被动桩侧土体位移场的透明土模型试验
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摘要
常规室内模型试验中,土体侧向位移作用下桩身变形特性能够获得,而桩周土体内部的位移很难量测。因此,结合透明土材料、粒子图像测速(PIV)技术和光学测量系统,设计了侧向位移作用下被动桩桩周土体变形测量试验系统。通过非插入式测量,得到桩不同埋置深度下桩周土体的位移场。试验结果表明:相同侧向位移模式下,桩埋置深度越大,桩对桩前土体的遮拦效应越明显,中间与两侧土体的相对位移越大。基于模型试验的结果建立了数值模型,参数敏感分析表明土体侧向位移形状对桩前土体位移遮拦效应的影响程度依次为矩形、抛物线形和三角形,且遮拦效果随着桩径的增加而更加明显。
In the traditional model test, the pile deformation subjected to soil movement is measurable, while the soil displacement around the pile is difficult to obtain. Therefore, a model test system was designed based on the transparent soil(mixed by fused quartz and a pore fluid with a matching refractive index), particle image velocimetry(PIV) and optical measurement system. A series of model tests were carried out to measure the soil deformation in a non-intrusive way. By analyzing the images of multiple horizontal and vertical slices, a three-dimensional displacement field was obtained. The results show that transparent soil material is technically feasible for studying the displacement field of soils around passive piles. The results also indicate that the shielding effect, i.e. displacement difference between the back and side of the pile, increases with the embedment depth of the pile at the same lateral displacement. Furthermore, a finite element model was calibrated by experiment results, and parametric studies were conducted on the effects of movement profiles and pile diameter. Numerical results indicate that the influence degrees of the soil lateral displacement profile on the soil shielding are classified into rectangular, paraboloid and triangle, respectively. In addition, this shielding effect is positively proportioned to the pile diameter.
In the traditional model test, the pile deformation subjected to soil movement is measurable, while the soil displacement around the pile is difficult to obtain. Therefore, a model test system was designed based on the transparent soil(mixed by fused quartz and a pore fluid with a matching refractive index), particle image velocimetry(PIV) and optical measurement system. A series of model tests were carried out to measure the soil deformation in a non-intrusive way. By analyzing the images of multiple horizontal and vertical slices, a three-dimensional displacement field was obtained. The results show that transparent soil material is technically feasible for studying the displacement field of soils around passive piles. The results also indicate that the shielding effect, i.e. displacement difference between the back and side of the pile, increases with the embedment depth of the pile at the same lateral displacement. Furthermore, a finite element model was calibrated by experiment results, and parametric studies were conducted on the effects of movement profiles and pile diameter. Numerical results indicate that the influence degrees of the soil lateral displacement profile on the soil shielding are classified into rectangular, paraboloid and triangle, respectively. In addition, this shielding effect is positively proportioned to the pile diameter.
引文
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[11]张建伟,胡明源,王宏权,等.不同弯矩作用时斜坡上单桩承载特性的数值模拟[J].河南理工大学学报(自然科学版),2018,37(4):136-140.ZHANG Jian-wei,HU Ming-yuan,WANG Hong-quan,et al.Numerical simulations of pile bearing under different bending moment on slope[J].Journal of Henan Polytechnic University(Natural Science),2018,37(4):136-140.
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[13]黄挺,戴国亮,龚维明,等.颗粒图像测速技术在桩基负摩阻力模型试验中的运用[J].岩土力学,2013,34(增刊1):162-166.HUANG Ting,DAI Guo-liang,GONG Wei-ming,et al.Application of particle image velocimetry to model test of negative skin friction on pile[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2013,34(Suppl.1):162-166.
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[15]周俊宏,宫全美,周顺华,等.盾构隧道抬升作用下极限上覆土压力计算方法[J].岩土力学,2016,37(7):1969-1976.ZHOU Jun-hong,GONG Quan-mei,ZHOU Shun-hua,et al.Calculation method of limit overlying earth pressure on shield tunnel during lifting[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2016,37(7):1969-1976.
