谁是“最好”的心理服务提供者?
|
摘要
本文介绍了美国社会心理服务体系中心理服务提供者的现状和专业培训。美国社会心理服务提供者角色、水平不同,各有自己的专长,人数比例呈金字塔状,而且相互配合、高度合作。以此为鉴,我国的社会心理服务提供者网络是否应该朝这个方向努力?提供者角色不同,其专业学习内容和达到的专业水平应有所区别,并不需要经过同样的教育和培训项目,应该根据需求人群的不同分层培养,从而在资源有限的情况下,提高服务的专业性、节省服务成本。无论如何,从业人员都需要经过充分的相关专业训练,达到相应的执业水准后再提供服务。没有谁能在缺乏专业训练情况下成为天然称职的社会心理服务提供者。
This article introduces the current status and professional training of the psychological service providers in the American social psychological service system. In the United States, psychological service providers vary in their roles and skill levels and the proportion is pyramid in shape. In addition, each of them has his own specialization, yet complimentary to one another and highly co-operative. On this account, a question has been raised in regard to whether the network of social psychological service providers in China should put effort towards this direction. As the providers play different roles, the training contents of their specialization and level of expertise should be distinguishable instead of going through the one-sizefits-all education and training programs. A system of stratified training for providers should be tailored to the different needs of various client groups, so as to ensure higher professional standards of psychological services and reduce the cost of service when resources are limited. Under all circumstances, practitioners must complete full training and obtain all qualifications in their specialty areas before being allowed to deliver services. No one can naturally become a qualified social psychological service provider without going through professional training.
This article introduces the current status and professional training of the psychological service providers in the American social psychological service system. In the United States, psychological service providers vary in their roles and skill levels and the proportion is pyramid in shape. In addition, each of them has his own specialization, yet complimentary to one another and highly co-operative. On this account, a question has been raised in regard to whether the network of social psychological service providers in China should put effort towards this direction. As the providers play different roles, the training contents of their specialization and level of expertise should be distinguishable instead of going through the one-sizefits-all education and training programs. A system of stratified training for providers should be tailored to the different needs of various client groups, so as to ensure higher professional standards of psychological services and reduce the cost of service when resources are limited. Under all circumstances, practitioners must complete full training and obtain all qualifications in their specialty areas before being allowed to deliver services. No one can naturally become a qualified social psychological service provider without going through professional training.
引文
江光荣,夏勉.(2005).美国心理咨询的资格认证制度.中国临床心理学杂志,13(1),114-117.
Association of American Medical Colleges.(2015).Active Physicians by Age and Specialty,2015.Retrieved December 25,2018,from https://www.aamc.org/data/workforce/reports/458494/1-4-chart.html
Association of American Medical Colleges.(2016).Percentage Change in the Number of First-Year ACGME Residents and Fellows by Specialty,2010-2015.Retrieved December24,2018,from https://www.aamc.org/data/workforce/reports/458780/2-6-chart.html
Association of American Medical Colleges.(2017).Active Physicians in the Largest Specialties,2017.Retrieved December25,2018,from https://www.aamc.org/data/workforce/reports/492556/1-1-chart.html
Bureau of Labor Statistics.(2018).Occupational Employment Statistics.Retrieved December 24,2018,from https://www.bls.gov/oes/tables.htm
Clemens,N.A.,Plakun,E.M.,Lazar,S.G.,&Mellman,L.(2014).Obstacles to early career psychiatrists practicing psychotherapy.Psychodyn Psychiatry,42(3),479-495.doi:10.1521/pdps.2014.42.3.479
Columbia University.(2018).Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Program.Retrieved December 25,2018,from http://nursing.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/documents/pmh_-_post_mde_2018_3.pdf
Grischkan,J.,George,B.P.,Chaiyachati,K.,Friedman,A.B.,Dorsey,E.R.,...Asch,D.A.(2017).Distribution of Medical Education Debt by Specialty,2010-2016.JAMA Inter Med,177(10),1532-1535.doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.4023
Harvard University.(2018).Clinical Psychology Handbook.Retrieved December 25,2018,from https://psychology.fas.harvard.edu/files/psych/files/clinical_psychology_handbook_july_23_2018.doc
McLean Hospital.(2018).Adult Psychiatry Residency Training Program.Retrieved December 25,2018,from http://mghmcleanpsychiatry.partners.org/program/overview/
Mojtabai,R.,&Olfson,M.(2008).National trends in psychotherapy by office-based psychiatrists.Arch Gen Psychiatry,65(8),962-970.doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.8.962
National Council for Behavioral Health.(2017).The Psychiatric Shortage:Causes and Solutions.Retrieved December 25,2018,from https://www.thenationalcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Psychiatric-Shortage_National-Council-.pdf
Norcross,J.C.,&Karpiak,C.P.(2012).Clinical Psychologists in the2010s:50 Years of the APA Division of Clinical Psychology.Clin Psychol-SciPr,19(1),1-12.doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2012.01269.x
Olfson,M.,&Marcus,S.C.(2010).National Trends in Outpatient Psychotherapy.Am J Psychiat,167(12),1456-1463.doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10040570
Pingitore,D.P.,Scheffler,R.M.,Sentell,T.,&West,J.C.(2002).Comparison of psychiatrists and psychologists in clinical practice.Psychiatr Serv(Washington,D.C.),53(8),977-983.doi:10.1176/appi.ps.53.8.977
Senior,R.(2018).The Nurses Salary Survey Results are In.Retrieved December 25,2018,from http://nursing.advanceweb.com/the-results-are-in/
Texas Department of State Health Services.(2018).Texas State Board of Examiners of Professional Counselors Apply for a New License-Requirements.Retrieved December 25,2018,from https://www.dshs.state.tx.us/counselor/lpc_apply.shtm
Wang,J.(2015).Finding my way.Ther Today,26,24.
