个体禀赋与认知对农户林地流转行为的影响——基于意愿与行为一致视角分析
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摘要
【目的】基于林地市场上的"不规范"行为、行政介入的强制性规模集中行为以及林地流转行为影响因素研究结论存在较大差异的现实背景,以意愿与行为一致视角,细分样本数据,研究个体禀赋与认知对农户林地流转行为的影响,为促进林地有序、规范流转提供参考和借鉴。【方法】筛除"无意愿有行为"(被迫契约行为)、"保持行为发生在5年之内"(避免数据时滞误差较大)以及对研究存在干扰的其他相关数据,采用二元离散Logistic模型分别针对"无意愿无行为"和"有意愿无行为"2组参照数据建立4个模型,厘清个体禀赋与认知对农户参与林地流转行为和意愿转化契约行为的影响。【结果】有林地转入行为的农户集中在人均收入较高、非农收入较低、偏向主营用材林、林地经营积极性较高及林地流转认可度较高的样本中;有林地转出行为的农户集中在人均收入较高、脱离务农程度较严重、林地面积较多、林地细碎化程度较小、偏向主营用材林、林地经营积极性较强、感知林地经营风险下降较多及林地流转认可度较高的样本中。一般来讲,已发生林地转入契约明显比有意愿但未实现契约的农户文化程度高、家庭人均收入高、非农收入占比高、林地面积多、偏向主营用材林以及感知林地经营风险严重;而已发生林地转出契约行为的农户明显比有意愿但未实现契约的农户年龄大、林地面积多、林地细碎化程度小、林地经营积极性低以及感知林地经营风险严重。【结论】家庭资本是影响农户林地流转契约行为成功的关键因素;影响农户转入林地的因素有家庭人均收入、非农收入、主营林种、林地经营积极性和林地流转认知;影响农户转出林地的因素有家庭人均收入、林地面积、从事职业、林地细碎化程度、主营林种、林地经营积极性、林地经营风险感知和林地流转认知;农户转入林地的契约行为受政治资源、家庭资本等体现农户行为能力因素的制约,而转出林地的契约行为受资源禀赋(规模小、细碎化等)约束;且有意愿与实际契约行为差异较大,行政介入促进林地市场配置实现林地资源有效集中的比例较大。健全制度体系、把握行政介入尺度、发挥政府职能、加强农村社会保障建设能够有效提高林地流转的契约比例。
【Objective】 Based on the three realistic backgrounds of the "non-standard"behavior and the mandatory behavior of large scale land resources concentrated from administrative intervention in the land market,as well as the large differences of research conclusion of literatures,the paper discusses again the affecting factors of farmers behavior in forestland transferring scientifically and rigorously as the view of intention-behavior consistency from the aspect of individual endowment and cognition by subdividing sample data, and provides reference for promoting forest land transferring orderly,normally and sustainably.【Method】 The method of binary Logistic model is used to establish four models for exploring the affecting factors of farmers intention and behavior in forestland circulation through the two reference groups of "no behavior,no intention"and "no behavior,with intention". The samples screen out the data of"behavior; with no intention"(mandatory behavior),"early behavior"and other disturbing conclusion.【Result】 The characteristics of farmers who participated actually transfer-in forestland are higher per capita income, lower nonagricultural income, more planting timber forest, stronger attitude of forestland management and recognition. The characteristics of farmers who participated actually transfer-out forestland are higher per capita income,lower degree of farming,larger forestland area,lower degree of forestland fragment,more planting timber forest,stronger forestland management and risk falling cognition and recognition. Generally,comparing with farmers who fail to put their intention into action,the other farmers who took action actually of transfer-in forestland show that higher degree of education,higher per capita income,higher ratio of non-agricultural income,larger forestland area,more planting timber forest and more risk increasing cognition. Comparing with farmers who fail to put their intention into action,the other farmers who took action actually of transfer-out forestland show that older,larger forestland area,lower degree of forestland fragment,weaker forestland management cognition and stranger risk falling cognition.【Conclusion】 Family capital is the key factor that successful contract behavior of farmers in forestland circulation. The affecting factors of behavior that farmers transferin forestland are household incomes per capita,non-agricultural income,forest category,the attitude of forestland management and forestland circulation cognition. The affecting factors of behavior that farmers transfer-out forestland are household incomes per capita,forestland area,the occupation of a household head,the degree of forestland fragment,forest category,the attitude of forestland management,risk perception and forestland circulation cognition. Due to restricting from factors,a large number of farmers fail to put their intention into action. Such as political resources,behavior ability and family capital constraints farmers transfer in forestland,and resources endowment(such as small scale,the degree of fragment) constraints farmers transfer out forestland. At the same time,there are many differences between the group that farmers have participated forestlands circulation actually and the group that who farmers have intention participated forestland circulation but no action. The proportion from administrative intervention promoting forestland market allocation is higher. Therefore,in order to effectively improve the contract ratio of forestland circulation,it is necessary to improve the institutional system,grasp the scale of administrative intervention,give full play to the functions of the government,and strengthen the construction of social security in rural areas.
