海河流域河流空间分布特征及演变趋势
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摘要
海河流域涵盖我国"京津冀"经济圈,河流对流域内人类生存和经济发展具有重要支撑作用,研究河流空间分布及演变趋势对于合理利用河流水资源、保护河流生态和实现经济可持续发展具有重要意义.本文运用遥感资料的GIS分析方法,对海河流域的河流地貌、水系结构、河流曲率和河网密度、闸坝等指标进行分析,发现:1海河流域河流地貌划分为上游山区段、中部平原段和下游滨海段,3个区段水系形状依次为树枝状(受人为干扰小),编织状(中度人为干扰),稀疏编织状(人为干扰强烈);2流域水库和水闸修建阻断河流纵向连续性,五大水系(滦河、北三河、永定河、大清河、子牙河)连续性指标值低于5;320世纪60年代—80年代—2000年,流域河流平均曲率不断减小,河网密度呈现不定向波动,反映出人为控制对河道形态改变程度大.今后应减少人类活动对河流自然属性的改变,河流治理和修复过程中应充分考虑保护和改造河流地貌、水系结构、河流曲率和河网密度.
River systems provide necessary resources supporting economic development of the Hai River Basin which covers the "Jing-Jin-Ji" economic region. It has important implications for rational utilization of water resources, maintenance of a good ecological condition, and sustainable economic development to study distribution and evolutionary tendency of river systems. Based on the remote sensing image, we analyzed fluvial landform, form of river networks, reservoir and sluice, channel curvature and density using Arcgis, and the results show that: 1 The Hai River System was classified into the upper reaches of the mountain zone, the middle reaches of the plain and the lower reaches of coastal areas terrain according to its land forms. The shapes of river networks were divided into "arborization"(least human disturbance), "braiding"(moderate human disturbance) and "sparse braiding"(intense human disturbance). 2 Connectivity along river channel was blocked by a large amount of reservoirs and sluices. There were five river systems(Luanhe, Beisanhe, Daqinghe,Yongdinghe, Ziyahe) with continuity index below 5. 3 From the 1960 s, the 1980 s to the year 2000, mean channel curvature decreased, and drainage density showed a non-directional fluctuation, which indicated a strong human disturbance. It is significant to reduce negative effects on natural attributes of river systems. During the process of river improvement and restoration, it needs to give adequate consideration in the protection and modification of landform, structure of river system, channel curvature and density.
River systems provide necessary resources supporting economic development of the Hai River Basin which covers the "Jing-Jin-Ji" economic region. It has important implications for rational utilization of water resources, maintenance of a good ecological condition, and sustainable economic development to study distribution and evolutionary tendency of river systems. Based on the remote sensing image, we analyzed fluvial landform, form of river networks, reservoir and sluice, channel curvature and density using Arcgis, and the results show that: 1 The Hai River System was classified into the upper reaches of the mountain zone, the middle reaches of the plain and the lower reaches of coastal areas terrain according to its land forms. The shapes of river networks were divided into "arborization"(least human disturbance), "braiding"(moderate human disturbance) and "sparse braiding"(intense human disturbance). 2 Connectivity along river channel was blocked by a large amount of reservoirs and sluices. There were five river systems(Luanhe, Beisanhe, Daqinghe,Yongdinghe, Ziyahe) with continuity index below 5. 3 From the 1960 s, the 1980 s to the year 2000, mean channel curvature decreased, and drainage density showed a non-directional fluctuation, which indicated a strong human disturbance. It is significant to reduce negative effects on natural attributes of river systems. During the process of river improvement and restoration, it needs to give adequate consideration in the protection and modification of landform, structure of river system, channel curvature and density.
