中国封建法典的英译与英译动机研究
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摘要
英国商人小斯当东1810年首次将《大清律例》系统地译为英文,是为中文法律典籍英译之嚆始。法典英译的早期动机归于在华外国商人考察中国法律、社会、营商环境和保障侨民利益的实际需求,具有功利主义与实用主义取向,与钟威廉一百多年后重译《大清律例》的校正动机有根本差异,与庄为斯翻译《唐律疏议》的比较法学术研究和姜永琳翻译《大明律》以填补中国主要封建法典英译空白的动机也完全不同。翻译动机直接作用于译者的体例编排、词汇选用等层面,且不同翻译的动机作用下的译本也不尽相同。主要封建法典的翻译史构建和翻译动机对译本的影响等讨论,对法律史研究和汉籍翻译史研究具有拓深意义。
This paper offers a historical survey of English translations of the codes of pre-modern Chinese dynasties, looking closely into what had motivated the undertaking of these projects. Our study finds that it is George Thomas Staunton who initiated the practice of rendering pre-modern Chinese legal codes with his 1810 full-text rendition of the Qing Code. His motives for the undertaking were primarily utilitarian and practical, out of the actual needs of foreign merchants in China to know about Chinese laws, observe local customs, evaluate business environment, and safeguard their own interests. While these motives were shared by other early translators of Chinese laws, the motivation became diversified when William Jones retranslated the Qing Code into English over a hundred years later so as to improve on Staunton's imprecise version. This trend toward motivational diversification continues and is also observable in the two cases involving the English translation of the Tang Code and the Ming Code by Wallace Johnson and Jiang Yonglin respectively. Both did so to fill in the gap in English versions of major Chinese dynastic codes and thus to serve the academic interest of comparative law. The changing motivation affects the style and wording of the translations concerned in various ways. A detailed examination of how different motives tend to impact this undertaking differently throws some unique light not just on the development of foreign translations of Chinese classics, but on legal historiography as well.
This paper offers a historical survey of English translations of the codes of pre-modern Chinese dynasties, looking closely into what had motivated the undertaking of these projects. Our study finds that it is George Thomas Staunton who initiated the practice of rendering pre-modern Chinese legal codes with his 1810 full-text rendition of the Qing Code. His motives for the undertaking were primarily utilitarian and practical, out of the actual needs of foreign merchants in China to know about Chinese laws, observe local customs, evaluate business environment, and safeguard their own interests. While these motives were shared by other early translators of Chinese laws, the motivation became diversified when William Jones retranslated the Qing Code into English over a hundred years later so as to improve on Staunton's imprecise version. This trend toward motivational diversification continues and is also observable in the two cases involving the English translation of the Tang Code and the Ming Code by Wallace Johnson and Jiang Yonglin respectively. Both did so to fill in the gap in English versions of major Chinese dynastic codes and thus to serve the academic interest of comparative law. The changing motivation affects the style and wording of the translations concerned in various ways. A detailed examination of how different motives tend to impact this undertaking differently throws some unique light not just on the development of foreign translations of Chinese classics, but on legal historiography as well.
引文
[1][日]西英昭.中華民国諸法の欧米語への翻訳について-法律顧問·法学者とその活動[J].法政研究,2015(7).
[2][美]布迪、莫里斯.中华帝国的法律[M].朱勇译.南京:江苏人民出版社,1995.
[3][英]马若斐、朱勇.传统中国法的精神[M].陈煜译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2013.
[4][英]乔治·斯当东.小斯当东回忆录[M].屈文生译.上海:上海人民出版社,2014.
[5][英]约翰·巴罗.我看乾隆盛世[M].李国庆、欧阳少春译.北京:北京图书馆出版社,2007.
[6]高道蕴、高鸿钧、贺卫方.美国学者论中国法律传统[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1994.
[7]郝立蓉.《大清律例》英译本翻译策略的研究[D].重庆:西南政法大学硕士论文,2013.
[8]侯毅.欧洲人第一次完整翻译中国法律典籍的尝试-斯当东与《大清律例》的翻译[J].历史档案,2009(4).
[9]胡波、董晓波.重视《大清律例》英译本的研究价值[N].中国社会科学报,2018-11-27.
[10]李洪堃.古代法律汉语中的文化负载词:解读及其英译-以《唐律疏议》为例[D].重庆:西南政法大学硕士论文,2013.
[11]李秀清.《中国评论》中的中国法律及其研究价值[J].比较法研究,2017(2).
[12]刘迎春.古法英译话互文-以《唐律》为个案分析的中国古代法律英译研究[D].苏州大学博士论文,2008.
[13]屈文生.从词典出发:法律术语译名统一与规范化的翻译史研究[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2013.
[14]屈文生.近代中英关系史上的小斯当东-《小斯当东回忆录》译后余语[J].北京行政学院学报,2015(2).
[15]苏亦工.当代美国的中国法研究[J].中外法学,1996(5).
[16]苏亦工.追念钟威廉(William C.Jones)教授及其对中国法研究的贡献[A].中国法律史学会.法史学刊(第一卷)[C].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2007.
