林地流转减贫效应研究
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摘要
基于福建省460农户的调查数据,通过倾向得分匹配法(PSM)研究林地流转对农户家庭人均收入的影响,并以林业生产经营效率为中介变量分析林地流转减贫效应的作用机制。研究结果显示:山区农户家庭进行林地流转受到家庭特征和禀赋特征的影响,故采用PSM方法解决样本"自选择"偏差是有必要的;林地流转通过优化资源配置、提高林业生产经营效率提高农户家庭人均收入发挥减贫效应;林业生产经营效率在林地流转减贫效应起中介变量作用且为完全中介效应。
(1)Background——How to increase the income of mountain residents and improve their living standards and quality is an urgent problem. The development of forestry economy is an important way to alleviate the poverty of mountain farmers and realize poverty alleviation. Therefore,it is of certain significance to study whether forestry related concepts have poverty reduction effect.(2)Methods——The research data came from the field research conducted by the research team in the 14 townships of NanPing City,SanMing City and LongYan City of FuJian Province in 2015-2016 by using semistructured interviews and questionnaires. A total of 460 questionnaires were obtained. The paper selects the propensity score matching method( PSM) to solve the problem that the "counter-factual" phenomenon of forestland transfer cannot be observed,and uses the stochastic frontier method( SFA) to measure the forestry operation efficiency. In order to find out the mechanism of forestland transfer for poverty reduction effect,a mediation effect test model was established to test whether the forestry operation efficiency of the intermediary variable played a mediating effect on the impact of forestland transfer on the net income of farmers.(3)Results——The paper first solved the problem that could not be observed before the forestland transfer through the PSM method,and selected the characteristic variables such as the age of the head of household,the education level of the head of household,the family dependency ratio,the unit forestland area,the family size,the proportion of fertile forestland,the proportion of non-agricultural income,whether it was SanMing City,and whether it was NanPing City to match and satisfy the common support hypothesis and parallel hypothesis. The results of the impact of forestland transfer on the per capita income of the farmer households show that the impact of forestland transfer on the per capita income of farmer households was tested at a significant level of 1% regardless of the matching methods such as neighbor matching,radius matching and nuclear matching. In order to further explore the mechanism of forestland transfer to poverty reduction effect,the paper selects forestry operation efficiency as a mediator variable to test its role in the process of forestland transfer to play a role in poverty reduction. After calculation,the forestry operation efficiency of farmer households between 0 and 0. 2 is 282 samples,accounting for 61. 30% of the total sample. It can be seen that the forestry operation efficiency of mountain farmers is generally low. Then,the paper establishes the mediation effect test model to test that the forestry operation efficiency is the mediator variable of forestland transfer to the per capita income of farmers and plays the complete mediating effect,thus verifying the interpretation path of the poverty reduction effect of forestland transfer of"forestland transfer-forestry operation efficiency-per capita income of farmer households".(4) Conclusions and Discussions——First,characteristic variables such as family characteristics and endowment characteristics have an impact on forestland transfer. Owing to the forestland transfer of farmer households is not random,the analysis of poverty reduction effect of forestland transfer will bring the sample "self-selection" deviation,indicating that it is necessary to adopt PSM method. Second,the forestland transfer can increase the per capita income of farmer households and play a role in poverty alleviation. The forestland transfer can optimize the allocation of resources within the family,improve the efficiency of forestry production and operation,optimize the family income structure or increase the income of forestry,and then increase the per capita income of farmer households. This conclusion is tested by the average treatment effect value after the matching of PSM method. Third,the efficiency of forestry production and operation as the median variable between forestland transfer and per capita income of farmer households exerts a full mediating effect. Through the mediation effect test procedure,it is concluded that the forestry production and operation efficiency conducts a full mediating effect,that is,the forestland transfer plays a role in the per capita income of the farmer households by affecting the forestry production efficiency.
