桦木单板/玻璃纤维复合材料声学振动性能的研究
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摘要
【目的】面对我国乐器音板用材资源的严重不足,寻找新材料替代传统乐器木质音板用材是非常有必要的。【方法】本试验以玻璃纤维为增强材料,桦木单板为基体,按照单板层积材结构设计制备桦木单板/玻璃纤维复合材料。通过对玻璃纤维复合材料声学振动性能检测分析,探究玻璃纤维布的不同铺放位置和铺放层数对复合材料声学振动性能的影响。【结果】用1层玻璃纤维布铺放在表层单板下的复合材料A的比动弹性模量和E/G值分别为22. 20 GPa和16. 55,比用1层玻璃纤维布铺放在芯层单板单侧的复合材料B分别高了8. 7%、17. 8%。用2层玻璃纤维布分别铺放在上下表层单板内的复合材料C的比动弹性模量和E/G值分别为25. 04 GPa和17. 04,比用玻璃纤维布铺放在芯层单板两侧的复合材料D高了7. 5%和18. 0%。纤维铺放位置对声辐射品质常数和声阻抗的影响较小。玻璃纤维布的层数与复合材料的声学振动性能不成线性关系,铺放2层玻璃纤维布的复合材料具有较高的比动弹性模量和E/G值。玻璃纤维布铺放3层和4层的复合材料的比动弹性模量和E/G比铺放2层的都小。随着玻璃纤维布层数的增加,声辐射品质常数呈减小的趋势。通过综合评分法分析发现:玻璃纤维布铺放在表层单板下的复合材料综合评分值都高于铺放在靠近芯层单板的复合材料,铺放2层玻璃纤维布的复合材料的综合评分值达到最大。【结论】玻璃纤维布铺放在表层单板下的复合材料声学振动性能优于纤维布铺放在靠近芯层单板的复合材料。铺放2层玻璃纤维布的复合材料C的声学振动性能达到最好。尽管复合材料C的E/G值约为西加云杉的80%,但比动弹性模量和西加云杉的相接近,说明桦木单板/玻璃纤维复合材料具有替代传统木质音板用材的可能性。
[Objective]It is very necessary to find new materials to replace the traditional wood materials for sound boards in China because of the serious shortage of wood materials for sound boards in our country. [Method]In this paper,birch veneer/glass fiber composites were prepared using glass fiber as reinforcement and birch veneer as matrix according to the structure design of veneer laminated building blocks. By testing and analyzing the acoustic and vibration properties of the composites,the effects of the placement position and the number of layers of glass fiber cloth on the acoustic and vibration properties of the composites were investigated. [Result] The specific dynamic elastic modulus and E/G value ofcomposite A with one layer of glass fiber cloth under the surface layer were 22. 20 GPa and 16. 55,respectively,which were 8. 7% and 17. 8% higher than those of composite material B with one layer of glass fiber cloth at the center layer. The specific dynamic elastic modulus and E/G value of composite C with two layers of glass fiber cloth in the upper and lower layers were 25. 04 GPa and 17. 04,respectively,which were 7. 5% and 18% higher than those of composite material D with glass fiber cloth in the center layer. The placement of fiber had little effect on acoustic radiation quality constant and acoustic impedance. There were no linear relationships between the layers of glass fiber cloth and the acoustic vibration properties of the composites. The composites with two layers of glass fiber cloth had better specific dynamic elastic modulus and E/G value. The specific dynamic elastic modulus of the composites with three or four layers of glass fiber cloth was lower than that of the composites with two layers of glass fiber cloth. With the increase of the number of layers,the sound radiation quality constant decreased. Through the comprehensive coordinate analysis,it was found that the composite score of glass fiber cloth on the surface was higher than the central layer,and the composite score of two layers of glass fiber cloth reached the maximum. [Conclusion]The acoustic vibration properties of the composites with glass fiber cloth on the surface layer were better than those with glass fiber cloth on the center layer. The composite C with 2 layers of glass fiber cloth has the best acoustic vibration performance. Although the E/G value of composite C is about 80% of Picea sitchensis,the specific dynamic modulus of elasticity is similar to Picea sitchensis,indicating that the birch veneer/glass fiber composite has the possibility of being used as a wood substitute for musical instruments.