[16]XIANG Y Z,LIU H L,ZHANG W G,et al.Application of transparent soil model test and DEM simulation in study of tunnel failure mechanism[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2018,74:178-184.
[17]高岳,王档良.化学注浆防治立井二次涌水透明土试验研究[J].煤炭科学技术,2016,44(6):194-199.GAO Yue,WANG DANG-liang.Transparent soil experiment study on chemical grouting prevention and control for secondary water inflow occurred in mine shaft[J].Coal Science and Technology,2016,44(6):194-199.
[18]曹兆虎,孔纲强,刘汉龙,等.基于透明土的管桩贯入特性模型试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2014,36(8):1564-1568.CAO Zhao-hu,KONG Gang-qiang,LIU Han-long,et al.Model tests on pipe pile penetration by using transparent soils[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2014,36(8):1564-1568.
[19]曹兆虎,孔纲强,周航,等.基于透明土的静压楔形桩沉桩效应模型试验研究[J].岩土力学,2015,36(5):1363-1367,1374.CAO Zhao-hu,KONG Gang-qiang,ZHOU Hang,et al.Model test on installation effect of tapered piles in transparent soils[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2015,36(5):1363-1367,1374.
[20]曹兆虎,孔纲强,刘汉龙,等.基于透明土材料的沉桩过程土体三维变形模型试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2014,36(2):395-400.CAO Zhao-hu,KONG Gang-qiang,LIU Han-long,et al.Model tests on 3D soil deformation during pile penetration using transparent soils[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2014,36(2):395-400.
[21]周航,孔纲强,崔允亮.基于透明土的XCC桩沉桩挤土效应模型试验及其理论研究[J].土木工程学报,2017,50(7):100-109.ZHOU Hang,KONG Gang-qiang,CUI Yun-liang.Model test and theoretical study on XCC pile penetration effect based on transparent soil[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2017,50(7):100-109.
[22]齐昌广,左殿军,刘干斌,等.塑料套管混凝土桩挤土效应的非侵入可视化研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(9):2334-2340.QI Chang-guang,ZUO Dian-jun,LIU Gan-bin,et al.Non-intrusively visualization on squeezing effect of plastic tube cast-in-place concrete piles[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2017,36(9):2334-2340.
[23]KONG G Q,CAO Z H,ZHOU HANG,et al.Analysis of piles under oblique pullout load using transparent-soil models[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2015,38(5):728-736.
[24]曹兆虎,孔纲强,刘汉龙,等.水平荷载桩室内模型试验系统研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(增刊1):3468-3475.CAO Zhao-hu,KONG Gang-qiang,LIU Han-long,et al.Study of indoor model test system of laterally loaded piles[J].Chinese Journal of Rock and Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(Suppl.1):3468-3475.
[25]LIU J Y,ISKANDER M G.Modeling capacity of transparent soil[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2010,47(4):451-460.
[26]ISKANDER M G,LIU J Y,SADEK S.Optical measurement of deformation using transparent silica gel to model sand[J].International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics,2002,2(4):13-26.
[27]常艳,雷振坤,赵红华,等.熔融石英粒径对透明土位移测量精度的影响[J].岩土力学,2017,38(2):493-500.CHANG Yan,LEI Zhen-kun,ZHAO Hong-hua,et al.Influences of grain sizes of fused quartz on displacement measurement accuracy of transparent soil[J]Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(2):493-500.
[28]LEUNG C F,CHOW Y K,SHEN R F.Behavior of pile subject to excavation-induced soil movement[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,ASCE,2000,126(11):974-954.
[29]POULOS H G.Ground movements-a hidden source of loading on deep foundations[J].The Journal of the Deep Foundations Institute,2007,1(1):37-53.
[30]POULOS H G.Analysis of piles in soil undergoing lateral movement[J].Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering,ASCE,1973,99(SM5):391-406.
[31]SPRINGMAN S M,NG C W W,ELLIS E A.Centrifuge and analytical studies of full height bridge abutment on piled foundation subjected to lateral loading[R].[S.l.]:[s.n.],1994.
