山地丘陵区城市化进程中裸地的时空转化及改造利用的分类研究
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摘要
针对近年来快速城镇化进程导致城市周边裸地显著增长但对其改造利用率低的问题,以山地丘陵型城市四川省绵阳市为例,采用1999～2017年4期Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像提取研究区包括裸地在内的土地利用/土地覆被变化信息,重点分析了城市化进程中裸地的时空分布及土地转移特征,并以2017年裸地为例探讨了裸地改造利用的分类分区方法。主要结论有:(1)1999～2017年,裸地在研究区最高约占6.34%(2011年),最低3.91%(1999年),年均增长率1.64%,低于同期城市不渗水面的年均增长率9.74%。空间上,裸地主要分布在460～500 m的高程范围和坡度8°以下,沿城乡过渡带、城市开发区以及新修道路两边是裸地主要分布区。(2)1999～2017年,约61.35%的裸地由耕地转化而来,23.58%来源于林地,同期又有51.88%裸地转换为耕地,24.79%转换为城市不渗水面。(3)综合裸地所处区位、地形、景观格局等因素后将2017年裸地划为社区利用型、城市绿化型、城市基础和公共服务设施建设型、都市农业型以及生态修复型5大类改造利用型,以期为研究区城市化进程中的裸地改造利用提供参考依据。
In recent years, the rapid urbanization process has led to a significant increase in bare land around cities, but the utilization rate of bare land is relatively low. Taking Mianyang City, Sichuan Province, as an example, this study used Landsat TM/OLI remote sensing images from 1999 to 2017 to extract the land use/cover change information, including bare land, mainly to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution and land transfer characteristics of bare land in the process of urbanization, and discussed the classification method of bare land transformation and utilization with bare land in 2017 a as an example. The main conclusions as follows:(1) The highest rate and the lowest rate of bare land area accounts for in the study area is 6.34%(2011 a) and 3.91%(1999 a), respectively, the average annual growth rate is 1.64% during 1999-2017 a, which is much lower than the average annual growth rate of urban impervious surface(9.74%) in the same period. The spatial distribution of bare land is scattered, and most of the bare land is located in the interval between 460-500 m and the slope below 8 degrees. The bare land mainly distributes along the boundaries of urban built-up areas and on both sides of newly built roads in different periods. The change of bare land landscape index reflects that before 2011, the growth mode of bare land area was mainly patch boundary expansion and patch merging. From 2011, bare land was segmented or reused on the basis of original patches.(2) From 1999 to 2017, 61.35% of bare land was converted from cultivated land and 23.58% from woodland. During the same period, 51.88% of bare land was transferred to cultivated land and 24.79% to urban impervious surface.(3) The evaluation index system of bare land transformation and utilization was constructed based on the factors of location, topography and landscape pattern. The bare land was classified into five types: community reuse, urban greening, urban infrastructure construction, urban agriculture and ecological restoration, the purpose of this study is to provide a reference for bare land transformation and utilization in the process of urbanization in the study area.
In recent years, the rapid urbanization process has led to a significant increase in bare land around cities, but the utilization rate of bare land is relatively low. Taking Mianyang City, Sichuan Province, as an example, this study used Landsat TM/OLI remote sensing images from 1999 to 2017 to extract the land use/cover change information, including bare land, mainly to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution and land transfer characteristics of bare land in the process of urbanization, and discussed the classification method of bare land transformation and utilization with bare land in 2017 a as an example. The main conclusions as follows:(1) The highest rate and the lowest rate of bare land area accounts for in the study area is 6.34%(2011 a) and 3.91%(1999 a), respectively, the average annual growth rate is 1.64% during 1999-2017 a, which is much lower than the average annual growth rate of urban impervious surface(9.74%) in the same period. The spatial distribution of bare land is scattered, and most of the bare land is located in the interval between 460-500 m and the slope below 8 degrees. The bare land mainly distributes along the boundaries of urban built-up areas and on both sides of newly built roads in different periods. The change of bare land landscape index reflects that before 2011, the growth mode of bare land area was mainly patch boundary expansion and patch merging. From 2011, bare land was segmented or reused on the basis of original patches.(2) From 1999 to 2017, 61.35% of bare land was converted from cultivated land and 23.58% from woodland. During the same period, 51.88% of bare land was transferred to cultivated land and 24.79% to urban impervious surface.(3) The evaluation index system of bare land transformation and utilization was constructed based on the factors of location, topography and landscape pattern. The bare land was classified into five types: community reuse, urban greening, urban infrastructure construction, urban agriculture and ecological restoration, the purpose of this study is to provide a reference for bare land transformation and utilization in the process of urbanization in the study area.