【Objective】 Based on the three realistic backgrounds of the "non-standard"behavior and the mandatory behavior of large scale land resources concentrated from administrative intervention in the land market,as well as the large differences of research conclusion of literatures,the paper discusses again the affecting factors of farmers behavior in forestland transferring scientifically and rigorously as the view of intention-behavior consistency from the aspect of individual endowment and cognition by subdividing sample data, and provides reference for promoting forest land transferring orderly,normally and sustainably.【Method】 The method of binary Logistic model is used to establish four models for exploring the affecting factors of farmers intention and behavior in forestland circulation through the two reference groups of "no behavior,no intention"and "no behavior,with intention". The samples screen out the data of"behavior; with no intention"(mandatory behavior),"early behavior"and other disturbing conclusion.【Result】 The characteristics of farmers who participated actually transfer-in forestland are higher per capita income, lower nonagricultural income, more planting timber forest, stronger attitude of forestland management and recognition. The characteristics of farmers who participated actually transfer-out forestland are higher per capita income,lower degree of farming,larger forestland area,lower degree of forestland fragment,more planting timber forest,stronger forestland management and risk falling cognition and recognition. Generally,comparing with farmers who fail to put their intention into action,the other farmers who took action actually of transfer-in forestland show that higher degree of education,higher per capita income,higher ratio of non-agricultural income,larger forestland area,more planting timber forest and more risk increasing cognition. Comparing with farmers who fail to put their intention into action,the other farmers who took action actually of transfer-out forestland show that older,larger forestland area,lower degree of forestland fragment,weaker forestland management cognition and stranger risk falling cognition.【Conclusion】 Family capital is the key factor that successful contract behavior of farmers in forestland circulation. The affecting factors of behavior that farmers transferin forestland are household incomes per capita,non-agricultural income,forest category,the attitude of forestland management and forestland circulation cognition. The affecting factors of behavior that farmers transfer-out forestland are household incomes per capita,forestland area,the occupation of a household head,the degree of forestland fragment,forest category,the attitude of forestland management,risk perception and forestland circulation cognition. Due to restricting from factors,a large number of farmers fail to put their intention into action. Such as political resources,behavior ability and family capital constraints farmers transfer in forestland,and resources endowment(such as small scale,the degree of fragment) constraints farmers transfer out forestland. At the same time,there are many differences between the group that farmers have participated forestlands circulation actually and the group that who farmers have intention participated forestland circulation but no action. The proportion from administrative intervention promoting forestland market allocation is higher. Therefore,in order to effectively improve the contract ratio of forestland circulation,it is necessary to improve the institutional system,grasp the scale of administrative intervention,give full play to the functions of the government,and strengthen the construction of social security in rural areas.
引文
陈珂,周荣伟,王春平,等.2009.集体林权制度改革后的农户林地流转意愿影响因素分析.林业经济问题,29(6):493-498.(Chen K,Zhou R W,Wang C P,et al.2009.Analysis on the influence factors of the change of farmers’woodland circulation after the reform of collective forest rights.Issues of Forestry Economics,29(6):493-498.[in Chinese])
柯水发,李周.2011.农户林地使用权流转意愿影响因素的实证分析.学海,(2):102-108.(Ke S F,Li Z.2011.Empirical analysis of the influence factors of the circulation of farmers’woodland use rights.Journal of Xuehai,(2):102-108.[in Chinese])
孔凡斌,廖文梅.2011.基于收入结构差异化的农户林地流转行为分析---以江西省为例.中国农村经济,(8):89-97.(Kong F B,Liao W M.2011.An analysis of farmer households’woodland transferring behavior based on their differential income structure---taking Jiangxi Province as example.Chinese Rural Economy,(8):89-97.[in Chinese])
