云南哀牢山地区森林附生维管植物多样性及区系特征
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摘要
附生植物作为山地森林生态系统中重要的结构性成分,在维持森林生态系统生物多样性格局、水分和养分循环等方面发挥着重要作用。本文通过野外调查、标本查阅并结合相关文献,对云南哀牢山地区附生维管植物物种组成及分布进行了系统研究。结果显示,哀牢山地区附生维管植物共有23科83属218种,其中附生蕨类和兰科植物最丰富。附生蕨类有34属93种,以附生-石生蕨类生活型占优势,其中水龙骨科17属62种,占附生蕨类的66.67%,瓦韦属(Lepisorus)和石韦属(Pyrrosia)分别有13种和10种。附生兰科植物有26属65种,其中石斛属(Dendrobium)和石豆兰属(Bulbophyllum)分别有12种和8种。该地区附生维管植物属的分布具有明显的热带性质并以热带亚洲分布居多。附生植物生长于生境因子变化剧烈、资源有限的林冠,对环境变化敏感,极易遭受破坏且破坏后难以恢复,不少附生植物具有很高的药用、观赏等价值。因此,应加强对附生维管植物这一特殊类群的保护。
Epiphytes are important and special interlayer plants in montane forest ecosystems,which play a key role in water balance and nutrient cycling of these ecosystems. This paper systematically studied the species composition and floristic characteristics of epiphytic vascular plants in the Ailao Mountains of Yunnan Province through field investigation,herbarium examination, and related literature review. Results showed that there were 23 families,83 genera,and 218 species of vascular epiphytes in total. Epiphytic ferns were the most abundant taxa( 34 genera and 93 species),with Polypodiaceae( 17 genera and 62 species) accounting for 66.67% of these ferns. There were 13 species of Lepisorus and 10 species of Pyrrosia. Most ferns were epiphyte-lithophyte life forms. Orchidaceae( 26 genera and 65 species) was the second most abundant taxa and included 12 species of Dendrobium and eight species of Bulbophyllum. Analysis of floristic characteristics at the genus level revealed that epiphytic flora in the Ailao Mountains showed obvious tropic features and was mainly of tropical Asian distribution. As epiphytes are sensitive to environmental change and highly vulnerable to injury,recovery can be difficult once they are damaged. Therefore,more attention should be paid to protect this special and important plant group.
Epiphytes are important and special interlayer plants in montane forest ecosystems,which play a key role in water balance and nutrient cycling of these ecosystems. This paper systematically studied the species composition and floristic characteristics of epiphytic vascular plants in the Ailao Mountains of Yunnan Province through field investigation,herbarium examination, and related literature review. Results showed that there were 23 families,83 genera,and 218 species of vascular epiphytes in total. Epiphytic ferns were the most abundant taxa( 34 genera and 93 species),with Polypodiaceae( 17 genera and 62 species) accounting for 66.67% of these ferns. There were 13 species of Lepisorus and 10 species of Pyrrosia. Most ferns were epiphyte-lithophyte life forms. Orchidaceae( 26 genera and 65 species) was the second most abundant taxa and included 12 species of Dendrobium and eight species of Bulbophyllum. Analysis of floristic characteristics at the genus level revealed that epiphytic flora in the Ailao Mountains showed obvious tropic features and was mainly of tropical Asian distribution. As epiphytes are sensitive to environmental change and highly vulnerable to injury,recovery can be difficult once they are damaged. Therefore,more attention should be paid to protect this special and important plant group.
引文
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[2] Zotz G. The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes—A critical update[J]. Bot J Linn Soc,2013,171(3):453-481.
[3] Gotsch SG,Nadkarni N,Amici A. The functional roles of epiphytes and arboreal soils in tropical montane cloud forests[J]. J Trop Ecol,2016,32(5):455-468.
[4] Gotsch SG,Dawson TE,Draguljic D. Variation in the resilience of cloud forest vascular epiphytes to severe drought[J]. New Phytol,2018,219:900-913.
[5] Bartels SF,Chen HYH. Mechanisms regulating epiphytic plant diversity[J]. Crc Cit Rev Plant Sci,2012,31(5):391-400.