(1)Background——How to increase the income of mountain residents and improve their living standards and quality is an urgent problem. The development of forestry economy is an important way to alleviate the poverty of mountain farmers and realize poverty alleviation. Therefore,it is of certain significance to study whether forestry related concepts have poverty reduction effect.(2)Methods——The research data came from the field research conducted by the research team in the 14 townships of NanPing City,SanMing City and LongYan City of FuJian Province in 2015-2016 by using semistructured interviews and questionnaires. A total of 460 questionnaires were obtained. The paper selects the propensity score matching method( PSM) to solve the problem that the "counter-factual" phenomenon of forestland transfer cannot be observed,and uses the stochastic frontier method( SFA) to measure the forestry operation efficiency. In order to find out the mechanism of forestland transfer for poverty reduction effect,a mediation effect test model was established to test whether the forestry operation efficiency of the intermediary variable played a mediating effect on the impact of forestland transfer on the net income of farmers.(3)Results——The paper first solved the problem that could not be observed before the forestland transfer through the PSM method,and selected the characteristic variables such as the age of the head of household,the education level of the head of household,the family dependency ratio,the unit forestland area,the family size,the proportion of fertile forestland,the proportion of non-agricultural income,whether it was SanMing City,and whether it was NanPing City to match and satisfy the common support hypothesis and parallel hypothesis. The results of the impact of forestland transfer on the per capita income of the farmer households show that the impact of forestland transfer on the per capita income of farmer households was tested at a significant level of 1% regardless of the matching methods such as neighbor matching,radius matching and nuclear matching. In order to further explore the mechanism of forestland transfer to poverty reduction effect,the paper selects forestry operation efficiency as a mediator variable to test its role in the process of forestland transfer to play a role in poverty reduction. After calculation,the forestry operation efficiency of farmer households between 0 and 0. 2 is 282 samples,accounting for 61. 30% of the total sample. It can be seen that the forestry operation efficiency of mountain farmers is generally low. Then,the paper establishes the mediation effect test model to test that the forestry operation efficiency is the mediator variable of forestland transfer to the per capita income of farmers and plays the complete mediating effect,thus verifying the interpretation path of the poverty reduction effect of forestland transfer of"forestland transfer-forestry operation efficiency-per capita income of farmer households".(4) Conclusions and Discussions——First,characteristic variables such as family characteristics and endowment characteristics have an impact on forestland transfer. Owing to the forestland transfer of farmer households is not random,the analysis of poverty reduction effect of forestland transfer will bring the sample "self-selection" deviation,indicating that it is necessary to adopt PSM method. Second,the forestland transfer can increase the per capita income of farmer households and play a role in poverty alleviation. The forestland transfer can optimize the allocation of resources within the family,improve the efficiency of forestry production and operation,optimize the family income structure or increase the income of forestry,and then increase the per capita income of farmer households. This conclusion is tested by the average treatment effect value after the matching of PSM method. Third,the efficiency of forestry production and operation as the median variable between forestland transfer and per capita income of farmer households exerts a full mediating effect. Through the mediation effect test procedure,it is concluded that the forestry production and operation efficiency conducts a full mediating effect,that is,the forestland transfer plays a role in the per capita income of the farmer households by affecting the forestry production efficiency.
引文
[1]窦亚权,余红红,王雅男,等.我国林业扶贫工作的研究进展及趋势分析[J].林业经济,2018,40(6):9-15.
[2]钱腾,仇晓璐,赵荣,等.山西林业精准扶贫模式研究[J].林业经济,2017,39(8):42-46,92.
[3]朱方明,屈恩义,王弘.我国山区贫困与反贫困状况的调查与思考:以四川通南巴地区为例[J].经济学家,2013(12):84-92.
[4] SEN A. Development as Freedom[M]. London:Oxford University Press,2001:112-115.
[5] ALKIRE S,SANTOS M E. Acute multidimensional poverty:A new index for developing countries[J]. Social Science Electronic Publishing,2011,38(HDRP-2010-11).
