超声波辅助水蒸气提取柠檬精油工艺优化及成分分析
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摘要
以柠檬果皮为原料,研究超声波辅助水蒸气蒸馏提取柠檬精油的最佳工艺条件。在单因素试验基础上,选取超声波功率、料液比、超声波时间及蒸馏时间为影响因素,以提取率为响应值,设计响应面试验;通过气相色谱—质谱法对柠檬精油的化学组分进行检测,采用扫描电镜对柠檬皮的微观结构进行观察。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:超声波功率320W、液料比15.51(mL/g)、超声波时间36min、蒸馏时间140min,提取率可达1.97%;柠檬精油中共鉴定出26种化学成分,占总成分的96.16%,主要成分为柠檬烯;扫描电镜观察表明,超声波显著破坏原料细胞结构,促进了精油的快速释放。该工艺与水蒸气蒸馏提取相比,提取率相近,但明显缩短了提取时间。超声波辅助提取柠檬精油是一种有效的提取方法。
Ultrasonic-assisted hydrodistillation extraction(UAHE)essential oil from lemon peel was investigated.On the basis of singlefactor test,response surface methodology was applied to optimize the parameters of extraction,including ultrasonic power,solvent to material ratio,ultrasonic time,and distilling time on the yield of essential oil.Meanwhile,the volatile composition was analyzed by GC-MS.In addition,the microscopic structures of material before and after various extraction methods are observed to clarify extraction mechanisms.The optimal extraction conditions were ultrasonic power of320 W,solvent to material ratio of 15.51(mL/g),ultrasonic time of 36 min,distillation time of 140 min.Under this condition,the oil yield was up to 1.97%.Totally 26 compounds were identified accounting for 96.16%,of which limonene was the major constituent.Scanning electron microscopy revealed that ultrasonic technique efficiently promoted the release of essential oil by breaking down the cell structure of lemon peel.Moreover,essential oil extracted by UAHE was quantitatively(yield)and qualitatively(chemical composition)similar to those obtained using hydrodistillation extraction.Therefore,UAHE essential oil of lemon would be an effective method.
Ultrasonic-assisted hydrodistillation extraction(UAHE)essential oil from lemon peel was investigated.On the basis of singlefactor test,response surface methodology was applied to optimize the parameters of extraction,including ultrasonic power,solvent to material ratio,ultrasonic time,and distilling time on the yield of essential oil.Meanwhile,the volatile composition was analyzed by GC-MS.In addition,the microscopic structures of material before and after various extraction methods are observed to clarify extraction mechanisms.The optimal extraction conditions were ultrasonic power of320 W,solvent to material ratio of 15.51(mL/g),ultrasonic time of 36 min,distillation time of 140 min.Under this condition,the oil yield was up to 1.97%.Totally 26 compounds were identified accounting for 96.16%,of which limonene was the major constituent.Scanning electron microscopy revealed that ultrasonic technique efficiently promoted the release of essential oil by breaking down the cell structure of lemon peel.Moreover,essential oil extracted by UAHE was quantitatively(yield)and qualitatively(chemical composition)similar to those obtained using hydrodistillation extraction.Therefore,UAHE essential oil of lemon would be an effective method.
引文
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[9]LJILJANA P S,NIKO S R,TATJANA M D,et al.The yield,composition and hydrodistillation kinetics of the essential oil of dill seeds(Anethi fructus)obtained by different hydrodistillation techniques[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2015,65:429-436.
[10]VAIO C D,GRAZIANI G,GASPARI A,et al.Essential oils content and antioxidant properties of peel ethanol extract in 18lemon cultivars[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2010,126(1):50-55.
[11]AL-JABRI N N,HOSSAIN M A.Comparative chemical composition and antimicrobial activity study of essential oils from two imported lemon fruits samples against pathogenic bacteria[J].Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,2014,3(4):247-253.
[12]MORSY N F S.A short extraction time of high quality hydrodistilled cardamom(Elettaria cardamomum L.Maton)essential oil using ultrasound as a pretreatment[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2015,65:287-292.
[13]TEKIN K,AKAL M K,SEKER M G.Ultrasound bath-assisted extraction of essential oils from clove using central composite design[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2015,77:954-960.
[14]SERESHTI H,ROHANIFAR A,BAKHTIARI S,et al.Bifunctional ultrasound assisted extraction and determination of Elettaria cardamomum Maton essential oil[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2012,1 238:46-53.
[15]MARAL S D,MEHRDAD N,MOHAMMAD J S.Ultrasound pretreatment impact on Prangos ferulacea Lindl.and Satureja macrosiphonia Bornm.essential oil extraction and comparing their physicochemical and biological properties[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2016,87:105-115.
[2]CATIA G L,FRANCESCA P,ALESSANDRO A C,et al.A non-conventional method to extract D-limonene from waste lemon peels and comparison with traditional Soxhlet extraction[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2014,137:13-20.
[3]CRISTINA C K,MARIA C C,IVANA M G,et al.Fractionation of lemon essential oil by solvent extraction:Phase equilibrium for model systems at T=298.2K[J].The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics,2012,54:316-321.
[4]GIRONI F,MASCHIETTI M.Phase equilibrium of the system supercriticalcarbondioxide-lemonessentialoil:New experimental data and thermodynamic modelling[J].The Journal of Supercritical Fluids,2012,70:8-16.
[5]ESCLAPEZ M D,GARCA-PREZ J V,MULET A,et al.Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Natural Products[J].Food Engineering Reviews,2011,3(2):108-120.
[6]KARIM A,DANIELLA P,SMAIN C,et al.Ultrasound induced intensification and selective extraction of essential oil from Carum carvi L.seeds[J].Chemical Engineering and Processing:Process Intensification,2012,62:99-105.
[7]SANDRINE P,CHRISTIAN G,GIANCARLO C,et al.A comparison of essential oils obtained from lavandin via different extraction processes:Ultrasound,microwave,turbohydrodistillation,steam and hydrodistillation[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2013,1 305:41-47.
[8]DANIELLA P,ANNE-SYLVIE F T,FARID C.An improved ultrasound clevenger for extraction of essential oils[J].Food Analytical Methods,2014,7(1):9-12.
[9]LJILJANA P S,NIKO S R,TATJANA M D,et al.The yield,composition and hydrodistillation kinetics of the essential oil of dill seeds(Anethi fructus)obtained by different hydrodistillation techniques[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2015,65:429-436.
[10]VAIO C D,GRAZIANI G,GASPARI A,et al.Essential oils content and antioxidant properties of peel ethanol extract in 18lemon cultivars[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2010,126(1):50-55.
[11]AL-JABRI N N,HOSSAIN M A.Comparative chemical composition and antimicrobial activity study of essential oils from two imported lemon fruits samples against pathogenic bacteria[J].Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,2014,3(4):247-253.
[12]MORSY N F S.A short extraction time of high quality hydrodistilled cardamom(Elettaria cardamomum L.Maton)essential oil using ultrasound as a pretreatment[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2015,65:287-292.
[13]TEKIN K,AKAL M K,SEKER M G.Ultrasound bath-assisted extraction of essential oils from clove using central composite design[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2015,77:954-960.
[14]SERESHTI H,ROHANIFAR A,BAKHTIARI S,et al.Bifunctional ultrasound assisted extraction and determination of Elettaria cardamomum Maton essential oil[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2012,1 238:46-53.
[15]MARAL S D,MEHRDAD N,MOHAMMAD J S.Ultrasound pretreatment impact on Prangos ferulacea Lindl.and Satureja macrosiphonia Bornm.essential oil extraction and comparing their physicochemical and biological properties[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2016,87:105-115.