引文
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[10] 刘光生,王根绪,赵超.长江源区基于坡面尺度的土壤水热过程模拟研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(2):319-326.LIU G S,WANG G X,ZHAO C.Soil hydrothermal process simulation based on slope scale in the source region of the Yangtze River[J].Resources and Environment of the Yangtze River Basin,2015,24 (2):319-326.
[11] 叶晓敏.城市闲置土地的分布特征与形成机理研究[D].浙江大学,2009.YE X M.The research on distribution characteristics and forming mechanisms of idle land——a case of Hangzhou main urban area[D].Zhejiang University,2009.
[12] 王宏新,周拯.城市闲置土地的生成机理及治理[J].城市问题,2012(9):78-82.WANG H X,ZHOU Z.Formation mechanism and treatment of urban idle land[J].Urban Problems,2012(9):78-82.
[13] TAYLOR J R,LOVELL S T.Mapping public and private spaces of urban agriculture in Chicago through the analysis of high-resolution aerial images in Google Earth[J].Landscape & Urban Planning,2012,108(1):57-70.
[14] KREMER P,HAMSTEAD Z A,MCPHEARSON T.A social-ecological assessment of vacant lots in New York City[J].Landscape & Urban Planning,2013,120(4):218-233.
[15] BENISTON J W,LAL R,MERCER K L.Assessing and managing soil quality for urban agriculture in a degraded vacant lot soil[J].Land Degradation & Development,2016,27(4):996-1006.
[16] GARDINER M M,BURKMAN C E,PRAJZNER S P.The value of urban vacant land to support arthropod biodiversity and ecosystem services[J].Environmental Entomology,2013,42(6):1123-36.
[17] MCPHEARSON T,KREMER P,HAMSTEAD Z A.Mapping ecosystem services in New York City:Applying a social-ecological approach in urban vacant land[J].Ecosystem Services,2013(5):11-26.
[18] 刘明.丘陵山区资源环境承载力评价与土地利用功能分区研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2016.LIU M.Assessment of resource and environment carrying capacity and zoning of land use function in hilly and mountainous areas[D].Chongqing:Southwest University,2016.
[19] 赵春容.山地城市生态安全评价指标体系理论探讨[D].重庆:重庆大学,2009.ZHAO C R.Discussion on ecological security assessment index system theory of the mountain cities[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2009.
[20] 董婷,焦利民,许刚.基于分层分类法提取城市裸地信息[J].测绘地理信息,2016,41(4):56-61.DONG T,JIAO L M,XU G.Extracting city bare land using hierarchical classification method[J].Journal of Geomatics,2016,41(4):56-61.
[21] 徐涵秋,王美雅.地表不透水面信息遥感的主要方法分析[J].遥感学报,2016,20(5):1270-1289.XU H Q,WANG M Y.Remote sensing-based retrieval of ground impervious surfaces[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2016,20(5):1270-1289.
[22] 李霞,徐涵秋,李晶,等.基于NDSI和NDISI指数的SPOT-5影像裸土信息提取[J].地球信息科学学报,2016,18(1):117-123.LI X,XU H Q,LI J,et al.2016.Extraction of bare soil features from SPOT-5 imagery based on NDSI and NDISI.Journal of Geo-information Science,2016,18(1):117-123.
[23] 刘纪远,宁佳,匡文慧,等.2010-2015年中国土地利用变化的时空格局与新特征[J].地理学报,2018,73(5):789-802.LIU J Y,NING J,KUANG W H,et al.Spatio-temporal patterns and characteristics of land-use change in China during 2010-2015[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(5):789-802.
[24] 段亚明,刘勇,刘秀华,等.基于POI大数据的重庆主城区多中心识别[J].自然资源学报,2018,33(5):788-800.DUAN Y M,LIU Y,LIU X H,et al.Identification of polycentric urban structure of central chongqing using points of interest big data[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2018,33(5):788-800.