[32]STEWART D P.Lateral loading of piled bridge abutments due to embankment construction[D].Nedlands,Australia:University of Western Australia,1992.
[2]POULOS H G.Failure of a building supported on piles[C]//Proceedings of International Conference on Foundation Failures.Singapore:[s.n.],1997:53-66.
[3]杨敏,朱碧堂,陈福全.堆载引起某厂房坍塌事故的初步分析[J].岩土工程学报,2002,24(4):446-450.YANG Min,ZHU Bi-tang,CHEN Fu-quan.Pilot study on collapse of an industrial building due to adjacent surcharge loads[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2002,24(4):446-450.
[4]POULOS H G,CHEN L T,HULL T S.Model tests on single piles subjected to lateral soil movement[J].Soil and Foundations,1995,35(4):85-92.
[5]梁发云,姚国圣,陈海兵,等.土体侧移作用下既有轴向受荷桩性状的室内模型试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2010,32(10):1063-1069.LIANG Fa-yun,YAO Guo-sheng,CHEN Hai-bing,et al.Model tests on behavior of axially loaded piles subjected to lateral soil movement[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2010,32(10):1063-1069.
[6]GUO W D,QIN H Y,GHEE E H.Modeling single piles subjected to evolving soil movement[J].International Journal of Geomechanics,2016,17(4):04016111.
[7]张爱军,莫海鸿,朱珍德,等.被动桩与土相互作用解析计算研究[J].岩土工程学报,2011,33(增刊2):120-127.ZHANG Ai-jun,MO Hai-hong,ZHU Zhen-de,et al.Analytical solution to interaction between passive pile and soils[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2011,33(Suppl.2):120-127.
[8]PAN J L,GOH A T C,WONG K S,et al.Three dimensional analysis of single pile response to lateral soil movements[J].International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics,2002,26(8):747-758.
[9]MIAO L F,GOH A T C,WONG K S.Three-dimensional finite element analyses of passive pile behavior[J].International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics,2006,30:599-613.
[10]梁发云,李彦初.土体侧移模式对邻近桩基性状影响的三维数值分析[J].岩土工程学报,2011,33(增刊2):399-403.LIANG Fa-yun,LI Yan-chu.Numerical analysis for effects of lateral soil movement on adjacent piles[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2011,33(Suppl.2):399-403.
[11]张建伟,胡明源,王宏权,等.不同弯矩作用时斜坡上单桩承载特性的数值模拟[J].河南理工大学学报(自然科学版),2018,37(4):136-140.ZHANG Jian-wei,HU Ming-yuan,WANG Hong-quan,et al.Numerical simulations of pile bearing under different bending moment on slope[J].Journal of Henan Polytechnic University(Natural Science),2018,37(4):136-140.
[12]周健,亓宾,曾庆有.被动侧向受荷桩模型试验及颗粒流数值模拟研究[J].岩土工程学报,2007,29(10):1449-1454.ZHOU Jian,QI Bin,ZENG Qing-you.Model tests and PFC2D numerical analysis on laterally loaded passive piles[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2007,29(10):1449-1454.
[13]黄挺,戴国亮,龚维明,等.颗粒图像测速技术在桩基负摩阻力模型试验中的运用[J].岩土力学,2013,34(增刊1):162-166.HUANG Ting,DAI Guo-liang,GONG Wei-ming,et al.Application of particle image velocimetry to model test of negative skin friction on pile[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2013,34(Suppl.1):162-166.
[14]AHMED M,ISKANDER M.Analysis of tunneling-induced ground movements using transparent soil models[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2011,137(5):525-535.
[15]周俊宏,宫全美,周顺华,等.盾构隧道抬升作用下极限上覆土压力计算方法[J].岩土力学,2016,37(7):1969-1976.ZHOU Jun-hong,GONG Quan-mei,ZHOU Shun-hua,et al.Calculation method of limit overlying earth pressure on shield tunnel during lifting[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2016,37(7):1969-1976.
[16]XIANG Y Z,LIU H L,ZHANG W G,et al.Application of transparent soil model test and DEM simulation in study of tunnel failure mechanism[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2018,74:178-184.
