静水压力对金属腐蚀热力学及动力学的影响
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摘要
以热力学和动力学为基础,分析了静水压力对电极反应中材料的活度、环境中离子的活度、气体的溶解度、活度或逸度的影响,讨论了静水压力对海水环境中的pH值及化学平衡的作用,给出了静水压力与电极反应平衡电极电位和交换电流密度的关系式,并建立了静水压力影响活性金属腐蚀行为的理论模型。研究表明,静水压力可提高材料、环境中离子及溶解气体的活度,且这与其偏摩尔体积密切相关;静水压力对异相材料的活度差异具有放大效应,异相材料的偏摩尔体积相差越大,活度的差异越明显。升高静水压力可降低金属Fe和Al阳极溶解反应的平衡电极电位,同时降低其交换电流密度;升高静水压力可提高吸氧反应的平衡电极电位,降低其交换电流密度;升高静水压力可降低析氢反应的平衡电极电位,增大其交换电流密度。
In recent years, researches on deep sea corrosion have attracted much attention of many researchers. The high hydrostatic pressure is a distinctive feature of deep-sea environment. The hydrostatic pressure affects the corrosive behavior of metallic materials by modifying the composition, structure and compactness of corrosion products, changing the polarization processes of cathode electrode and anode electrode, altering pitting nucleation rate and growth rate, impacting on chemical reaction rate and equilibrium constant, and varying hydrogen diffusion rate and coverage. However, in essence, the influence of hydrostatic pressure on the corrosion behavior of different metal materials is the manifestation of the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the corrosion electrode process caused by hydrostatic pressure. At present, the mechanism of effect of hydrostatic pressure on the thermodynamics and kinetics of corroding electrode processes is unclear yet. In addition, the concerns about the effects of hydrostatic pressure on the chemical properties of materials and seawater are comparatively low. Based on thermodynamics and kinetics, the effects of hydrostatic pressure on the activities of electrode material and ions in environment, including on the solubility, fugacity or activity of gases in environment are analyzed. The influence of hydrostatic pressure on pH value and chemical equilibrium is also discussed. The relationships between hydrostatic pressure and equilibrium electrode potential, as well as the exchange current density, are analyzed. The theoretical model of the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the corrosion behavior of active metals is established. The studies have shown that hydrostatic pressure would increase the activities of materials, ions and dissolved gas in environments, and this is closely related to their partial molar volume. The hydrostatic pressure would magnify the difference in the activity of heterogeneous materials. The larger the partial molar volume difference of the heterogeneous materials, the more obvious the difference in activity. Increasing hydrostatic pressure reduces the equilibrium electrode potential of iron and aluminum anode dissolution reaction while reducing its exchange current density. Increasing hydrostatic pressure increases the equilibrium electrode potential of oxygen reaction and decreases its exchange current density. Increasing hydrostatic pressure reduces the equilibrium electrode potential of hydrogen evolution reaction and increases its exchange current density.
In recent years, researches on deep sea corrosion have attracted much attention of many researchers. The high hydrostatic pressure is a distinctive feature of deep-sea environment. The hydrostatic pressure affects the corrosive behavior of metallic materials by modifying the composition, structure and compactness of corrosion products, changing the polarization processes of cathode electrode and anode electrode, altering pitting nucleation rate and growth rate, impacting on chemical reaction rate and equilibrium constant, and varying hydrogen diffusion rate and coverage. However, in essence, the influence of hydrostatic pressure on the corrosion behavior of different metal materials is the manifestation of the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the corrosion electrode process caused by hydrostatic pressure. At present, the mechanism of effect of hydrostatic pressure on the thermodynamics and kinetics of corroding electrode processes is unclear yet. In addition, the concerns about the effects of hydrostatic pressure on the chemical properties of materials and seawater are comparatively low. Based on thermodynamics and kinetics, the effects of hydrostatic pressure on the activities of electrode material and ions in environment, including on the solubility, fugacity or activity of gases in environment are analyzed. The influence of hydrostatic pressure on pH value and chemical equilibrium is also discussed. The relationships between hydrostatic pressure and equilibrium electrode potential, as well as the exchange current density, are analyzed. The theoretical model of the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the corrosion behavior of active metals is established. The studies have shown that hydrostatic pressure would increase the activities of materials, ions and dissolved gas in environments, and this is closely related to their partial molar volume. The hydrostatic pressure would magnify the difference in the activity of heterogeneous materials. The larger the partial molar volume difference of the heterogeneous materials, the more obvious the difference in activity. Increasing hydrostatic pressure reduces the equilibrium electrode potential of iron and aluminum anode dissolution reaction while reducing its exchange current density. Increasing hydrostatic pressure increases the equilibrium electrode potential of oxygen reaction and decreases its exchange current density. Increasing hydrostatic pressure reduces the equilibrium electrode potential of hydrogen evolution reaction and increases its exchange current density.