[25] MORCKEL V.Community gardens or vacant lots?Rethinking the attractiveness and seasonality of green land uses in distressed neighborhoods[J].Urban Forestry & Urban Greening,2015,14(3):714-721.
[26] MCCLINTOCK N,COOPER J,KHANDESHI S.Assessing the potential contribution of vacant land to urban vegetable production and consumption in Oakland,California[J].Landscape & Urban Planning,2013,111(111):46-58.
[27] ANDREA M D B.Expanding the use of vacant land for urban agriculture in Champaign,IL:Uniting the Built,Social,and Natural Environments[J].2014.https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/55205/Andrea?sequence=2.
[28] 陈松林,王天星.等间距法和均值-标准差法界定城市热岛的对比研究[J].地球信息科学学报,2009,11(2):145-150.CHEN S L,WANG T X.Comparison analyses of equal interval method and mean-standard deviation method used to delimitate urban heat island[J].Journal of Geo-information Science,2009,11(2):145-150.
[2] YING Q,HANSEN M C,POTAPOY P V,et al.Global bare ground gain from 2000 to 2012 using Landsat imagery[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2017,194:161-176.
[3] 高会议,郭胜利,刘文兆.黄土旱塬裸地土壤呼吸特征及其影响因子[J].生态学报,2011,31(18):5217-5224.GAO H Y,GUO S L,LIU W Z.Characteristics of soil respiration in fallow and its influencing factors at arid-highland of Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(18):5217-5224.
[4] 黄积庆,郑有飞,徐静馨,等.南京秋季裸地臭氧干沉降通量观测及土壤阻力模拟[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(10):3196-3204.HUANG J Q,ZHENG Y F,XU J X,et al.O3 dry deposition flux observation and soil resistance modeling over a bare soil in Nanjing area in autumn[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(10):3196-3204.
[5] 徐谦,李令军,赵文慧,等.北京市建筑施工裸地的空间分布及扬尘效应[J].中国环境监测,2015,31(5):78-85.XU Q,LI L J,ZHAO W H,et.al.Spatial distribution of building sites and related emissions of particulate across Beijing,China[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2015,31(5):78-85.
[6] 单瑞琦.社区微更新视角下的公共空间挖潜——以德国柏林社区菜园的实施为例[J].上海城市规划,2017(5):77-82.SHAN R Q.Research on potential use of public space in the community micro-regeneration perspective:A case study of Berlin urban gardening implement[J].Shanghai Urban Planning Review,2017(5):77-82.
[7] 赵伟,李爱农.山地地表蒸散发遥感估算研究现状[J].山地学报,2017,35(6):908-918.ZHAO W,LI A N.A Review of evapotranspiration estimation using remotely sensed data in mountainous region[J].Mountain Research,2017,35(6):908-918.
[8] 朱兆华,徐国钢,陈晓蓉,等.道路边坡及裸露山体植被恢复与生态防护技术[J].中国科技成果,2014(16):26-30.ZHU Z H,XU G G,CHEN X R,et.al.Vegetation restoration and ecological protection technology of road slope and bare mountain[J].China Science and Technology Achievements,2014(16):26-30.
[9] 胡顺军,田长彦,宋郁东,等.裸地与柽柳生长条件下潜水蒸发计算模型[J].科学通报,2006,51(s1):36-41.HU S J,TIAN C Y,SONG Y D,et.al.Calculation model of phreatic evaporation under bare soil and Tamarix chinensis growth conditions[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2006,51(s1):36-41.
[10] 刘光生,王根绪,赵超.长江源区基于坡面尺度的土壤水热过程模拟研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(2):319-326.LIU G S,WANG G X,ZHAO C.Soil hydrothermal process simulation based on slope scale in the source region of the Yangtze River[J].Resources and Environment of the Yangtze River Basin,2015,24 (2):319-326.
[11] 叶晓敏.城市闲置土地的分布特征与形成机理研究[D].浙江大学,2009.YE X M.The research on distribution characteristics and forming mechanisms of idle land——a case of Hangzhou main urban area[D].Zhejiang University,2009.
