铝合金表面激光沉积AlCrFeCoNiCu高熵合金组织与工艺优化
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摘要
为了提高铝合金表面的力学性能,利用同轴送粉器将高纯度的Cr,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu粉末激光沉积在铝合金表面,制备了AlCrFeCoNiCu高熵合金涂层。以激光功率、扫描速度、送粉率为因子,以润湿角、稀释率为响应,综合田口分析与逼近理想值分析(TOPSIS)对激光沉积工艺参数进行多目标优化。利用XRD、SEM和EDS技术分析了涂层的相结构、微观组织和元素含量,并对涂层进行了显微硬度测试。采用优化后的工艺参数进行实验验证,最优值接近度C_i~*由0.538 9增加到0.567 4,提高了5.28%,最佳工艺参数为激光功率1 300 W,扫描速度120mm/min,送粉率5.4g/min。沉积层为FCC和BCC相结构;显微组织包括柱状晶、等轴晶,在枝晶间出现Cu偏析;涂层的平均硬度为509HV_(0.2),是基材的5倍。结果表明:综合利用田口分析和TOPSIS的方法可有效优化铝合金表面激光沉积高熵合金的工艺参数,AlCrFeCoNiCu高熵合金涂层可以显著改善铝合金表面的力学性能。
To improve the mechanical properties of an aluminum alloy surface,high-purity Cr,Fe,Co,Ni,and Cu powders were laser deposited on the alloy by using a coaxial powder feeder to form an AlCrFeCoNiCu High-Entropy Alloy(HEA)coating.With laser power,scanning speed,and powder feeding rate selected as the factors and the wetting angle and dilution taken as the responses,a multiobjective optimization of the process parameters of laser deposition was conducted by combining the Taguchi method and the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution(TOPSIS).The phase structure,microstructure,and element contents were analyzed by XRD,SEM and EDS,and the surface hardness of the coating was determined.The results of the validation experiments reveal that the relative closeness coefficient(C_i~*)increased by 5.28% from 0.538 9 to 0.567 4 and that the ideal parameter values were laser power of 1 300 W,scanning speed of 120 mm/min,and powder feed rate of 5.4 g/min.During laser deposition,the HEA coating consisted of body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic phases,and the microstructure of the coating is composed of columnar and equiaxed crystals.Segregation of copper occurred in indendrites,and the average hardness of the coating is 509 HV_(0.2),which is five times that of the substrate.These results indicate that combination of the Taguchi method and TOPSIS can effectively optimize the process parameters of laser deposition of HEA on aluminum alloys and that AlCrFeCoNiCu HEA coating can significantly improve the mechanical properties of aluminum alloys.
To improve the mechanical properties of an aluminum alloy surface,high-purity Cr,Fe,Co,Ni,and Cu powders were laser deposited on the alloy by using a coaxial powder feeder to form an AlCrFeCoNiCu High-Entropy Alloy(HEA)coating.With laser power,scanning speed,and powder feeding rate selected as the factors and the wetting angle and dilution taken as the responses,a multiobjective optimization of the process parameters of laser deposition was conducted by combining the Taguchi method and the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution(TOPSIS).The phase structure,microstructure,and element contents were analyzed by XRD,SEM and EDS,and the surface hardness of the coating was determined.The results of the validation experiments reveal that the relative closeness coefficient(C_i~*)increased by 5.28% from 0.538 9 to 0.567 4 and that the ideal parameter values were laser power of 1 300 W,scanning speed of 120 mm/min,and powder feed rate of 5.4 g/min.During laser deposition,the HEA coating consisted of body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic phases,and the microstructure of the coating is composed of columnar and equiaxed crystals.Segregation of copper occurred in indendrites,and the average hardness of the coating is 509 HV_(0.2),which is five times that of the substrate.These results indicate that combination of the Taguchi method and TOPSIS can effectively optimize the process parameters of laser deposition of HEA on aluminum alloys and that AlCrFeCoNiCu HEA coating can significantly improve the mechanical properties of aluminum alloys.