[Objective]It is very necessary to find new materials to replace the traditional wood materials for sound boards in China because of the serious shortage of wood materials for sound boards in our country. [Method]In this paper,birch veneer/glass fiber composites were prepared using glass fiber as reinforcement and birch veneer as matrix according to the structure design of veneer laminated building blocks. By testing and analyzing the acoustic and vibration properties of the composites,the effects of the placement position and the number of layers of glass fiber cloth on the acoustic and vibration properties of the composites were investigated. [Result] The specific dynamic elastic modulus and E/G value ofcomposite A with one layer of glass fiber cloth under the surface layer were 22. 20 GPa and 16. 55,respectively,which were 8. 7% and 17. 8% higher than those of composite material B with one layer of glass fiber cloth at the center layer. The specific dynamic elastic modulus and E/G value of composite C with two layers of glass fiber cloth in the upper and lower layers were 25. 04 GPa and 17. 04,respectively,which were 7. 5% and 18% higher than those of composite material D with glass fiber cloth in the center layer. The placement of fiber had little effect on acoustic radiation quality constant and acoustic impedance. There were no linear relationships between the layers of glass fiber cloth and the acoustic vibration properties of the composites. The composites with two layers of glass fiber cloth had better specific dynamic elastic modulus and E/G value. The specific dynamic elastic modulus of the composites with three or four layers of glass fiber cloth was lower than that of the composites with two layers of glass fiber cloth. With the increase of the number of layers,the sound radiation quality constant decreased. Through the comprehensive coordinate analysis,it was found that the composite score of glass fiber cloth on the surface was higher than the central layer,and the composite score of two layers of glass fiber cloth reached the maximum. [Conclusion]The acoustic vibration properties of the composites with glass fiber cloth on the surface layer were better than those with glass fiber cloth on the center layer. The composite C with 2 layers of glass fiber cloth has the best acoustic vibration performance. Although the E/G value of composite C is about 80% of Picea sitchensis,the specific dynamic modulus of elasticity is similar to Picea sitchensis,indicating that the birch veneer/glass fiber composite has the possibility of being used as a wood substitute for musical instruments.
引文
[1]刘镇波,刘一星.乐器共鸣板用木材声学振动性能改良研究现状及趋势[J].世界林业研究,2012,25(1):44--48.Liu Z B,Liu Y X. Research status and prospect of acoustic vibration properties modification of wood used for soundboard[J].World Forestry Research,2012,25(1):44-48.
[2]刁钢,麻坤,赵荣,等.基于中国林业产业预警模型的木材供需仿真研究[J].林业经济,2018,40(4):33--38.Diao G,Ma K,Zhao R,et al. Simulation study on timber supply and demand based on forewarning model of forestry industry in China[J]. Forestry Economics,2018,40(4):33-38.
[3] Hossen M F,Hamdan S,Rahman M R. Investigation of the acoustic properties of chemically impregnated Kayu Malam wood used for musical instrument[J/OL]. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2018:7829613[2018--10-28].https://doi. org/10. 1155/2018/7829613.
[4]沙汀鸥.高温/超声波预处理对水杉振动性能影响的研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2015.Sha T O. Effects of thermal and ultrasound pre-treatments on vibrated properties of metasequoia[D]. Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2015.
[5] Essien C,Via B K,Cheng Q Z,et al. Determining the predictive accuracy of whole tree modulus of elasticity(MOE)of 14-year-old loblolly pine using density and dynamic MOEs estimated by three different acoustic tools[J]. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products,2018,76(5):1535-1546.
[6]秦丽丽,苗媛媛,刘镇波.泡桐木材主要物理特征及化学组分对其声学振动性能的影响[J].森林工程,2017,33(4):34--39.Qin L L,Miao Y Y,Liu Z B. Influence of the main pysical characteristics and components content of P. elongata on acoustic vibration performance[J]. Forest Engineering,2017,33(4):34-39.
[7] Damodaran A,Mansour H,Lessard L,et al. Application of composite materials to the chenda,an Indian percussion instrument[J]. Applied Acoustics,2015,88:1-5.
[8] Bucur V. Composite materials for musical instruments[M]∥Bucur V. Handbook of materials for string musical instruments.Switzerland:Springer,2016:845-875.
[9]雷福娟,黄腾华,陈桂丹.音板声学品质的主要影响因子及其评测方法[J].陕西林业科技,2017(5):85-89,94.Lei F J,Huang T H,Chen G D. The main factors affecting acoustic quality of soundboard and the methods to evaluate the acoustic quality of soundboard[J]. Shaanxi Forest Science and Technology,2017(5):85--89,94.