乐章.2010.农民土地流转意愿及解释---基于十省份千户农民调查数据的实证分析.农业经济问题,31(2):64-70.(Le Z.2010.The willingness and explanation of farmers’land transferan empirical analysis based on the survey data of thousands of farmers in 10 provinces.Agricultural Economic Problems,31(2):64-70.[in Chinese])
李怡,高岚.2014.不同类型林地流转的形成逻辑与效率差异.软科学,(2):140-144.(Li Y,Gao L.2014.The Formation and efficiency of the different types of forestland transfer.Soft Science,(2):140-144.[in Chinese])
李彧挥,方苑,陈亮.2012.林农流转出林地意愿的影响因素分析---以湖南省安化县为例.江汉论坛,(2):14-19.(Li Y H,Fang Y,Chen L.2012.Analysis of the influence factors of woodland’s willingness on forest land-taking Anhua county of Hunan Province as an example.Jianghan Tribune,(2):14-19[in Chinese])
林丽梅,刘振滨,许佳贤,等.2016.家庭禀赋对农户林地流转意愿及行为的影响.湖南农业大学学报:社会科学版,17(2):16-21.(Lin L M,Liu Z B,Xu J X,et al.2016.Influence of family endowment on farmers’intention and behavior of forest land circulation:based on the investigation of households in collective forest area of northwest Fujian Province.Journal of Hunan Agricultural University:Social Sciences,17(2):16-21.[in Chinese])
罗必良.2005.新制度经济学.山西:山西经济出版社,210.(Luo B L.2005.New system economics.Shanxi:Shanxi Economics Press,210.[in Chinese])
裴厦,谢高地,章予舒.2011.农地流转中的农民意愿和政府角色---以重庆市江北区统筹城乡改革和发展试验区为例.中国人口·资源与环境,21(6):55-60.(Pei S,Xie G D,Zhang Y S.2011.Study on farmers’willingness and government role in farmland circulation---a case study of the urban and natural rural balancing test site in Jiangbei District of Chongqing Municipality.China Population,Resources and Environment,21(6):55-60.[in Chinese])
钱文荣.2002.浙北传统粮区农户土地流转意愿与行为的实证研究.中国农村经济,(7):64-68.(Qian W R.2002.Empirical study on the willingness and behavior of land transfer in traditional grain areas in northern Zhejiang Province.Chinese Rural Economy,(7):64-68.[in Chinese])
钱忠好.2008.非农就业是否必然导致农地流转---基于家庭内部分工的理论分析及其对中国农户兼业化的解释.中国农村经济,(10):13-21.(Qian Z H.2008.Whether non-farm employment will inevitably lead to agricultural land transfer-based on the theoretical analysis of the division of labor within the family and the interpretation of Chinese peasant households.Chinese Rural Economy,(10):13-21.[in Chinese])
孙小龙,郭沛.2015.非农就业对农户土地转出行为的影响.财经科学,(11):121-128.(Sun X L,Guo P.2015.Impact of off-farm employment on land transfer in rural China.Science of Finance and Economics,(11):121-128.[in Chinese])
苏群,汪霏菲,陈杰.2016.农户分化与土地流转行为.资源科学,38(3):377-386.(Su Q,Wang F F,Chen J.2016.Rural-household differentiation and land transfer behavior.Resources Science,38(3):377-386.[in Chinese])
汤谨铭,朱俊峰.2013.农户认知对农地制度变迁的影响及作用机制---基于重庆市的实证研究.农业经济问题,34(7):71-77.(Tang J M,Zhu J F.2013.The Effect and mechanism of peasants,cognition on rural land system:based on empirical research of Chongqing city.Issues in Agricultural Economy,34(7):71-77.[in Chinese])
田少静,翟印礼.2011.林农林地流转决策行为影响因素的实证分析.林业经济问题,31(2):127-130.(Tian S J,Zhai Y L.2011.Empirical analysis factors affecting behavior of farmers’forestland circulation-based on Liaoning Province.Issues of Forestry Economics,31(2):127-130.[in Chinese])
王成军,费喜敏,徐秀英.2012.农村劳动力转移与农户间林地流转---基于浙江省两个县(市)调查的研究.自然资源学报,27(2):893-900.(Wang C J,Fei X M,Xu X Y.2012.Rural labor transfer and woodland circulation between rural households-research statistics on two counties of Zhejiang Province.Journal of Natural Resources,27(2):893-900.[in Chinese])
谢屹,李小勇,温亚利.2014.农户集体林权流转意愿及影响因素分析---基于辽宁、浙江、陕西、重庆四省(市)的调研.广东社会科学,(1):13-19.(Xie Y,Li X Y,Wen Y L.2014.Analysis of the willingness and influencing factors of the collective forest rights of farmers,based on the research of Liaoning,Zhejiang,Shaanxi and Chongqing.Guangdong Social Sciences,(1):13-19.[in Chinese])
徐林青,谢屹,卫望玺,等.2015.农户集体林地流转意愿与行为及影响因素研究的文献定量分析.世界林业研究,28(3):91-96.(Xu L Q,Xie Y,Wei W X,et al.2015.Analysis on the influence factors of farmers’willingness and behavior of the collective woodland circulation by the method of literature quantitative.World Forestry Research,28(3):91-96.[in Chinese])
徐秀英,石道金,杨松坤,等.2010.农户林地流转行为及影响因素分析---基于浙江省临安、安吉的农户调查.林业科学,46(9):149-157.(Xu X Y,Shi D J,Yang S K,et al.2010.Analysis on forestland transferring and the affecting factors:a case study in Lin’an and Anji County in Zhejiang Province.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,46(9):149-157.[in Chinese])
钟晓兰,李江涛,冯艳芬,等.2013.农户认知视角下广东省农村土地流转意愿与流转行为研究.资源科学,35(10):2082-2093.(Zhong X L,Li J T,Feng Y F,et al.2013.Farmland transfer willingness and behavior in the perspective of farm household cognition in Guangdong Province.Resources Science,35(10):2082-2093.[in Chinese])
Ajzen I.2011.The Theory of planned behavior:reactions and reflections.Psychology and Health,9(26):1113-1127.
