基于特征空间的蒸散反演方法在中国北方地区的比较与应用
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摘要
【目的】通过验证和比较来选定适合于中国北方地区的蒸散反演方法,旨在为改进蒸散的算法提供支持并初步认识中国北方地区蒸散的时空分布规律。【方法】使用中等分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)的遥感影像、气象观测资料以及干旱-半干旱区协同观测的地表蒸散通量数据,对Jiang等(1999)、Wang等(2006)和Roerink等(2000)这3种特征空间方法进行验证与比较,在选定适合试验区的方法后,计算和分析中国北方地区蒸散的空间分布与季节变化特征。【结果】在中国北方地区,由Wang等(2006)方法反演得到的蒸发比相关性最高,误差最小(R~2=0.65,RMSE=0.17);受地表温度随海拔升高而降低的影响,Jiang等(1999)和Roerink等(2000)的方法在高海拔地区普遍存在高估的现象;基于Wang等(2006)的方法反演得到蒸发比,通过运算得出中国北方地区的蒸散空间分布,回归分析表明,该方法得出的蒸散结果精度较高(R~2=0.57,RMSE=0.78 mm·d~(-1));在不同季节,蒸散在空间上都表现出东高西低的特征;夏季最高,春季略高于秋季,冬季最小;在冬季,大部分地区蒸散在0.5 mm·d~(-1)以下;在春季,除西北地区的准噶尔、柴达木、塔里木等沙漠区域外,其余地区都有较明显的蒸散活动,大部分区域达到了0.8 mm·d~(-1)以上;在夏季,整个区域蒸散达到全年最大值,绝大部分地区蒸散强度在1.5 mm·d~(-1)以上;在秋季,蒸散明显回落,除华北地区和秦岭一带保持在1~2.5 mm·d~(-1)之外,其余地区蒸散大多在1 mm·d~(-1)以下。【结论】Wang等(2006)的方法可以在克服海拔对地表温度产生影响的同时,保持特征空间法中对地面气象参数精度要求不高的优点,能够更好地模拟中国北方地区蒸散的空间分布,适于在下垫面复杂、海拔落差大的地区使用。
【Objective】Continuous monitoring of evapotranspiration( ET) in regional scale is critical for water resource management and understanding of the processes of water and energy cycles. In order to provide support for improving algorithm of ET estimation and to preliminarily clarify the spatial and temporal patterns of ET in northern China,different ET retrieving methods were compared to select suitable method for application in complex surface areas. 【Method】In this study,three ET retrieving methods based on feature space were validated and compared by employing remote sensing images acquired from moderate resolution Imaging Spectro radiometer( MODIS) data set,meteorological data and surface ET flux measured by eddy covariance under a coordinated enhanced observation project in arid and semi-arid regions.Based on the suitable method selected from the comparison,spatial distribution and seasonal variation of ET over northern China were simulated and analyzed. 【Result】The results showed that: Wang's method resulted a better correlation andless errors than the other methods( R~2= 0. 65,RMSE = 0. 17) in evaporative fraction( EF) modeling over Northern China. Suffering from decreasing surface temperature along with the increasing elevation,Jiang's and Roerink's methods had overestimated EF in high altitude regions over the west part of Northern China. EF of northern China was calculated from Wang's method and then ET was retrieved. The regression analysis showed a good correlation between modeled and measured( R~2= 0. 57,RMSE = 0. 78 mm · d~(-1)). In general,spatial pattern of ET in northern China showed the characteristics as high east and low west. ET reached peak in summer and reduced to minimum in winter. ET in spring is slightly higher than that is in autumn. In winter,ET in most parts of northern China is lower than 0. 5 mm · d~(-1). In spring,ET increased obviously except for desert region such as Junggar,Qaidam and Tarim in the northwest part of China. ET in most region reached to 0. 8 mm·d~(-1)or more. In summer,ET in the entire region reached peak and greater than 1. 5 mm· d~(-1)in most areas. In Autumn,ET dropped to 1 mm · d~(-1)or less significantly except in North part of China and the Qinling Mountains which were kept at 1- 2. 5 mm· d~(-1).【Conclusion】Wang's method is thought to be suitable for ET retrieving over northern China,which is not heavily relied on the ground meteorological data. This method can reduce the errors caused by uncertainties from meteorological parameters,indicating an application potential in regions which have great drops in elevation and complex underlying surfaces.
【Objective】Continuous monitoring of evapotranspiration( ET) in regional scale is critical for water resource management and understanding of the processes of water and energy cycles. In order to provide support for improving algorithm of ET estimation and to preliminarily clarify the spatial and temporal patterns of ET in northern China,different ET retrieving methods were compared to select suitable method for application in complex surface areas. 【Method】In this study,three ET retrieving methods based on feature space were validated and compared by employing remote sensing images acquired from moderate resolution Imaging Spectro radiometer( MODIS) data set,meteorological data and surface ET flux measured by eddy covariance under a coordinated enhanced observation project in arid and semi-arid regions.Based on the suitable method selected from the comparison,spatial distribution and seasonal variation of ET over northern China were simulated and analyzed. 【Result】The results showed that: Wang's method resulted a better correlation andless errors than the other methods( R~2= 0. 65,RMSE = 0. 17) in evaporative fraction( EF) modeling over Northern China. Suffering from decreasing surface temperature along with the increasing elevation,Jiang's and Roerink's methods had overestimated EF in high altitude regions over the west part of Northern China. EF of northern China was calculated from Wang's method and then ET was retrieved. The regression analysis showed a good correlation between modeled and measured( R~2= 0. 57,RMSE = 0. 78 mm · d~(-1)). In general,spatial pattern of ET in northern China showed the characteristics as high east and low west. ET reached peak in summer and reduced to minimum in winter. ET in spring is slightly higher than that is in autumn. In winter,ET in most parts of northern China is lower than 0. 5 mm · d~(-1). In spring,ET increased obviously except for desert region such as Junggar,Qaidam and Tarim in the northwest part of China. ET in most region reached to 0. 8 mm·d~(-1)or more. In summer,ET in the entire region reached peak and greater than 1. 5 mm· d~(-1)in most areas. In Autumn,ET dropped to 1 mm · d~(-1)or less significantly except in North part of China and the Qinling Mountains which were kept at 1- 2. 5 mm· d~(-1).【Conclusion】Wang's method is thought to be suitable for ET retrieving over northern China,which is not heavily relied on the ground meteorological data. This method can reduce the errors caused by uncertainties from meteorological parameters,indicating an application potential in regions which have great drops in elevation and complex underlying surfaces.