[10] Newton P F. Acoustic-based non-destructive estimation of wood quality attributes within standing red pine trees[J]. Forests,2017,8(10):380.
[11]黄英来.几种典型民族乐器木质共鸣体的声学振动性能检测与分析[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2013.Huang Y L. Acoustic vibration performance detection and analysis of several typical folk instruments wooden resonators[D]. Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2013.
[12]李哲锋,多化琼,青龙.电声乐器中木材声学振动性能对音响特性的影响[J].林业工程学报,2018,3(3):18-23.Li Z F,Duo H Q,Qing L. Effects of acoustic vibration properties of wood on acoustic characteristic in electronic musical instrument[J]. Journal of Forestry Engineering,2018,3(3):18-23.
[13]许震宇,于洋.复合材料古琴的动态弹性性能研究[J].玻璃钢/复合材料,2015(8):10-13.Xu Z Y,Yu Y. The study of the specific dynamic elastic property of composite Guqin[J]. Fiber Reinforced Plastics/Composites,2015(8):10--13.
[14] Ono T,Miyakoshi S,Watanabe U. Acoustic characteristics of unidirectionally fiber-reinforced polyurethane foam composites for musical instrument soundboards[J]. Acoustical Science and Technology,2002,23(3):135-142.
[15]李焕强.一种碳纤维吉他及碳纤维吉他的制作方法:106328102A[P]. 2017--01-11.Li H Q. Carbon fiber guitar and making method thereof:106328102A[P]. 2017-01-11.
[16] Phillips S,Lessard L. Application of natural fiber composites to musical instrument top plates[J]. Journal of Composite Materials,2012,46(2):145-154.
[17] Jalili M M,Mousavi S Y,Pirayeshfar A S. Investigating the acoustical properties of carbon fiber-,glass fiber-,and hemp fiberreinforced polyester composites[J]. Polymer Composites,2014,35(11):2103--2111.
[18]吕晓东,苗媛媛,林斌,等.层数与碳纤维方向对木质-碳纤维复合材料声学振动性能的影响[J].林业工程学报,2018,3(4):96--101.LX D,Miao Y Y,Lin B,et al. Study on acoustic vibration performance of wood-carbon fiber composite materials with different laying patterns[J]. Journal of Forestry Engineering,2018,3(4):96--101.
[19] Damodaran A,Lessard L,Babu A S. An overview of fibrereinforced composites for musical instrument soundboards[J].Acoustics Australia,2015,43(1):117--122.
[20]刘镇波,沈隽.共鸣板用材的振动特性与钢琴的声学品质[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.Liu Z B,Shen J. Vibration characteristics of acoustics board and acoustic quality of piano[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2009.
[21]王晓男.综合评价中若干理论方法的适用性研究[D].长沙:湖南大学,2014.Wang X N. The applicability research of several theoretical methods in comprehensive evaluation[D]. Changsha:Hunan University,2014.
[22]刘镇波,沈隽,刘一星,等.实际尺寸乐器音板用云杉属木材的声学振动特性[J].林业科学,2007,43(8):100-105.Liu Z B,Shen J,Liu Y L,et al. Acoustic vibration property of full-size spruce wood soundboard of musical instruments[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2007,43(8):100--105.
[2]刁钢,麻坤,赵荣,等.基于中国林业产业预警模型的木材供需仿真研究[J].林业经济,2018,40(4):33--38.Diao G,Ma K,Zhao R,et al. Simulation study on timber supply and demand based on forewarning model of forestry industry in China[J]. Forestry Economics,2018,40(4):33-38.
[3] Hossen M F,Hamdan S,Rahman M R. Investigation of the acoustic properties of chemically impregnated Kayu Malam wood used for musical instrument[J/OL]. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2018:7829613[2018--10-28].https://doi. org/10. 1155/2018/7829613.
[4]沙汀鸥.高温/超声波预处理对水杉振动性能影响的研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2015.Sha T O. Effects of thermal and ultrasound pre-treatments on vibrated properties of metasequoia[D]. Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2015.
[5] Essien C,Via B K,Cheng Q Z,et al. Determining the predictive accuracy of whole tree modulus of elasticity(MOE)of 14-year-old loblolly pine using density and dynamic MOEs estimated by three different acoustic tools[J]. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products,2018,76(5):1535-1546.