引文
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[16]黄梓麟.叶轮材料激光热丝熔覆工艺优化与质量评价研究[D].北京:北京交通大学,2017.HUANG Z L.The Process Optimization and Quality Assessment on Laser Hot Wire Cladding for the Impeller Material.[D].Beijing:Graduate Beijing Jiaotong University,2016.(in Chinese)
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[18]KHALKHALI A,EBRAHIMI-NEJAD S,MALEKN G.Comprehensive optimization of friction stir weld parameters of lap joint AA1100plates using artificial neural networks and modified NSGA-Ⅱ[J].Materials Research Express,2018,5(6):066508.
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[22]SHI Y,LI Y F,LIU J,et al..Investigation on the parameter optimization and performance of laser cladding a gradient composite coating by a mixed powder of Co50and Ni/WC on 20CrMnTi low carbon alloy steel[J].Optics and Laser Technology,2018,99:256-270.
[23]YANG T,CHOU P.Solving a multi-response simulation-optimization problem with discrete variables using a multiple-attribute decision-making method[J].Mathematics&Computers in Simulation,2005,68(1):9-21.
[24]FAUZAN K T,HOSINO M,MORITA A.The influence of mixing techniques on the properties of concrete by using air entraining agent and high range water reducer agent[J].Jurnal Itenas,2013,7(3):1-10.
[25]YE X Y,MA M X,LIU W J,et al..Synthesis and characterization of high-entropy alloy AlXFeCoNiCuCr by laser cladding[J].Advances in Materials Science and Engineering,2011:7.
[26]刘洪喜,李正学,张晓伟,等.热处理条件下激光原位合成高铌Ti-Al金属间化合物复合涂层的微结构特征[J].光学精密工程,2017,25(6):1477-1485.LIU H X,LI ZH X,ZHANG X W,et al..Microstructure characteristics of laser in situ synthesis high niobium Ti-Al intermetallic compound coating under heat treatment[J].Opt.Precision Eng.,2017,25(6):1477-1485.(in Chinese)
[27]吴东江,牛方勇,刘双,等.CO2连续激光弯曲硼硅酸盐玻璃薄片的实验研究[J].光学精密工程,2008,16(8):1416-1422.CHEN D J,NIU F Y,LIU SH,et al..Borosilicate glass film bending by CO2CW-laser[J].Opt.Precision Eng.,2008,16(8):1416-1422.(in Chinese)
[28]吴东江,尹波,周秋菊,等.用Nd:YAG激光焊接殷钢薄板材料[J].光学精密工程,2009,17(3):557-562.WU D J,YIN B,ZHOU Q J,et al..Nd:YAG laser beam welding invar 36alloy sheet[J].Opt.Precision Eng.,2009,17(3):557-562.(in Chinese)
[29]金占雷,谭久彬,张山,等.激光直写中S曲线光强控制模型的参数优化[J].光学精密工程,2008,16(4):570-578.JIN ZH L,TAN J B,ZHANG SH,et al..Optimization of S-curve intensity control model for laser direct writing[J].Opt.Precision Eng.,2008,16(4):570-578.(in Chinese)
[30]ROY U,ROY H,DAOUD H,et al..Fracture toughness and fracture micromechanism in a cast AlCoCrCuFeNi high entropy alloy system[J].Materials Letters,2014,132:186-189.
[31]BRAECKMAN B R,BOYDENS F,HIDALGOH,et al..High entropy alloy thin films deposited by magnetron sputtering of powder targets[J].Thin Solid Films,2015,580:71-76.