引文
[1]Zhou J L,Li X G,Cheng X Q,et al.Research progress on corrosion of metallic materials in deep sea environment[J].Corros.Sci.Prot.Technol.,2010,22:47(周建龙,李晓刚,程学群等.深海环境下金属及合金材料腐蚀研究进展[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,2010,22:47)
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[3]Liu J,Li X B,Wang J.Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the corrosion behaviors of two low alloy steels[J].Acta Metal.Sin.,2011,47:695(刘杰,李相波,王佳.模拟深海压力对2种低合金钢腐蚀行为的影响[J].金属学报,2011,47:695)
[4]Traverso P,Canepa E.A review of studies on corrosion of metals and alloys in deep-sea environment[J].Ocean Eng.,2014,87:10
[5]Beccaria A M,Poggi G.Influence of hydrostatic pressure on pitting of aluminium in sea water[J].Br.Corros.J.,1985,20:183
[6]Beccaria A M,Poggi G,Gingaud D,et al.Effect of hydrostatic pressure on passivating power of corrosion layers formed on 6061 T6 aluminium alloy in sea water[J].Br.Corros.J.,1994,29:65
[7]Beccaria A M,Poggi G.Influence of hydrostatic pressure and salt concentration on aluminum corrosion in NaCl solutions[J].Corrosion,1986,42:470
[8]Beccaria A M,Poggi G.Aluminum corrosion in slightly alkaline sodium sulfate solutions at different hydrostatic pressures[J].Corrosion,1987,43:153
[9]Beccaria A M,Ltraverso P,Poggi G,et al.Effect of hydrostatic pressure on corrosion behaviour of 5086 Al-alloy in sea water[J].High Pressure Res.,1991,7:347
[10]Beccaria A M,Poggi G.Effect of some surface treatments on kinetics of aluminium corrosion in NaCl solutions at various hydrostatic pressures[J].Br.Corros.J.,1986,21:19
[11]Beccaria A M,Fiordiponti P,Mattogno G.The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the corrosion of nickel in slightly alkaline solutions containing Cl-ions[J].Corros.Sci.,1989,29:403
[12]Beccaria A M,Poggi G,Arfelli M,et al.The effect of salt concentration on nickel corrosion behaviour in slightly alkaline solutions at different hydrostatic pressures[J].Corros.Sci.,1993,34:989
[13]Beccaria A M,Poggi G,Castello G.Influence of passive film composition and sea water pressure on resistance to localised corrosion of some stainless steels in sea water[J].Br.Corros.J.,1995,30:283
[14]Zhang T,Yang Y E,Shao Y W,et al.A stochastic analysis of the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the pit corrosion of Fe-20Cr alloy[J].Electrochim.Acta,2009,54:3915
[15]Liu B.Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the corrosion behavior of pure nickel[D].Harbin:Harbin Engineering University,2009(刘斌.静水压力对纯镍腐蚀行为的影响[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2009)
[16]Liu B,Cong Y,Zhang T,et al.Influence of deep-sea environment on corrosion behavior of pure nickel:Influence of hydrostatic pressures on performance of passive film on pure nickel[J].Corros.Sci.Prot.Technol.,2009,21:5(刘斌,丛园,张涛等.深海环境下静水压力对纯镍腐蚀行为的影响[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,2009,21:5)
[17]Liu B,Zhang J,Zhang T,et al.Influence of deep-sea environment on corrosion behavior of pure nickel-II-Stochastic analysis approaches to pitting of pure nickel under hydrostatic pressures[J].Corros.Sci.Prot.Technol.,2010,22:85(刘斌,张杰,张涛等.深海环境对纯镍腐蚀行为的影响II-利用随机分析方法研究纯镍在静水压力下的点蚀行为[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,2010,22:85)