[6]秦丽丽,苗媛媛,刘镇波.泡桐木材主要物理特征及化学组分对其声学振动性能的影响[J].森林工程,2017,33(4):34--39.Qin L L,Miao Y Y,Liu Z B. Influence of the main pysical characteristics and components content of P. elongata on acoustic vibration performance[J]. Forest Engineering,2017,33(4):34-39.
[7] Damodaran A,Mansour H,Lessard L,et al. Application of composite materials to the chenda,an Indian percussion instrument[J]. Applied Acoustics,2015,88:1-5.
[8] Bucur V. Composite materials for musical instruments[M]∥Bucur V. Handbook of materials for string musical instruments.Switzerland:Springer,2016:845-875.
[9]雷福娟,黄腾华,陈桂丹.音板声学品质的主要影响因子及其评测方法[J].陕西林业科技,2017(5):85-89,94.Lei F J,Huang T H,Chen G D. The main factors affecting acoustic quality of soundboard and the methods to evaluate the acoustic quality of soundboard[J]. Shaanxi Forest Science and Technology,2017(5):85--89,94.
[10] Newton P F. Acoustic-based non-destructive estimation of wood quality attributes within standing red pine trees[J]. Forests,2017,8(10):380.
[11]黄英来.几种典型民族乐器木质共鸣体的声学振动性能检测与分析[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2013.Huang Y L. Acoustic vibration performance detection and analysis of several typical folk instruments wooden resonators[D]. Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2013.
[12]李哲锋,多化琼,青龙.电声乐器中木材声学振动性能对音响特性的影响[J].林业工程学报,2018,3(3):18-23.Li Z F,Duo H Q,Qing L. Effects of acoustic vibration properties of wood on acoustic characteristic in electronic musical instrument[J]. Journal of Forestry Engineering,2018,3(3):18-23.
[13]许震宇,于洋.复合材料古琴的动态弹性性能研究[J].玻璃钢/复合材料,2015(8):10-13.Xu Z Y,Yu Y. The study of the specific dynamic elastic property of composite Guqin[J]. Fiber Reinforced Plastics/Composites,2015(8):10--13.
[14] Ono T,Miyakoshi S,Watanabe U. Acoustic characteristics of unidirectionally fiber-reinforced polyurethane foam composites for musical instrument soundboards[J]. Acoustical Science and Technology,2002,23(3):135-142.
[15]李焕强.一种碳纤维吉他及碳纤维吉他的制作方法:106328102A[P]. 2017--01-11.Li H Q. Carbon fiber guitar and making method thereof:106328102A[P]. 2017-01-11.
[16] Phillips S,Lessard L. Application of natural fiber composites to musical instrument top plates[J]. Journal of Composite Materials,2012,46(2):145-154.
[17] Jalili M M,Mousavi S Y,Pirayeshfar A S. Investigating the acoustical properties of carbon fiber-,glass fiber-,and hemp fiberreinforced polyester composites[J]. Polymer Composites,2014,35(11):2103--2111.
[18]吕晓东,苗媛媛,林斌,等.层数与碳纤维方向对木质-碳纤维复合材料声学振动性能的影响[J].林业工程学报,2018,3(4):96--101.LX D,Miao Y Y,Lin B,et al. Study on acoustic vibration performance of wood-carbon fiber composite materials with different laying patterns[J]. Journal of Forestry Engineering,2018,3(4):96--101.
[19] Damodaran A,Lessard L,Babu A S. An overview of fibrereinforced composites for musical instrument soundboards[J].Acoustics Australia,2015,43(1):117--122.
[20]刘镇波,沈隽.共鸣板用材的振动特性与钢琴的声学品质[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.Liu Z B,Shen J. Vibration characteristics of acoustics board and acoustic quality of piano[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2009.
[21]王晓男.综合评价中若干理论方法的适用性研究[D].长沙:湖南大学,2014.Wang X N. The applicability research of several theoretical methods in comprehensive evaluation[D]. Changsha:Hunan University,2014.
[22]刘镇波,沈隽,刘一星,等.实际尺寸乐器音板用云杉属木材的声学振动特性[J].林业科学,2007,43(8):100-105.Liu Z B,Shen J,Liu Y L,et al. Acoustic vibration property of full-size spruce wood soundboard of musical instruments[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2007,43(8):100--105.