Rahman S.2010.Determinants of agricultural land rental market transactions in Bangladesh.Land Use Policy,27:975-964.
Pouta E,MyyrS,Pietola K.2012.landowner response to policies regulating land improvements in Finland:Lease or search for other options?Land Use Policy,29:367-376.
Teklu T,Lemi A.2004.Factors affecting entry and intensity in informal rental land markets in Southern Ethiopian highlands.Agricultural Economics,30:117,128.
Sheeran P,Webb T L.2016.The intention-behavior gap.Social and Personality Psychology Compass,9(10):503-518.
Wegner D M.2002.The illusion of conscious will.Cambridge,MA:MITPress.
柯水发,李周.2011.农户林地使用权流转意愿影响因素的实证分析.学海,(2):102-108.(Ke S F,Li Z.2011.Empirical analysis of the influence factors of the circulation of farmers’woodland use rights.Journal of Xuehai,(2):102-108.[in Chinese])
孔凡斌,廖文梅.2011.基于收入结构差异化的农户林地流转行为分析---以江西省为例.中国农村经济,(8):89-97.(Kong F B,Liao W M.2011.An analysis of farmer households’woodland transferring behavior based on their differential income structure---taking Jiangxi Province as example.Chinese Rural Economy,(8):89-97.[in Chinese])
乐章.2010.农民土地流转意愿及解释---基于十省份千户农民调查数据的实证分析.农业经济问题,31(2):64-70.(Le Z.2010.The willingness and explanation of farmers’land transferan empirical analysis based on the survey data of thousands of farmers in 10 provinces.Agricultural Economic Problems,31(2):64-70.[in Chinese])
李怡,高岚.2014.不同类型林地流转的形成逻辑与效率差异.软科学,(2):140-144.(Li Y,Gao L.2014.The Formation and efficiency of the different types of forestland transfer.Soft Science,(2):140-144.[in Chinese])
李彧挥,方苑,陈亮.2012.林农流转出林地意愿的影响因素分析---以湖南省安化县为例.江汉论坛,(2):14-19.(Li Y H,Fang Y,Chen L.2012.Analysis of the influence factors of woodland’s willingness on forest land-taking Anhua county of Hunan Province as an example.Jianghan Tribune,(2):14-19[in Chinese])
林丽梅,刘振滨,许佳贤,等.2016.家庭禀赋对农户林地流转意愿及行为的影响.湖南农业大学学报:社会科学版,17(2):16-21.(Lin L M,Liu Z B,Xu J X,et al.2016.Influence of family endowment on farmers’intention and behavior of forest land circulation:based on the investigation of households in collective forest area of northwest Fujian Province.Journal of Hunan Agricultural University:Social Sciences,17(2):16-21.[in Chinese])
罗必良.2005.新制度经济学.山西:山西经济出版社,210.(Luo B L.2005.New system economics.Shanxi:Shanxi Economics Press,210.[in Chinese])
裴厦,谢高地,章予舒.2011.农地流转中的农民意愿和政府角色---以重庆市江北区统筹城乡改革和发展试验区为例.中国人口·资源与环境,21(6):55-60.(Pei S,Xie G D,Zhang Y S.2011.Study on farmers’willingness and government role in farmland circulation---a case study of the urban and natural rural balancing test site in Jiangbei District of Chongqing Municipality.China Population,Resources and Environment,21(6):55-60.[in Chinese])
钱文荣.2002.浙北传统粮区农户土地流转意愿与行为的实证研究.中国农村经济,(7):64-68.(Qian W R.2002.Empirical study on the willingness and behavior of land transfer in traditional grain areas in northern Zhejiang Province.Chinese Rural Economy,(7):64-68.[in Chinese])
钱忠好.2008.非农就业是否必然导致农地流转---基于家庭内部分工的理论分析及其对中国农户兼业化的解释.中国农村经济,(10):13-21.(Qian Z H.2008.Whether non-farm employment will inevitably lead to agricultural land transfer-based on the theoretical analysis of the division of labor within the family and the interpretation of Chinese peasant households.Chinese Rural Economy,(10):13-21.[in Chinese])