引文
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姜晓剑,刘小军,黄芬,等.2010.逐日气象要素空间插值方法的比较.应用生态学报,21(3):624-630.(Jiang X J,Liu X J,Huang F,et al.2010.Comparison of spatia interpolation methods for daily meteorological elements.Chines Journal of Applied Ecology,21(3):624-630.[in Chinese])
李世荣,周心澄,李福源,等.2006.青海云杉和华北落叶松混交林林地蒸散和水量平衡研究.水土保持学报,20(2):118-121.(Li S R,Zhou X C,Li F Y,et al.2006.Evapotranspiration and wate balance of Picea asperata Mast.and Larix gmeini Rupr.mixed stand.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,20(2):118-121.[in Chinese])
李新,李小文,李增元,等.2012.黑河综合遥感联合试验研究进展概述.遥感技术与应用,27(5):637-649.(Li X,Li X W,Li Z Y,et al.2012.Progresses on the watershed allied telemetry experimental research(WATER).Remote Sensin Technology&Application,27(5):637-649.[in Chinese])
李新周,刘晓东,马柱国.2004.近百年来全球主要干旱区的干旱化特征分析.干旱区研究,21(2):97-103.(Li X Z,Liu X D,Ma Z G.2004.Analysis on the drought characteristic in the main arid regions in the world since recent hundred-odd years.Arid Zone Research,21(2):97-103.[in Chinese])
刘丙军,邵东国,沈新平.2007.作物需水时空尺度特征研究进展.农业工程学报,23(5):258-264.(Liu B J,Shao D G,Shen X P.2007.Advances in researches on th spatial-temporal features of crop water requirement.Transactions o the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,23(5):258-264.[in Chinese])
刘树华,于飞,刘和平,等.2007.干旱、半干旱地区蒸散过程的模拟研究.北京大学学报:自然科学版,43(3):359-366.(Liu S H,Yu F,Liu H P,et al.2007.Study of evapotranspiration processes simulation in arid and semi-arid regions.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,43(3):359-366.[in Chinese])
刘英,马保东,吴立新,等.2012.基于NDVI-ST双抛物线特征空间的冬小麦旱情遥感监测.农业机械学报,43(5):55-63.(Liu Y,Ma B D,Wu L X,et al.2012.Drought remote sensing for winte wheat based on double parabola NDVI-ST space.Transactions of th Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,43(5):55-63.[in Chinese])
马柱国,符淙斌.2006.1951-2004年中国北方干旱化的基本事实科学通报,51(20):2429-2439.(Ma Z G,Fu C B.2006.Some evidence of drying trend over northern China from 1951 to 2004.Science Bulletin,51(20):2913-2925[in Chinese])
米娜,张玉书,陈鹏狮,等.2010.玉米农田蒸散过程及其对气候变化的响应模拟.生态学报,30(3):698-709.(Mi N,Zhang Y S,Chen P S,et al.2010.A modeling study o evapotranspiration from maize cropping system and its response t climate change.Acta Ecologica Sinica,30(3):698-709.[in Chinese])
莫兴国,林忠辉,李宏轩.2004.基于过程模型的河北平原冬小麦产量和蒸散量模拟.地理研究,23(5):623-631.(Mo X G,Lin Z H,Li H X.2004.Simulation of winter wheat yield and evapotranspiration with process-based model and remote sensing dat in the Hebei Plain.Geographical Research,23(5):623-631.[in Chinese])
双喜,刘绍民,徐自为,等.2009.黑河流域观测通量的空间代表性研究.地球科学进展,24(7):724-733.(Shuang X,Liu S M,Xu Z W,et al.2009.Investigation of spatia representativeness for surface flux measurements in the Heihe Rive Basin.Advances in Earth Science,24(7):724-733.[in Chinese])
苏宏超,沈永平,韩萍,等.2007.新疆降水特征及其对水资源和生态环境的影响.冰川冻土,29(3):343-350.(Su H C,Shen Y P,Han P,et al.2007.Precipitation and its impact on water resources and ecological environment in Xinjiang region.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,29(3):343-350.[in Chinese])
唐晓培,宋妮,陈智芳,等.2016.未来主要气候情景下黄淮海地区参考作物蒸散量时空分布.农业工程学报,32(14):168-176.(Tang X P,Song N,Chen Z F,et al.2016.Spatial and tempora distribution of ET0under main climate scenarios in future acros Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.Transactions of the Chinese Society o Agricultural Engineering,32(14):168-176.[in Chinese])
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