[18]Liu B,Zhang T,Shao Y W,et al.Influence of deep-sea environment on corrosion behavior of pure nickel III-Influence of hydrostatic pressures on pitting mechanism for pure nickel[J].Corros.Sci.Prot.Technol.,2011,23:239(刘斌,张涛,邵亚薇等.深海环境对纯镍腐蚀行为的影响III-静水压力对纯镍点蚀机制的影响[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,2011,23:239)
[19]Liu B.Effect on corrosion behavior mechanism of pure nickel and NiCrMoV steel weld joint in deep sea environment[D].Harbin:Harbin Engineering University,2016(刘斌.深海环境对纯Ni及NiCrMoV钢焊接接头腐蚀行为机制的影响[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2016)
[20]Yang Y E,Zhang T,Shao Y W,et al.Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the corrosion behaviour of Ni-Cr-Mo-V high strength steel[J].Corros.Sci.,2010,52:2697
[21]Yang Y E,Zhang T,Shao Y W,et al.New understanding of the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the corrosion of Ni-Cr-Mo-V high strength steel[J].Corros.Sci.,2013,73:250
[22]Sun H J,Liu L,Li Y,et al.The performance of Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti sacrificial anode in simulated deep water environment[J].Corros.Sci.,2013,77:77
[23]Jin K X,Zhao C J,Ma P S.Chemical Thermodynamics[M].Tianjin:Tianjin University Press,1990:128(金克新,赵传钧,马沛生.化工热力学[M].天津:天津大学出版社,1990:128)
[24]Jing F Q.Experimental Equation of State Equation[M].Beijing:Science Press,1986:3(经福谦.实验物态方程导引[M].北京:科学出版社,1986:3)
[25]Zhang Z B,Liu L S.Marine Physical Chemistry[M].Beijing:Science Press,1989:55(张正斌,刘莲生.海洋物理化学[M].北京:科学出版社,1989:55)
[26]Millero F J,Kembro A,Lo Surdo A.Adiabatic partial molal compressibilities of electrolytes in 0.725 M sodium chloride solutions at 25.degree.C[J].J.Phys.Chem.,1980,84:2728
[27]Owen B B,Brinkley S R.Calculation of the effect of pressure upon ionic equilibria in pure water and in salt solutions[J].Chem.Rev.,1941,29:461
[28]Millero F J,Laferriere A L,Chetirkin P V.The partial molal volumes of electrolytes in 0.725 M sodium chloride solutions at 25.degree.C[J].J.Phys.Chem.,1977,81:1737
[29]Oriani R A.The physical and metallurgical aspects of hydrogen in metals[A].Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Cold Fusion[C].Lahina,Maui,USA:Electric Power Research Institute,1994
[30]Wan H X,Du C W,Liu Z Y,et al.The effect of hydrogen on stress corrosion behavior of X65 steel welded joint in simulated deep sea environment[J].Ocean Eng.,2016,114:216
[31]Wan H X,Liu Z Y,Du C W,et al.Stress corrosion behavior of X65 steel welded joint in marine environment[J].Int.J.Electrochem.Sci.,2015,10:8437
[32]Xiong X L,Tao X,Zhou Q J,et al.Hydrostatic pressure effects on hydrogen permeation in A514 steel during galvanostatic hydrogen charging[J].Corros.Sci.,2016,112:86
[33]Xiong X L,Zhou Q J,Li J X,et al.Cathodic over-potential and hydrogen partial pressure coupling in hydrogen evolution reaction of marine steel under hydrostatic pressure[J].Electrochim.Acta,2017,247:1019
[34]Chen Z X,Gu F Y,Hu W M.Chemical Thermodynamics[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2012:71(陈钟秀,顾飞燕,胡望明.化工热力学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2012:71)
[35]Prausnitz J M,Lichtenthaler R N,de Azevedo E G.Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria[M].3rd Ed.,New Jersey:Prentice Hall PTR,1999:589
[36]Zhou T L,Battino R.Partial molar volumes of 13 gases in water at298.15 K and 303.15 K[J].J.Chem.Eng.Data,2001,46:331
[37]Dexter S C.Effect of variations in sea water upon the corrosion of aluminum[J].Corrosion,1980,36:423