[17]王尔敏.中国文献西译书目[M].台北:台湾商务印书馆,1975.
[18]王健.沟通两个世界的法律意义-晚清西方法的输入与法律新词初探[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001.
[19]熊德米.《大清律例》法律术语特征探析[J].西南政法大学学报,2016(8).
[20]熊德米.古代法律典籍外译及其批评研究[N].中国社会科学报,2018-10-19.
[21]肖涵、李雷.《大明律》英译本的归化与异化研究[J].东方教育,2015(9).
[22]肖涵、王建.法律文本的描写性翻译研究-以《大明律》英译本为例[J].职大学报,2017(1).
[23]许钧.从翻译出发-翻译与翻译研究[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2014.
[24]游博清.小斯当东(George Thomas Staunton,1781-1859)-十九世纪的英国茶商、使者与中国通[D].新竹:台湾“国立”清华大学硕士论文,2004.
[25]余硕.翻译忠实与权力话语-斯当东《大清律例》英译本研究[D].上海:上海师范大学硕士论文,2017.
[26]张世明、步德茂、娜鹤雅主编.世界学者论中国传统法律文化(1644-1911)[M].北京:法律出版社,2009.
[27]张世明.法律、资源与时空建构:1644-1945年的中国(第四卷:司法场域)[M].广州:广东人民出版社,2012.
[28]张振明.晚清英美对《大清律例》的认识与研究[J].北京理工大学学报(社会科学版),2011(3).
[29]张中秋.中国法律形象的另一面-外国人眼中的中国法[M].北京:法律出版社,2002.
[30]Alabaster,Ernest.Notes and commentaries on Chinese criminal law,and cognate topics[M].London:Luzac&Co.,1872.
[31]Farmer,Edward.Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation[M].New York:E.J.Brill,1995.
[32]Abbattista,Guido.Chinese Law and Justice:George Thomas Staunton(1781-1859)and the European Discourses on China in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries[A].in Law,Justice and Codification in Qing China:European and Chinese Perspectives Essays in History and Comparative Law edited by Guido Abbattista[C].via Edoardo Weiss:Edizioni Universitàdi Trieste,2017.
[33]MacCormack,Geoffrey.The T’ang Code Early Chinese Law[J].The Irish Jurist,1983(18).
[34]Staunton,George L.An authentic account of an embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China[M].vol.2.London:R.Campbell,1797.
[35]Staunton,George T.Ta Tsing Leu Lee[M].London:T.Cadell and W.Davies,1810.
[36]Staunton,George T.Memoirs of the Chief Incidents of the Public Life of Sir George Thomas Staunton[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1856.
[37]Gernet,Jacques.A History of Chinese Civilization[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996.
[38]Jiang,Yonglin.The Great Ming Code/Da Ming Lü[M].Seattle and London:University of Washington Press,2005.
[39]Davis,John.The Chinese:a general description of the empire of China and its inhabitants[M].London:Charles Knight,1836.
[40]Chen,Li.Chinese Law in Imperial Eyes:Sovereignty,Justice,and Transcultural Politics[M].New York:Columbia University Press,2015.
[41]Chen,Li.Law and Sensibility of Empire in the Making of Modern China,1750-1900[D].Dissertation for PhD.of Columbia University,2009.
[42]Johnson,Wallace.The T’ang Code[M].vol.1,Princeton,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1979.
[43]Jones,William.The Great Qing Code[M].Oxford:Clarendon Press,1994.
(1)1778年,俄国汉学家列昂季耶夫(A.Л.Леонтьев)将《大清律例》部分内容节译成俄文出版(自满语译成俄语),为西方人翻译中国法典的首次尝试。(张世明,2012:715-716)
(2)...equivalents between two seemingly incommensurable linguistic or cultural systems;tropes of equivalence in the middle zone of translation.
(3)如费力格斯法译本:LOIS FONDAMENTALES DU CODE PENALDE LA CHINE;Francisco de la Escosura y Escosura西译本:LEYES FUNDAMENTALS DEL CODIGO PENAL DE LA CHINA。直至1994年钟威廉才译作The Great Qing Code。
[2][美]布迪、莫里斯.中华帝国的法律[M].朱勇译.南京:江苏人民出版社,1995.
[3][英]马若斐、朱勇.传统中国法的精神[M].陈煜译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2013.
[4][英]乔治·斯当东.小斯当东回忆录[M].屈文生译.上海:上海人民出版社,2014.
[5][英]约翰·巴罗.我看乾隆盛世[M].李国庆、欧阳少春译.北京:北京图书馆出版社,2007.
[6]高道蕴、高鸿钧、贺卫方.美国学者论中国法律传统[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1994.
[7]郝立蓉.《大清律例》英译本翻译策略的研究[D].重庆:西南政法大学硕士论文,2013.
[8]侯毅.欧洲人第一次完整翻译中国法律典籍的尝试-斯当东与《大清律例》的翻译[J].历史档案,2009(4).
[9]胡波、董晓波.重视《大清律例》英译本的研究价值[N].中国社会科学报,2018-11-27.