[6]左孝凡,王翊嘉,苏时鹏,等.社会资本对农村居民长期多维贫困影响研究:来自2010—2014年CFPS数据的证据[J].西北人口,2018,39(6):59-58.
[7]侯亚景.中国农村长期多维贫困的测量、分解与影响因素分析[J].统计研究,2017,34(11):86-97.
[8]刘一伟.社会保障支出对居民多维贫困的影响及其机制分析[J].中央财经大学学报,2017(7):7-18.
[9]杨龙,李萌,汪三贵.贫困村互助资金降低农户脆弱性了吗:来自5省1213户三期面板数据的证据[J].农业技术经济,2018(6):57-70.
[10]詹礼辉,苏时鹏,陈淑凤,等.林地细碎化、林地流转对林地资源配置效率的影响分析[J].资源开发与市场,2016,32(10):1209-1213.
[11]焦玉海,杨洁.保护生态与精准脱贫的双赢之策:林业推进精准扶贫精准脱贫综述[J].经济林研究,2017,35(2):2,233.
[12]张自强,高岚,李怡.农户林地流转提高林业生产效率吗?:分树种情况下DEA-Tobit模型分析[J].世界林业研究,2017,30(3):75-80.
[13]张伟,龙勤.云南集体林权制度改革后林业经营现状及模式的研究[J].中国林业经济,2015(3):18-20,27.
[14]苏时鹏,吴俊媛,甘建邦.林改后闽浙赣家庭林业全要素生产率变动比较[J].资源科学,2015,37(1):112-124.
[15]黄安胜,许佳贤,苏时鹏,等.集体林权制度改革后南方集体林区林业产出效率研究[J].林业经济,2014,36(11):109-113,124.
[16]许佳贤,郑逸芳,黄安胜,等.林改后农户林业生产效率的影响因素:基于闽赣两省159个固定观察点6年的调查数据[J].林业经济,2015(2):42-46.
[17]高岚,徐冬梅.个体禀赋与认知对农户林地流转行为的影响:基于意愿与行为一致视角分析[J].林业科学,2018,54(7):137-145.
[18]韩利丹,李桦.资源禀赋、经营方式与农户林地流入行为[J].林业经济问题,2018,38(1):7-14,100.
[19]张寒,杨红强,陈海滨,等.非农就业对林地流转的影响:基于双内生视角的MV Tobit估计[J].资源科学,2018,40(8):1505-1514.
[20]崔宝玉,谢煜,徐英婷.土地征用的农户收入效应:基于倾向得分匹配(PSM)的反事实估计[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(2):111-118.
[21]董加云,刘金龙.理论与实践:中国集体林地流转研究进展与展望[J].林业经济问题,2012,32(3):189-194,268.
[22]孔凡斌,廖文梅.基于收入结构差异化的农户林地流转行为分析:以江西省为例[J].中国农村经济,2011(8):89-97.
[23]曾华锋,聂影.林地流转的必然性和弱市场化趋势调控:以福建省为例[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,8(3):120-126.
[24]王国刚,刘彦随,刘玉.城镇化进程中农村劳动力转移响应机理与调控:以东部沿海地区为例[J].自然资源学报,2013,28(1):1-9.
[25]许凯,张升.集体林地流转影响因素分析:基于7省3500个样本农户数据[J].林业经济,2015,37(4):12-20,46.
[26]张健,姜雪梅.集体林区林权制度改革后农户林地流转的行为影响因素分析:基于福建省三明市156户农户调查[J].林业经济,2013(8):32-36.
[27]李娅.集体林权改革后农户林地流转行为影响因素分析:以云南省景洪市为例[J].中国林业经济,2013(2):14-17.
[2]钱腾,仇晓璐,赵荣,等.山西林业精准扶贫模式研究[J].林业经济,2017,39(8):42-46,92.
[3]朱方明,屈恩义,王弘.我国山区贫困与反贫困状况的调查与思考:以四川通南巴地区为例[J].经济学家,2013(12):84-92.