[12] 王宏新,周拯.城市闲置土地的生成机理及治理[J].城市问题,2012(9):78-82.WANG H X,ZHOU Z.Formation mechanism and treatment of urban idle land[J].Urban Problems,2012(9):78-82.
[13] TAYLOR J R,LOVELL S T.Mapping public and private spaces of urban agriculture in Chicago through the analysis of high-resolution aerial images in Google Earth[J].Landscape & Urban Planning,2012,108(1):57-70.
[14] KREMER P,HAMSTEAD Z A,MCPHEARSON T.A social-ecological assessment of vacant lots in New York City[J].Landscape & Urban Planning,2013,120(4):218-233.
[15] BENISTON J W,LAL R,MERCER K L.Assessing and managing soil quality for urban agriculture in a degraded vacant lot soil[J].Land Degradation & Development,2016,27(4):996-1006.
[16] GARDINER M M,BURKMAN C E,PRAJZNER S P.The value of urban vacant land to support arthropod biodiversity and ecosystem services[J].Environmental Entomology,2013,42(6):1123-36.
[17] MCPHEARSON T,KREMER P,HAMSTEAD Z A.Mapping ecosystem services in New York City:Applying a social-ecological approach in urban vacant land[J].Ecosystem Services,2013(5):11-26.
[18] 刘明.丘陵山区资源环境承载力评价与土地利用功能分区研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2016.LIU M.Assessment of resource and environment carrying capacity and zoning of land use function in hilly and mountainous areas[D].Chongqing:Southwest University,2016.
[19] 赵春容.山地城市生态安全评价指标体系理论探讨[D].重庆:重庆大学,2009.ZHAO C R.Discussion on ecological security assessment index system theory of the mountain cities[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2009.
[20] 董婷,焦利民,许刚.基于分层分类法提取城市裸地信息[J].测绘地理信息,2016,41(4):56-61.DONG T,JIAO L M,XU G.Extracting city bare land using hierarchical classification method[J].Journal of Geomatics,2016,41(4):56-61.
[21] 徐涵秋,王美雅.地表不透水面信息遥感的主要方法分析[J].遥感学报,2016,20(5):1270-1289.XU H Q,WANG M Y.Remote sensing-based retrieval of ground impervious surfaces[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2016,20(5):1270-1289.
[22] 李霞,徐涵秋,李晶,等.基于NDSI和NDISI指数的SPOT-5影像裸土信息提取[J].地球信息科学学报,2016,18(1):117-123.LI X,XU H Q,LI J,et al.2016.Extraction of bare soil features from SPOT-5 imagery based on NDSI and NDISI.Journal of Geo-information Science,2016,18(1):117-123.
[23] 刘纪远,宁佳,匡文慧,等.2010-2015年中国土地利用变化的时空格局与新特征[J].地理学报,2018,73(5):789-802.LIU J Y,NING J,KUANG W H,et al.Spatio-temporal patterns and characteristics of land-use change in China during 2010-2015[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(5):789-802.
[24] 段亚明,刘勇,刘秀华,等.基于POI大数据的重庆主城区多中心识别[J].自然资源学报,2018,33(5):788-800.DUAN Y M,LIU Y,LIU X H,et al.Identification of polycentric urban structure of central chongqing using points of interest big data[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2018,33(5):788-800.
[25] MORCKEL V.Community gardens or vacant lots?Rethinking the attractiveness and seasonality of green land uses in distressed neighborhoods[J].Urban Forestry & Urban Greening,2015,14(3):714-721.
[26] MCCLINTOCK N,COOPER J,KHANDESHI S.Assessing the potential contribution of vacant land to urban vegetable production and consumption in Oakland,California[J].Landscape & Urban Planning,2013,111(111):46-58.
[27] ANDREA M D B.Expanding the use of vacant land for urban agriculture in Champaign,IL:Uniting the Built,Social,and Natural Environments[J].2014.https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/55205/Andrea?sequence=2.
[28] 陈松林,王天星.等间距法和均值-标准差法界定城市热岛的对比研究[J].地球信息科学学报,2009,11(2):145-150.CHEN S L,WANG T X.Comparison analyses of equal interval method and mean-standard deviation method used to delimitate urban heat island[J].Journal of Geo-information Science,2009,11(2):145-150.