引文
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陈豪,左其亭,窦明,等.2014.闸坝调度对污染河流水环境影响综合实验研究[J].环境科学学报,34(3):763-771
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韩春鲜.2011.18世纪以来塔里木河干流河道变化及其与人类活动的关系[J].中国沙漠,31(4):1072-1078
韩龙飞,许有鹏,邵玉龙,等.2013.城市化对水系结构及其连通性的影响---以秦淮河中、下游为例[J].湖泊科学,25(3)335-341
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李红有.2004.人类活动对海河水系变迁影响的探讨[J].中国水利,(9):66-68
Liu X B,Li G F,Liu Z G,et al.2010.Water pollution characteristic and assessment of lower reaches in Haihe River Basin[J].Procedi Environmental Sciences,2:199-206
罗贤,许有鹏,徐光来,等.2012.水利工程对河网连通性的影响研究---以太湖西苕溪流域为例[J].水利水电技术,43(9):12-15
Marcarelli A M,Van Kirk R W,Baxter C V.2010.Predicting effects o hydrologic alteration and climate change on ecosystem metabolism in a western U.S.river[J].Ecological Applications,20(8):2081-2088
孟飞,刘敏,吴健平,等.2005.高强度人类活动下河网水系时空变化分析---以浦东新区为例[J].资源科学,27(6):156-161
孟飞,刘敏.2006.高强度人类活动下河网水系时空变化驱动机制分析---以浦东新区为例[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),42(4):15-20
孟慧芳,许有鹏,徐光来,等.2014.平原河网区河流连通性评价研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,23(5):626-631
任宪韶,户作亮,曹寅白.2008.海河流域水利手册[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社
茹彪,陈星,张其成,等.2013.平原河网区水系结构连通性评价[J].水电能源科学,31(5):9-12
Sear D A,Mewson M D.2003.Environmental change in river channels:A neglected element.Towards geomorphological typologies,standards and monitoring[J].The Sciences of Total Environment,310(1/3):17-23
索丽生.2005.闸坝与生态[J].中国水利,(16):5-7
Swanson F J,Kratz T K,Caine N,et al.1988.Landform effects on ecosystem patterns and processes[J].BioScience,38(2):92-98
谭徐明.2002.海河流域水环境的历史演变及其主要影响因素研究[J].水利发展研究,2(12):15-20
Van Der Poorten P M,Jones C B.2002.Characterisation and generalisation of cartographic lines using Delaunay triangulation[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,16(8):773-794
Wang W G,Shao Q X,Yang T,et al.2013.Quantitative assessment o the impact of climate variability and human activities on runof changes:a case study in four catchments of the Haihe River Basin China[J].Hydrological Processes,27(8):1158-1174
吴起鑫,韩贵琳,唐杨.2012.三峡水库坝前水体水化学及溶解无机碳时空分布特征[J].环境科学学报,32(3):654-661
杨凯,袁雯,赵军,等.2004.感潮河网地区水系结构特征及城市化响应[J].地理学报,59(4):557-564
Yang T,Liu J L,Chen Q Y.2013.Assessment of plain river ecosystem function based on improved gray system model and analytic hierarch process for the Fuyang River,Haihe River Basin,China[J]Ecological Modelling,268:37-47
Zhang L,Guilbert E.2013.Quality assessment in river network generalisation by preserving the drainage pattern[J].ISPRSInternational Archives of the Photogrammetry,Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences,XL-2/W1:81-86
张树文,蔡红艳,匡文慧,等.2009.基于遥感技术的黑龙江上中游河道特征研究[J].地理科学,29(6):846-852
张颖纯,姜德刚,李建华.2013.崇明岛“闸控型”河网水体富营养化特征及其影响因素[J].湖泊科学,25(3):366-372
Zhao C S,Sun C L,Xia J,et al.2010.An impact assessment method o dam/sluice on instream ecosystem and its application to the Bengbu Sluice of China[J].Water Resources Management,24(15)4551-4565
Allan J D,Castillo M M.2007.Stream Ecology:Structure and function o running waters[M].Netherlands:Springer
陈豪,左其亭,窦明,等.2014.闸坝调度对污染河流水环境影响综合实验研究[J].环境科学学报,34(3):763-771