[2]秦国华,杨扬,李强,等.7075铝合金厚板多道次蛇形热轧的分析与预测[J].光学精密工程,2017,25(4):437-446.QIN G H,YANG Y,LI Q,et al..Analysis and prediction of muti-pass sanke hot rolling for 7075aluminum alloy thick plate[J].Opt.Precision Eng.,2017,25(4):437-446.(in Chinese)
[3]任维彬,周金宇,陈菊芳,等.脉冲激光再制造船用5083铝合金防护板试验研究[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2018,47(4):1130-1136.REN W B,ZHOU J Y,CHEN J F,et al..Experimental study on pulsed laser remanufacture of marine 5083aluminium alloy protective plate[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2018,47(4):1130-1136.(in Chinese)
[4]RAJAMURE R S,VORA H D,GUPTA N,et al..Laser surface alloying of molybdenum on aluminum for enhanced wear resistance[J].Surface&Coatings Technology,2014,258:337-342.
[5]GUAN J,WANG J W,ZHANG D W.Nickel electroplating on copper pre-activated Al alloy in the electrolyte containing PEG(1000)as an additive[J].Applied Physics a-Materials Science&Processing,2018,124(6):436.
[6]陈永城,张述泉,田象军,等.激光熔化沉积4045铝合金显微组织及显微硬度[J].中国激光,2015,42(3):100-106.CHEN Y CH,ZHANG SH Q,TIAN X J,et al..Microstructure and microhardness of 4045aluminum alloy fabricated by laser melting deposition[J].Chinese Journal of Laser,2015,42(3):100-106.(in Chinese)
[7]HE L,TAN Y F,WANG X L,et al..Tribological properties of laser cladding TiB2particles reinforced Ni-base alloy composite coatings on aluminum alloy[J].Rare Metals,2015,34(11):789-796.
[8]王成磊,高原,张光耀.CeO2对铝合金表面激光熔覆增材制造Ni60合金层组织及耐蚀性影响[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2017,46(8):2306-2312.WANG CH L,GAO Y,ZHANG G Y.Effect of CeO2addition on interface structure and corrosion resistance of laser cladding additive manufactured Ni60alloy layers on the surface of al alloys[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2017,46(8):2306-2312.(in Chinese)
[9]TSAI M H,YEH J W.High-entropy alloys:a critical review[J].Materials Research Letters,2014,2(3):107-123.
[10]SHARMA A S,YADAV S,BISWAS K,et al..High-entropy alloys and metallic nanocomposites:Processing challenges,microstructure development and property enhancement[J].Materials Science&Engineering R-Reports,2018,131:1-42.
[11]SHU F Y,YANG B,DONG S Y,et al..Effects of Fe-to-Co ratio on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser cladded FeCoCrBNiSi high-entropy alloy coatings[J].Applied Surface Science,2018,450:538-544.
[12]CAI Y C,CHEN Y,MANLADAN S M,et al..Influence of dilution rate on the microstructure and properties of FeCrCoNi high-entropy alloy coating[J].Materials&Design,2018,142:124-137.
[13]MENG G H,LIN X,XIE H,et al..Reinforcement and substrate interaction in laser surface forming of AlCoCrCuFeNi particle reinforced AZ91Dmatrix composites[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2016,672:660-667.
[14]邱星武,刘春阁.激光加工参数对Al2CoCrCuFeNiTi高熵合金涂层质量的影响[J].粉末冶金材料科学与工程,2015,20(1):59-64.QIU X W,LIU CH G.Effect of laser processing parameters on quality of Al2CoCrCuFeNiTi highentropy alloys coating[J].Materials Science and Engineering of Powder Metallurgy,2015,20(1):59-64.(in Chinese)
[15]殷晓耀.高速列车车轮踏面损伤分析及激光熔覆修复研究[D].南昌:华东交通大学,2016.YIN X Y.Research of Wheel Tread Damage and Its Laser Cladding Reparation in High-speed Train[D].Nanchang:Graduate East China Jiaotong University,2016.(in Chinese)
[16]黄梓麟.叶轮材料激光热丝熔覆工艺优化与质量评价研究[D].北京:北京交通大学,2017.HUANG Z L.The Process Optimization and Quality Assessment on Laser Hot Wire Cladding for the Impeller Material.[D].Beijing:Graduate Beijing Jiaotong University,2016.(in Chinese)
[17]WANG G J,DUAN Y.TOPSIS approach for multiattribute decision making problems based on n-intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy sets description[J].Computers&Industrial Engineering,2018,124:573-581.