孙小龙,郭沛.2015.非农就业对农户土地转出行为的影响.财经科学,(11):121-128.(Sun X L,Guo P.2015.Impact of off-farm employment on land transfer in rural China.Science of Finance and Economics,(11):121-128.[in Chinese])
苏群,汪霏菲,陈杰.2016.农户分化与土地流转行为.资源科学,38(3):377-386.(Su Q,Wang F F,Chen J.2016.Rural-household differentiation and land transfer behavior.Resources Science,38(3):377-386.[in Chinese])
汤谨铭,朱俊峰.2013.农户认知对农地制度变迁的影响及作用机制---基于重庆市的实证研究.农业经济问题,34(7):71-77.(Tang J M,Zhu J F.2013.The Effect and mechanism of peasants,cognition on rural land system:based on empirical research of Chongqing city.Issues in Agricultural Economy,34(7):71-77.[in Chinese])
田少静,翟印礼.2011.林农林地流转决策行为影响因素的实证分析.林业经济问题,31(2):127-130.(Tian S J,Zhai Y L.2011.Empirical analysis factors affecting behavior of farmers’forestland circulation-based on Liaoning Province.Issues of Forestry Economics,31(2):127-130.[in Chinese])
王成军,费喜敏,徐秀英.2012.农村劳动力转移与农户间林地流转---基于浙江省两个县(市)调查的研究.自然资源学报,27(2):893-900.(Wang C J,Fei X M,Xu X Y.2012.Rural labor transfer and woodland circulation between rural households-research statistics on two counties of Zhejiang Province.Journal of Natural Resources,27(2):893-900.[in Chinese])
谢屹,李小勇,温亚利.2014.农户集体林权流转意愿及影响因素分析---基于辽宁、浙江、陕西、重庆四省(市)的调研.广东社会科学,(1):13-19.(Xie Y,Li X Y,Wen Y L.2014.Analysis of the willingness and influencing factors of the collective forest rights of farmers,based on the research of Liaoning,Zhejiang,Shaanxi and Chongqing.Guangdong Social Sciences,(1):13-19.[in Chinese])
徐林青,谢屹,卫望玺,等.2015.农户集体林地流转意愿与行为及影响因素研究的文献定量分析.世界林业研究,28(3):91-96.(Xu L Q,Xie Y,Wei W X,et al.2015.Analysis on the influence factors of farmers’willingness and behavior of the collective woodland circulation by the method of literature quantitative.World Forestry Research,28(3):91-96.[in Chinese])
徐秀英,石道金,杨松坤,等.2010.农户林地流转行为及影响因素分析---基于浙江省临安、安吉的农户调查.林业科学,46(9):149-157.(Xu X Y,Shi D J,Yang S K,et al.2010.Analysis on forestland transferring and the affecting factors:a case study in Lin’an and Anji County in Zhejiang Province.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,46(9):149-157.[in Chinese])
钟晓兰,李江涛,冯艳芬,等.2013.农户认知视角下广东省农村土地流转意愿与流转行为研究.资源科学,35(10):2082-2093.(Zhong X L,Li J T,Feng Y F,et al.2013.Farmland transfer willingness and behavior in the perspective of farm household cognition in Guangdong Province.Resources Science,35(10):2082-2093.[in Chinese])
Ajzen I.2011.The Theory of planned behavior:reactions and reflections.Psychology and Health,9(26):1113-1127.
Rahman S.2010.Determinants of agricultural land rental market transactions in Bangladesh.Land Use Policy,27:975-964.
Pouta E,MyyrS,Pietola K.2012.landowner response to policies regulating land improvements in Finland:Lease or search for other options?Land Use Policy,29:367-376.
Teklu T,Lemi A.2004.Factors affecting entry and intensity in informal rental land markets in Southern Ethiopian highlands.Agricultural Economics,30:117,128.
Sheeran P,Webb T L.2016.The intention-behavior gap.Social and Personality Psychology Compass,9(10):503-518.
Wegner D M.2002.The illusion of conscious will.Cambridge,MA:MITPress.