[38]Horne R A.Marine Chemistry:The Structure of Water and the Chemistry of the Hydrosphere[M].New York,London,Sydney,Toronto:John Wiley&Sons Inc,1969:1
[39]Distèche A,Distèche S.The effect of pressure on the dissociation of carbonic acid from measurements with buffered glass electrode cells[J].J.Electrochem.Soc.,1967,114:330
[40]Cramer S D,Covino B S.Corrosion:Environments and Industries[M].Materials Park,Ohio:ASM International,1990:1
[41]Gutman E M.Mechanochemistry of Solid Surfaces[M].Singapore:World Scientific Publishing Co Inc,1994:18
[42]Gutman E M.Mechanochemistry of Materials[M].London:Cambridge International Science Publishing,1998:67
[43]Morild E,O?O?lmheim J E.Pressure dependence of the oxygen electrode[J].J.Electrochem.Soc.,1980,127:2356
[44]Conway B E,Currie J C.Significance of effects of high pressure on kinetics of electrode reactions:II.The nature of solvent reorganization in the activation process of an electrochemical redox reaction[J].J.Electrochem.Soc.,1978,125:257
[45]Conway B E,Currie J C.Significance of effects of high pressure on kinetics of electrode reactions:I.Applications to transition states in hydrogen evolution reaction mechanisms[J].J.Electrochem.Soc.,1978,125:252
[46]Conway B E,Currie J C.Significance of effects of pressure on electrode reactions.Part III.Equilibrium processes at reference electrodes and the volume of H in Pd[J].Can.J.Chem.,1978,56:915
[47]Conway B E,Currie J C.Temperature and pressure effects on surface processes at noble metal electrodes:Part 2.Volume of adsorbed H and oxygen species at Pt and Au[J].J.Chem.Soc.,Faraday Trans.1,1978,74:1390
[48]Hills G J,Kinnibrugh D R.The pressure coefficient of the hydrogen electrode reaction[J].J.Electrochem.Soc.,1966,113:1111
[2]Fan L,Ding K K,Guo W M,et al.Effect of hydrostatic pressure and pre-stress on corrosion behavior of a new type Ni-Cr-Mo-Vhigh strength steel[J].Acta Metal.Sin.,2016,52:679(范林,丁康康,郭为民等.静水压力和预应力对新型Ni-Cr-Mo-V高强钢腐蚀行为的影响[J].金属学报,2016,52:679)
[3]Liu J,Li X B,Wang J.Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the corrosion behaviors of two low alloy steels[J].Acta Metal.Sin.,2011,47:695(刘杰,李相波,王佳.模拟深海压力对2种低合金钢腐蚀行为的影响[J].金属学报,2011,47:695)
[4]Traverso P,Canepa E.A review of studies on corrosion of metals and alloys in deep-sea environment[J].Ocean Eng.,2014,87:10
[5]Beccaria A M,Poggi G.Influence of hydrostatic pressure on pitting of aluminium in sea water[J].Br.Corros.J.,1985,20:183
[6]Beccaria A M,Poggi G,Gingaud D,et al.Effect of hydrostatic pressure on passivating power of corrosion layers formed on 6061 T6 aluminium alloy in sea water[J].Br.Corros.J.,1994,29:65
[7]Beccaria A M,Poggi G.Influence of hydrostatic pressure and salt concentration on aluminum corrosion in NaCl solutions[J].Corrosion,1986,42:470
[8]Beccaria A M,Poggi G.Aluminum corrosion in slightly alkaline sodium sulfate solutions at different hydrostatic pressures[J].Corrosion,1987,43:153
[9]Beccaria A M,Ltraverso P,Poggi G,et al.Effect of hydrostatic pressure on corrosion behaviour of 5086 Al-alloy in sea water[J].High Pressure Res.,1991,7:347
[10]Beccaria A M,Poggi G.Effect of some surface treatments on kinetics of aluminium corrosion in NaCl solutions at various hydrostatic pressures[J].Br.Corros.J.,1986,21:19
[11]Beccaria A M,Fiordiponti P,Mattogno G.The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the corrosion of nickel in slightly alkaline solutions containing Cl-ions[J].Corros.Sci.,1989,29:403
