环境的影响研究[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(1):106-112.
[9] 刘艳红,郭晋平,魏清顺.基于CFD的城市绿地空间格局热环境效应分析[J].生态学报,2012,32(6):1 951-1 959.
[10] FEYISA G L, DONS K, HENRIK MEILBY H. Efficiency of parks in mitigating urban heat island effect: an example from Addis Ababa[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2014,123(8):87-95.
[11] BLANUSA T, MONTEIRO M M V, FANTOZZI F, et al. Alternatives to sedum on green roofs: can broad leaf perennial plants offer better ‘cooling service’?[J]. Building and Environment, 2013,59(2):285-295.
[12] 张波,王文杰,何兴元,等.哈尔滨城市森林遮荫和降温增湿效应差异及其影响因素[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(4):951-961.
[13] COHEN P, P0TCHTER O, MATZARAKIS A. Daily and seasonal climatic conditions of green urban open spaces in the Mediterranean climate and their impact on human comfort[J]. Building and Environment, 2011,51(7):99-106.
[14] 秦仲,李湛东,成仿云,等.北京园林绿地5种植物群落夏季降温增湿作用[J].林业科学,2016,52(1):37-47.
[15] 张今朝,刘健,余坤勇,等.气候变化下三明市主要针叶树种潜在地理分布的预测[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2018,47(1):74-81.
[16] 沈海龙,丛健,张鹏,等.开敞度调控对次生林林冠下红松径高生长量和地上生物量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(11):2 781-2 791.
[17] 赵春燕,李际平,封尧,等.考虑k阶邻近林木的混交度[J].林业科学,2015,51(4):89-95.
[18] 赵中华,惠刚盈,胡艳波,等.基于大小比数的林分空间优势度表达方法及其应用[J].北京林业大学学报,2014,36(1):78-82.
[19] 刘帅,吴舒辞,王红,等.基于Voronoi图的林分空间模型及分布格局研究[J].生态学报,2014,34(6):1 436-1 433.
[20] 张晔珵,张怀清,陈永富,等.基于树冠因子的林木竞争指数研究[J].林业科学研究,2016,29(1):80-84.
[21] EMILY B, PETERS J B. MCFADDEN J. Influence of seasonality and vegetation type on suburban microclimates[J]. Urban Ecosystems, 2010,13(1):443-460.
[22] 黄良美,黄玉源,黎桦,等.南宁市植物群落结构特征与局地小气候效应关系分析[J].广西植物,2008,18(2):211-217.
[23] 唐泽,任志彬,郑海峰,等.城市森林群落结构特征的降温效应[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(9):2 823-2 830.
[24] 任志彬.城市森林对城市热环境的多尺度调节作用研究[D].长春:中国科学院研究生院,2014.
[25] 张明丽,秦俊,胡永红.上海市植物群落降温增湿效果的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,18(2):39-43.