[6] Irume MV,Zartman CE,Amaral ILD. Floristic composition and community structure of epiphytic angiosperms in a terra firme forest in central Amazonia[J]. Acta Bot Bras,2013,27(2):378-393.
[7]吴毅,刘文耀,宋亮,陈曦,卢华正,李苏,石贤萌.基于林冠塔吊的附生植物生态学研究进展[J].植物生态学报,2016,40(5):508-522.Wu Y,Liu WY,Song L,Chen X,Lu HZ,Li S,Shi XM.Advances in ecological studies of epiphytes using canopy cranes[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2016,40(5):508-522.
[8] Batke S, Cascante-Marín A, Kelly DL. Epiphytes in Honduras:a geographical analysis of the vascular epiphyte flora and its floristic affinities to other Central American countries[J]. J Trop Ecol,2016,57(4):663-675.
[9] Zotz G. Vascular epiphytes in the temperate zones—A review[J]. Plant Ecol,2005,176(2):173-183.
[10] Olson DM,Dinerstein E. The Global 200:A representation approach to conserving the earth’s most biologically valuable ecoregions[J]. Conserv Biol,1998,12(3):502-515.
[11]朱华,闫丽春.云南哀牢山种子植物[M].昆明:云南科技出版社,2009:10-730.
[12]中国科学院昆明分院生态研究室.云南哀牢山森林生态系统研究论文集[M].昆明:中国科学院昆明分院生态研究室,1983.
[13]闫丽春,施济普,朱华,彭华,刘玉洪,王洪.云南哀牢山地区种子植物区系研究[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2009,17(3):283-291.Yan LC,Shi JP,Zhu H,Peng H,Liu HY,Wang H. The studies on floristics of seed plants in Ailaoshan region,Yannan,China[J]. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany,2009,17(3):283-291.
[14]徐成东,李雪玲,冯建孟.云南哀牢山国家级自然保护区附生蕨类植物的多样性与附载植物的关系[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(9):1858-1862.Xu CD,Li XL,Feng JM. Relationships between epiphyte ferns species diversity and their phorophytes in Mt. Ailao National Nature Reserve[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2011,30(9):1858-1862.
[15]徐海清,刘文耀.云南哀牢山山地湿性常绿阔叶林附生植物的多样性和分布[J].生物多样性,2005,13(2):137-147.Xu HQ, Liu WY. Species diversity and distribution of epiphytes in the montance moist evergreen broad-leaved forest in Ailao Mountain, Yunnan[J]. Biodiversity Science,2005,13(2):137-147.
[16]马文章.云南哀牢山徐家坝地区附生(植)物的组成、生物量及其与生态因子的关系[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2009:52-65.
[17]徐成东.哀牢山蕨类植物[M].成都:西南交通大学出版社,2007.
[18] Hsu R,Wolf J. Diversity and phytogeography of vascular epiphytes in a tropical-subtropical transition island,Taiwan[J]. Flora,2009,204(8):612-627.
[19]彭华.滇中南无量山种子植物[M].昆明:云南科技出版社,1998:31-189.
[20]吴征镒,孙航,周浙昆,李德铢,彭华.中国种子植物区系地理[M].北京:科学出版社,2010:120-314.
[21]陆树刚.蕨类植物学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007:299-304.
[22]吴毅,宋亮,刘强,赵明旭,卢华正,谭运洪,刘文耀.西双版纳热带森林附生维管植物的物种多样性与区系特征[J].生物多样性,2016,24(3):271-279.Wu Y,Song L,Liu Q,Zhao MX,Lu HZ,Tan YH,Liu WY.Diversity and floristic characteristics of vascular epiphytes in the tropical forest of Xishuangbanna[J]. Biodiversity Science,2016,24(3):271-279.
[23]刘广福.海南岛热带森林附生维管植物多样性和分布[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2010:21-64.
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[27] Sundue MA,Testo WL,Ranker TA. Morphological innovation,ecological opportunity,and the radiation of a major vascular epiphyte lineage[J]. Evolution,2015,69(9):2482-2495.
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