[18]KHALKHALI A,EBRAHIMI-NEJAD S,MALEKN G.Comprehensive optimization of friction stir weld parameters of lap joint AA1100plates using artificial neural networks and modified NSGA-Ⅱ[J].Materials Research Express,2018,5(6):066508.
[19]SHARMA A,BELOKAR R M,KUMAR S.Optimization of gas protected stir casting process using GRA and TOPSIS[J].Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences,2017,24(6):437-446.
[20]NI C,SHI Y,LIU J,et al..Characterization of Al0.5FeCu0.7NiCoCr high-entropy alloy coating on aluminum alloy by laser cladding[J].Optics and Laser Technology,2018,105:257-263.
[21]张庆茂.送粉激光熔覆应用基础理论的研究[D].吉林:中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所,2000.ZHANG Q M.An Investigation on the Applying Fundamentals of Powder Feeding Laser Cladding[D].Jilin:Graduate Changchun Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics and Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2000.(in Chinese)
[22]SHI Y,LI Y F,LIU J,et al..Investigation on the parameter optimization and performance of laser cladding a gradient composite coating by a mixed powder of Co50and Ni/WC on 20CrMnTi low carbon alloy steel[J].Optics and Laser Technology,2018,99:256-270.
[23]YANG T,CHOU P.Solving a multi-response simulation-optimization problem with discrete variables using a multiple-attribute decision-making method[J].Mathematics&Computers in Simulation,2005,68(1):9-21.
[24]FAUZAN K T,HOSINO M,MORITA A.The influence of mixing techniques on the properties of concrete by using air entraining agent and high range water reducer agent[J].Jurnal Itenas,2013,7(3):1-10.
[25]YE X Y,MA M X,LIU W J,et al..Synthesis and characterization of high-entropy alloy AlXFeCoNiCuCr by laser cladding[J].Advances in Materials Science and Engineering,2011:7.
[26]刘洪喜,李正学,张晓伟,等.热处理条件下激光原位合成高铌Ti-Al金属间化合物复合涂层的微结构特征[J].光学精密工程,2017,25(6):1477-1485.LIU H X,LI ZH X,ZHANG X W,et al..Microstructure characteristics of laser in situ synthesis high niobium Ti-Al intermetallic compound coating under heat treatment[J].Opt.Precision Eng.,2017,25(6):1477-1485.(in Chinese)
[27]吴东江,牛方勇,刘双,等.CO2连续激光弯曲硼硅酸盐玻璃薄片的实验研究[J].光学精密工程,2008,16(8):1416-1422.CHEN D J,NIU F Y,LIU SH,et al..Borosilicate glass film bending by CO2CW-laser[J].Opt.Precision Eng.,2008,16(8):1416-1422.(in Chinese)
[28]吴东江,尹波,周秋菊,等.用Nd:YAG激光焊接殷钢薄板材料[J].光学精密工程,2009,17(3):557-562.WU D J,YIN B,ZHOU Q J,et al..Nd:YAG laser beam welding invar 36alloy sheet[J].Opt.Precision Eng.,2009,17(3):557-562.(in Chinese)
[29]金占雷,谭久彬,张山,等.激光直写中S曲线光强控制模型的参数优化[J].光学精密工程,2008,16(4):570-578.JIN ZH L,TAN J B,ZHANG SH,et al..Optimization of S-curve intensity control model for laser direct writing[J].Opt.Precision Eng.,2008,16(4):570-578.(in Chinese)
[30]ROY U,ROY H,DAOUD H,et al..Fracture toughness and fracture micromechanism in a cast AlCoCrCuFeNi high entropy alloy system[J].Materials Letters,2014,132:186-189.
[31]BRAECKMAN B R,BOYDENS F,HIDALGOH,et al..High entropy alloy thin films deposited by magnetron sputtering of powder targets[J].Thin Solid Films,2015,580:71-76.