[12]Beccaria A M,Poggi G,Arfelli M,et al.The effect of salt concentration on nickel corrosion behaviour in slightly alkaline solutions at different hydrostatic pressures[J].Corros.Sci.,1993,34:989
[13]Beccaria A M,Poggi G,Castello G.Influence of passive film composition and sea water pressure on resistance to localised corrosion of some stainless steels in sea water[J].Br.Corros.J.,1995,30:283
[14]Zhang T,Yang Y E,Shao Y W,et al.A stochastic analysis of the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the pit corrosion of Fe-20Cr alloy[J].Electrochim.Acta,2009,54:3915
[15]Liu B.Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the corrosion behavior of pure nickel[D].Harbin:Harbin Engineering University,2009(刘斌.静水压力对纯镍腐蚀行为的影响[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2009)
[16]Liu B,Cong Y,Zhang T,et al.Influence of deep-sea environment on corrosion behavior of pure nickel:Influence of hydrostatic pressures on performance of passive film on pure nickel[J].Corros.Sci.Prot.Technol.,2009,21:5(刘斌,丛园,张涛等.深海环境下静水压力对纯镍腐蚀行为的影响[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,2009,21:5)
[17]Liu B,Zhang J,Zhang T,et al.Influence of deep-sea environment on corrosion behavior of pure nickel-II-Stochastic analysis approaches to pitting of pure nickel under hydrostatic pressures[J].Corros.Sci.Prot.Technol.,2010,22:85(刘斌,张杰,张涛等.深海环境对纯镍腐蚀行为的影响II-利用随机分析方法研究纯镍在静水压力下的点蚀行为[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,2010,22:85)
[18]Liu B,Zhang T,Shao Y W,et al.Influence of deep-sea environment on corrosion behavior of pure nickel III-Influence of hydrostatic pressures on pitting mechanism for pure nickel[J].Corros.Sci.Prot.Technol.,2011,23:239(刘斌,张涛,邵亚薇等.深海环境对纯镍腐蚀行为的影响III-静水压力对纯镍点蚀机制的影响[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,2011,23:239)
[19]Liu B.Effect on corrosion behavior mechanism of pure nickel and NiCrMoV steel weld joint in deep sea environment[D].Harbin:Harbin Engineering University,2016(刘斌.深海环境对纯Ni及NiCrMoV钢焊接接头腐蚀行为机制的影响[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2016)
[20]Yang Y E,Zhang T,Shao Y W,et al.Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the corrosion behaviour of Ni-Cr-Mo-V high strength steel[J].Corros.Sci.,2010,52:2697
[21]Yang Y E,Zhang T,Shao Y W,et al.New understanding of the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the corrosion of Ni-Cr-Mo-V high strength steel[J].Corros.Sci.,2013,73:250
[22]Sun H J,Liu L,Li Y,et al.The performance of Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti sacrificial anode in simulated deep water environment[J].Corros.Sci.,2013,77:77
[23]Jin K X,Zhao C J,Ma P S.Chemical Thermodynamics[M].Tianjin:Tianjin University Press,1990:128(金克新,赵传钧,马沛生.化工热力学[M].天津:天津大学出版社,1990:128)
[24]Jing F Q.Experimental Equation of State Equation[M].Beijing:Science Press,1986:3(经福谦.实验物态方程导引[M].北京:科学出版社,1986:3)
[25]Zhang Z B,Liu L S.Marine Physical Chemistry[M].Beijing:Science Press,1989:55(张正斌,刘莲生.海洋物理化学[M].北京:科学出版社,1989:55)
[26]Millero F J,Kembro A,Lo Surdo A.Adiabatic partial molal compressibilities of electrolytes in 0.725 M sodium chloride solutions at 25.degree.C[J].J.Phys.Chem.,1980,84:2728
[27]Owen B B,Brinkley S R.Calculation of the effect of pressure upon ionic equilibria in pure water and in salt solutions[J].Chem.Rev.,1941,29:461