[10]李洪堃.古代法律汉语中的文化负载词:解读及其英译-以《唐律疏议》为例[D].重庆:西南政法大学硕士论文,2013.
[11]李秀清.《中国评论》中的中国法律及其研究价值[J].比较法研究,2017(2).
[12]刘迎春.古法英译话互文-以《唐律》为个案分析的中国古代法律英译研究[D].苏州大学博士论文,2008.
[13]屈文生.从词典出发:法律术语译名统一与规范化的翻译史研究[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2013.
[14]屈文生.近代中英关系史上的小斯当东-《小斯当东回忆录》译后余语[J].北京行政学院学报,2015(2).
[15]苏亦工.当代美国的中国法研究[J].中外法学,1996(5).
[16]苏亦工.追念钟威廉(William C.Jones)教授及其对中国法研究的贡献[A].中国法律史学会.法史学刊(第一卷)[C].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2007.
[17]王尔敏.中国文献西译书目[M].台北:台湾商务印书馆,1975.
[18]王健.沟通两个世界的法律意义-晚清西方法的输入与法律新词初探[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001.
[19]熊德米.《大清律例》法律术语特征探析[J].西南政法大学学报,2016(8).
[20]熊德米.古代法律典籍外译及其批评研究[N].中国社会科学报,2018-10-19.
[21]肖涵、李雷.《大明律》英译本的归化与异化研究[J].东方教育,2015(9).
[22]肖涵、王建.法律文本的描写性翻译研究-以《大明律》英译本为例[J].职大学报,2017(1).
[23]许钧.从翻译出发-翻译与翻译研究[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2014.
[24]游博清.小斯当东(George Thomas Staunton,1781-1859)-十九世纪的英国茶商、使者与中国通[D].新竹:台湾“国立”清华大学硕士论文,2004.
[25]余硕.翻译忠实与权力话语-斯当东《大清律例》英译本研究[D].上海:上海师范大学硕士论文,2017.
[26]张世明、步德茂、娜鹤雅主编.世界学者论中国传统法律文化(1644-1911)[M].北京:法律出版社,2009.
[27]张世明.法律、资源与时空建构:1644-1945年的中国(第四卷:司法场域)[M].广州:广东人民出版社,2012.
[28]张振明.晚清英美对《大清律例》的认识与研究[J].北京理工大学学报(社会科学版),2011(3).
[29]张中秋.中国法律形象的另一面-外国人眼中的中国法[M].北京:法律出版社,2002.
[30]Alabaster,Ernest.Notes and commentaries on Chinese criminal law,and cognate topics[M].London:Luzac&Co.,1872.
[31]Farmer,Edward.Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation[M].New York:E.J.Brill,1995.
[32]Abbattista,Guido.Chinese Law and Justice:George Thomas Staunton(1781-1859)and the European Discourses on China in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries[A].in Law,Justice and Codification in Qing China:European and Chinese Perspectives Essays in History and Comparative Law edited by Guido Abbattista[C].via Edoardo Weiss:Edizioni Universitàdi Trieste,2017.
[33]MacCormack,Geoffrey.The T’ang Code Early Chinese Law[J].The Irish Jurist,1983(18).
[34]Staunton,George L.An authentic account of an embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China[M].vol.2.London:R.Campbell,1797.
[35]Staunton,George T.Ta Tsing Leu Lee[M].London:T.Cadell and W.Davies,1810.
[36]Staunton,George T.Memoirs of the Chief Incidents of the Public Life of Sir George Thomas Staunton[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1856.
[37]Gernet,Jacques.A History of Chinese Civilization[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996.
[38]Jiang,Yonglin.The Great Ming Code/Da Ming Lü[M].Seattle and London:University of Washington Press,2005.
[39]Davis,John.The Chinese:a general description of the empire of China and its inhabitants[M].London:Charles Knight,1836.
[40]Chen,Li.Chinese Law in Imperial Eyes:Sovereignty,Justice,and Transcultural Politics[M].New York:Columbia University Press,2015.
[41]Chen,Li.Law and Sensibility of Empire in the Making of Modern China,1750-1900[D].Dissertation for PhD.of Columbia University,2009.
[42]Johnson,Wallace.The T’ang Code[M].vol.1,Princeton,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1979.
[43]Jones,William.The Great Qing Code[M].Oxford:Clarendon Press,1994.
(1)1778年,俄国汉学家列昂季耶夫(A.Л.Леонтьев)将《大清律例》部分内容节译成俄文出版(自满语译成俄语),为西方人翻译中国法典的首次尝试。(张世明,2012:715-716)
(2)...equivalents between two seemingly incommensurable linguistic or cultural systems;tropes of equivalence in the middle zone of translation.
(3)如费力格斯法译本:LOIS FONDAMENTALES DU CODE PENALDE LA CHINE;Francisco de la Escosura y Escosura西译本:LEYES FUNDAMENTALS DEL CODIGO PENAL DE LA CHINA。直至1994年钟威廉才译作The Great Qing Code。