[4] SEN A. Development as Freedom[M]. London:Oxford University Press,2001:112-115.
[5] ALKIRE S,SANTOS M E. Acute multidimensional poverty:A new index for developing countries[J]. Social Science Electronic Publishing,2011,38(HDRP-2010-11).
[6]左孝凡,王翊嘉,苏时鹏,等.社会资本对农村居民长期多维贫困影响研究:来自2010—2014年CFPS数据的证据[J].西北人口,2018,39(6):59-58.
[7]侯亚景.中国农村长期多维贫困的测量、分解与影响因素分析[J].统计研究,2017,34(11):86-97.
[8]刘一伟.社会保障支出对居民多维贫困的影响及其机制分析[J].中央财经大学学报,2017(7):7-18.
[9]杨龙,李萌,汪三贵.贫困村互助资金降低农户脆弱性了吗:来自5省1213户三期面板数据的证据[J].农业技术经济,2018(6):57-70.
[10]詹礼辉,苏时鹏,陈淑凤,等.林地细碎化、林地流转对林地资源配置效率的影响分析[J].资源开发与市场,2016,32(10):1209-1213.
[11]焦玉海,杨洁.保护生态与精准脱贫的双赢之策:林业推进精准扶贫精准脱贫综述[J].经济林研究,2017,35(2):2,233.
[12]张自强,高岚,李怡.农户林地流转提高林业生产效率吗?:分树种情况下DEA-Tobit模型分析[J].世界林业研究,2017,30(3):75-80.
[13]张伟,龙勤.云南集体林权制度改革后林业经营现状及模式的研究[J].中国林业经济,2015(3):18-20,27.
[14]苏时鹏,吴俊媛,甘建邦.林改后闽浙赣家庭林业全要素生产率变动比较[J].资源科学,2015,37(1):112-124.
[15]黄安胜,许佳贤,苏时鹏,等.集体林权制度改革后南方集体林区林业产出效率研究[J].林业经济,2014,36(11):109-113,124.
[16]许佳贤,郑逸芳,黄安胜,等.林改后农户林业生产效率的影响因素:基于闽赣两省159个固定观察点6年的调查数据[J].林业经济,2015(2):42-46.
[17]高岚,徐冬梅.个体禀赋与认知对农户林地流转行为的影响:基于意愿与行为一致视角分析[J].林业科学,2018,54(7):137-145.
[18]韩利丹,李桦.资源禀赋、经营方式与农户林地流入行为[J].林业经济问题,2018,38(1):7-14,100.
[19]张寒,杨红强,陈海滨,等.非农就业对林地流转的影响:基于双内生视角的MV Tobit估计[J].资源科学,2018,40(8):1505-1514.
[20]崔宝玉,谢煜,徐英婷.土地征用的农户收入效应:基于倾向得分匹配(PSM)的反事实估计[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(2):111-118.
[21]董加云,刘金龙.理论与实践:中国集体林地流转研究进展与展望[J].林业经济问题,2012,32(3):189-194,268.
[22]孔凡斌,廖文梅.基于收入结构差异化的农户林地流转行为分析:以江西省为例[J].中国农村经济,2011(8):89-97.
[23]曾华锋,聂影.林地流转的必然性和弱市场化趋势调控:以福建省为例[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,8(3):120-126.
[24]王国刚,刘彦随,刘玉.城镇化进程中农村劳动力转移响应机理与调控:以东部沿海地区为例[J].自然资源学报,2013,28(1):1-9.
[25]许凯,张升.集体林地流转影响因素分析:基于7省3500个样本农户数据[J].林业经济,2015,37(4):12-20,46.
[26]张健,姜雪梅.集体林区林权制度改革后农户林地流转的行为影响因素分析:基于福建省三明市156户农户调查[J].林业经济,2013(8):32-36.
[27]李娅.集体林权改革后农户林地流转行为影响因素分析:以云南省景洪市为例[J].中国林业经济,2013(2):14-17.