[28]Millero F J,Laferriere A L,Chetirkin P V.The partial molal volumes of electrolytes in 0.725 M sodium chloride solutions at 25.degree.C[J].J.Phys.Chem.,1977,81:1737
[29]Oriani R A.The physical and metallurgical aspects of hydrogen in metals[A].Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Cold Fusion[C].Lahina,Maui,USA:Electric Power Research Institute,1994
[30]Wan H X,Du C W,Liu Z Y,et al.The effect of hydrogen on stress corrosion behavior of X65 steel welded joint in simulated deep sea environment[J].Ocean Eng.,2016,114:216
[31]Wan H X,Liu Z Y,Du C W,et al.Stress corrosion behavior of X65 steel welded joint in marine environment[J].Int.J.Electrochem.Sci.,2015,10:8437
[32]Xiong X L,Tao X,Zhou Q J,et al.Hydrostatic pressure effects on hydrogen permeation in A514 steel during galvanostatic hydrogen charging[J].Corros.Sci.,2016,112:86
[33]Xiong X L,Zhou Q J,Li J X,et al.Cathodic over-potential and hydrogen partial pressure coupling in hydrogen evolution reaction of marine steel under hydrostatic pressure[J].Electrochim.Acta,2017,247:1019
[34]Chen Z X,Gu F Y,Hu W M.Chemical Thermodynamics[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2012:71(陈钟秀,顾飞燕,胡望明.化工热力学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2012:71)
[35]Prausnitz J M,Lichtenthaler R N,de Azevedo E G.Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria[M].3rd Ed.,New Jersey:Prentice Hall PTR,1999:589
[36]Zhou T L,Battino R.Partial molar volumes of 13 gases in water at298.15 K and 303.15 K[J].J.Chem.Eng.Data,2001,46:331
[37]Dexter S C.Effect of variations in sea water upon the corrosion of aluminum[J].Corrosion,1980,36:423
[38]Horne R A.Marine Chemistry:The Structure of Water and the Chemistry of the Hydrosphere[M].New York,London,Sydney,Toronto:John Wiley&Sons Inc,1969:1
[39]Distèche A,Distèche S.The effect of pressure on the dissociation of carbonic acid from measurements with buffered glass electrode cells[J].J.Electrochem.Soc.,1967,114:330
[40]Cramer S D,Covino B S.Corrosion:Environments and Industries[M].Materials Park,Ohio:ASM International,1990:1
[41]Gutman E M.Mechanochemistry of Solid Surfaces[M].Singapore:World Scientific Publishing Co Inc,1994:18
[42]Gutman E M.Mechanochemistry of Materials[M].London:Cambridge International Science Publishing,1998:67
[43]Morild E,O?O?lmheim J E.Pressure dependence of the oxygen electrode[J].J.Electrochem.Soc.,1980,127:2356
[44]Conway B E,Currie J C.Significance of effects of high pressure on kinetics of electrode reactions:II.The nature of solvent reorganization in the activation process of an electrochemical redox reaction[J].J.Electrochem.Soc.,1978,125:257
[45]Conway B E,Currie J C.Significance of effects of high pressure on kinetics of electrode reactions:I.Applications to transition states in hydrogen evolution reaction mechanisms[J].J.Electrochem.Soc.,1978,125:252
[46]Conway B E,Currie J C.Significance of effects of pressure on electrode reactions.Part III.Equilibrium processes at reference electrodes and the volume of H in Pd[J].Can.J.Chem.,1978,56:915
[47]Conway B E,Currie J C.Temperature and pressure effects on surface processes at noble metal electrodes:Part 2.Volume of adsorbed H and oxygen species at Pt and Au[J].J.Chem.Soc.,Faraday Trans.1,1978,74:1390
[48]Hills G J,Kinnibrugh D R.The pressure coefficient of the hydrogen electrode reaction[J].J.Electrochem.Soc.,1966,113:1111