Wang,J.,Wang,Y.,Shen,K.,&Li,W.(In press).CBT in China.In M.D.Terjesen&K.Doyle(Eds.),Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in a Global Context.Cham:Springer International Publishing AG.
Wang,J.,Wang,Z.,&Yu,M.(2017).China.In S.Hofmann(Ed.),International Perspectives on Psychotherapy.Cham:Springer International Publishing AG.
Weissman,M.M.,Verdeli,H.,Gameroff,M.J.,Bledsoe,S.E.,Betts,K.,Mufson,L.,...Wickramaratne,P.(2006).National survey of psychotherapy training in psychiatry,psychology,and social work.Arch Gen Psychiat,63(8),925-934.doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.8.925
Association of American Medical Colleges.(2015).Active Physicians by Age and Specialty,2015.Retrieved December 25,2018,from https://www.aamc.org/data/workforce/reports/458494/1-4-chart.html
Association of American Medical Colleges.(2016).Percentage Change in the Number of First-Year ACGME Residents and Fellows by Specialty,2010-2015.Retrieved December24,2018,from https://www.aamc.org/data/workforce/reports/458780/2-6-chart.html
Association of American Medical Colleges.(2017).Active Physicians in the Largest Specialties,2017.Retrieved December25,2018,from https://www.aamc.org/data/workforce/reports/492556/1-1-chart.html
Bureau of Labor Statistics.(2018).Occupational Employment Statistics.Retrieved December 24,2018,from https://www.bls.gov/oes/tables.htm
Clemens,N.A.,Plakun,E.M.,Lazar,S.G.,&Mellman,L.(2014).Obstacles to early career psychiatrists practicing psychotherapy.Psychodyn Psychiatry,42(3),479-495.doi:10.1521/pdps.2014.42.3.479
Columbia University.(2018).Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Program.Retrieved December 25,2018,from http://nursing.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/documents/pmh_-_post_mde_2018_3.pdf
Grischkan,J.,George,B.P.,Chaiyachati,K.,Friedman,A.B.,Dorsey,E.R.,...Asch,D.A.(2017).Distribution of Medical Education Debt by Specialty,2010-2016.JAMA Inter Med,177(10),1532-1535.doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.4023
Harvard University.(2018).Clinical Psychology Handbook.Retrieved December 25,2018,from https://psychology.fas.harvard.edu/files/psych/files/clinical_psychology_handbook_july_23_2018.doc
McLean Hospital.(2018).Adult Psychiatry Residency Training Program.Retrieved December 25,2018,from http://mghmcleanpsychiatry.partners.org/program/overview/
Mojtabai,R.,&Olfson,M.(2008).National trends in psychotherapy by office-based psychiatrists.Arch Gen Psychiatry,65(8),962-970.doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.8.962
National Council for Behavioral Health.(2017).The Psychiatric Shortage:Causes and Solutions.Retrieved December 25,2018,from https://www.thenationalcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Psychiatric-Shortage_National-Council-.pdf
Norcross,J.C.,&Karpiak,C.P.(2012).Clinical Psychologists in the2010s:50 Years of the APA Division of Clinical Psychology.Clin Psychol-SciPr,19(1),1-12.doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2012.01269.x
Olfson,M.,&Marcus,S.C.(2010).National Trends in Outpatient Psychotherapy.Am J Psychiat,167(12),1456-1463.doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10040570
Pingitore,D.P.,Scheffler,R.M.,Sentell,T.,&West,J.C.(2002).Comparison of psychiatrists and psychologists in clinical practice.Psychiatr Serv(Washington,D.C.),53(8),977-983.doi:10.1176/appi.ps.53.8.977
Senior,R.(2018).The Nurses Salary Survey Results are In.Retrieved December 25,2018,from http://nursing.advanceweb.com/the-results-are-in/
Texas Department of State Health Services.(2018).Texas State Board of Examiners of Professional Counselors Apply for a New License-Requirements.Retrieved December 25,2018,from https://www.dshs.state.tx.us/counselor/lpc_apply.shtm
Wang,J.(2015).Finding my way.Ther Today,26,24.
Wang,J.,Wang,Y.,Shen,K.,&Li,W.(In press).CBT in China.In M.D.Terjesen&K.Doyle(Eds.),Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in a Global Context.Cham:Springer International Publishing AG.
Wang,J.,Wang,Z.,&Yu,M.(2017).China.In S.Hofmann(Ed.),International Perspectives on Psychotherapy.Cham:Springer International Publishing AG.
Weissman,M.M.,Verdeli,H.,Gameroff,M.J.,Bledsoe,S.E.,Betts,K.,Mufson,L.,...Wickramaratne,P.(2006).National survey of psychotherapy training in psychiatry,psychology,and social work.Arch Gen Psychiat,63(8),925-934.doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.8.925