[17]高岳,王档良.化学注浆防治立井二次涌水透明土试验研究[J].煤炭科学技术,2016,44(6):194-199.GAO Yue,WANG DANG-liang.Transparent soil experiment study on chemical grouting prevention and control for secondary water inflow occurred in mine shaft[J].Coal Science and Technology,2016,44(6):194-199.
[18]曹兆虎,孔纲强,刘汉龙,等.基于透明土的管桩贯入特性模型试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2014,36(8):1564-1568.CAO Zhao-hu,KONG Gang-qiang,LIU Han-long,et al.Model tests on pipe pile penetration by using transparent soils[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2014,36(8):1564-1568.
[19]曹兆虎,孔纲强,周航,等.基于透明土的静压楔形桩沉桩效应模型试验研究[J].岩土力学,2015,36(5):1363-1367,1374.CAO Zhao-hu,KONG Gang-qiang,ZHOU Hang,et al.Model test on installation effect of tapered piles in transparent soils[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2015,36(5):1363-1367,1374.
[20]曹兆虎,孔纲强,刘汉龙,等.基于透明土材料的沉桩过程土体三维变形模型试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2014,36(2):395-400.CAO Zhao-hu,KONG Gang-qiang,LIU Han-long,et al.Model tests on 3D soil deformation during pile penetration using transparent soils[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2014,36(2):395-400.
[21]周航,孔纲强,崔允亮.基于透明土的XCC桩沉桩挤土效应模型试验及其理论研究[J].土木工程学报,2017,50(7):100-109.ZHOU Hang,KONG Gang-qiang,CUI Yun-liang.Model test and theoretical study on XCC pile penetration effect based on transparent soil[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2017,50(7):100-109.
[22]齐昌广,左殿军,刘干斌,等.塑料套管混凝土桩挤土效应的非侵入可视化研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(9):2334-2340.QI Chang-guang,ZUO Dian-jun,LIU Gan-bin,et al.Non-intrusively visualization on squeezing effect of plastic tube cast-in-place concrete piles[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2017,36(9):2334-2340.
[23]KONG G Q,CAO Z H,ZHOU HANG,et al.Analysis of piles under oblique pullout load using transparent-soil models[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2015,38(5):728-736.
[24]曹兆虎,孔纲强,刘汉龙,等.水平荷载桩室内模型试验系统研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(增刊1):3468-3475.CAO Zhao-hu,KONG Gang-qiang,LIU Han-long,et al.Study of indoor model test system of laterally loaded piles[J].Chinese Journal of Rock and Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(Suppl.1):3468-3475.
[25]LIU J Y,ISKANDER M G.Modeling capacity of transparent soil[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2010,47(4):451-460.
[26]ISKANDER M G,LIU J Y,SADEK S.Optical measurement of deformation using transparent silica gel to model sand[J].International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics,2002,2(4):13-26.
[27]常艳,雷振坤,赵红华,等.熔融石英粒径对透明土位移测量精度的影响[J].岩土力学,2017,38(2):493-500.CHANG Yan,LEI Zhen-kun,ZHAO Hong-hua,et al.Influences of grain sizes of fused quartz on displacement measurement accuracy of transparent soil[J]Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(2):493-500.
[28]LEUNG C F,CHOW Y K,SHEN R F.Behavior of pile subject to excavation-induced soil movement[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,ASCE,2000,126(11):974-954.
[29]POULOS H G.Ground movements-a hidden source of loading on deep foundations[J].The Journal of the Deep Foundations Institute,2007,1(1):37-53.
[30]POULOS H G.Analysis of piles in soil undergoing lateral movement[J].Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering,ASCE,1973,99(SM5):391-406.
[31]SPRINGMAN S M,NG C W W,ELLIS E A.Centrifuge and analytical studies of full height bridge abutment on piled foundation subjected to lateral loading[R].[S.l.]:[s.n.],1994.
[32]STEWART D P.Lateral loading of piled bridge abutments due to embankment construction[D].Nedlands,Australia:University of Western Australia,1992.