程江,杨凯,赵军,等.2007.上海中心城区河流水系百年变化及影响因素分析[J].地理科学,27(1):85-91
冯起,李振山,陈广庭.1997.国外干旱区河流地貌研究综述[J]地理研究,16(2):89-95
国家防汛抗草总指挥部办公室.2000.SL 262-2000中国水闸名称代码[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社
海河志编纂委员会.1997.海河志(第1卷)[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社
韩春鲜.2011.18世纪以来塔里木河干流河道变化及其与人类活动的关系[J].中国沙漠,31(4):1072-1078
韩龙飞,许有鹏,邵玉龙,等.2013.城市化对水系结构及其连通性的影响---以秦淮河中、下游为例[J].湖泊科学,25(3)335-341
Hu W W,Wang G X,Deng W,et al.2008.The influence of dams on ecohydrological conditions in the Huaihe River basin,China[J]Ecological Engineering,33(3/4):233-241
李红有.2004.人类活动对海河水系变迁影响的探讨[J].中国水利,(9):66-68
Liu X B,Li G F,Liu Z G,et al.2010.Water pollution characteristic and assessment of lower reaches in Haihe River Basin[J].Procedi Environmental Sciences,2:199-206
罗贤,许有鹏,徐光来,等.2012.水利工程对河网连通性的影响研究---以太湖西苕溪流域为例[J].水利水电技术,43(9):12-15
Marcarelli A M,Van Kirk R W,Baxter C V.2010.Predicting effects o hydrologic alteration and climate change on ecosystem metabolism in a western U.S.river[J].Ecological Applications,20(8):2081-2088
孟飞,刘敏,吴健平,等.2005.高强度人类活动下河网水系时空变化分析---以浦东新区为例[J].资源科学,27(6):156-161
孟飞,刘敏.2006.高强度人类活动下河网水系时空变化驱动机制分析---以浦东新区为例[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),42(4):15-20
孟慧芳,许有鹏,徐光来,等.2014.平原河网区河流连通性评价研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,23(5):626-631
任宪韶,户作亮,曹寅白.2008.海河流域水利手册[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社
茹彪,陈星,张其成,等.2013.平原河网区水系结构连通性评价[J].水电能源科学,31(5):9-12
Sear D A,Mewson M D.2003.Environmental change in river channels:A neglected element.Towards geomorphological typologies,standards and monitoring[J].The Sciences of Total Environment,310(1/3):17-23
索丽生.2005.闸坝与生态[J].中国水利,(16):5-7
Swanson F J,Kratz T K,Caine N,et al.1988.Landform effects on ecosystem patterns and processes[J].BioScience,38(2):92-98
谭徐明.2002.海河流域水环境的历史演变及其主要影响因素研究[J].水利发展研究,2(12):15-20
Van Der Poorten P M,Jones C B.2002.Characterisation and generalisation of cartographic lines using Delaunay triangulation[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,16(8):773-794
Wang W G,Shao Q X,Yang T,et al.2013.Quantitative assessment o the impact of climate variability and human activities on runof changes:a case study in four catchments of the Haihe River Basin China[J].Hydrological Processes,27(8):1158-1174
吴起鑫,韩贵琳,唐杨.2012.三峡水库坝前水体水化学及溶解无机碳时空分布特征[J].环境科学学报,32(3):654-661
杨凯,袁雯,赵军,等.2004.感潮河网地区水系结构特征及城市化响应[J].地理学报,59(4):557-564
Yang T,Liu J L,Chen Q Y.2013.Assessment of plain river ecosystem function based on improved gray system model and analytic hierarch process for the Fuyang River,Haihe River Basin,China[J]Ecological Modelling,268:37-47
Zhang L,Guilbert E.2013.Quality assessment in river network generalisation by preserving the drainage pattern[J].ISPRSInternational Archives of the Photogrammetry,Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences,XL-2/W1:81-86
张树文,蔡红艳,匡文慧,等.2009.基于遥感技术的黑龙江上中游河道特征研究[J].地理科学,29(6):846-852
张颖纯,姜德刚,李建华.2013.崇明岛“闸控型”河网水体富营养化特征及其影响因素[J].湖泊科学,25(3):366-372
Zhao C S,Sun C L,Xia J,et al.2010.An impact assessment method o dam/sluice on instream ecosystem and its application to the Bengbu Sluice of China[J].Water Resources Management,24(15)4551-4565