影响黄土高原集水面积阈值的地形因子主成分分析
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摘要
以ASTER GDEM为信息源、22个典型小流域为样区,分析黄土高原集水面积阈值与沟谷密度的关系,利用均值变点法确定最佳阈值,探讨了影响阈值的数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)地形因子主成分。结果表明,集水面积阈值由北向南、自东向西逐步增大,宏观上受黄土高原地貌类型制约,地形因子对其的影响成分归纳为坡面、起伏及高程变异因子。坡面因子的最大值与阈值正相关,坡度>粗糙度>地形曲率>平面曲率>剖面曲率。起伏因子的均值与阈值正相关,起伏度>切割深度。高程变异因子与阈值负相关。三者的主成分贡献率依次为58.754%、18.915%、11.388%,权重为0.527、0.229、-0.569。研究表明,坡面特征是影响黄土沟谷发育的重要因子。
This study tris to reveal the relationship between DEM terrain attributes and flow accumulation threshold(FAT)used to extracted gullies in a severe soil erosion region(SSER)of the Loess Plateau of China based on PCA,which will help to pick out the main influence factors in the initiation and development process of Loess gullies.The study region consists of 22 typical watersheds.A series of gully densities produced by different FAT was obtained,and mean change-point was used to identity a best threshold in every watershed.After terrain attributes were calculated based on ArcGIS,a PCA method was used to study the relationship between terrain attributes and FAT.The results show that the FAT increases from north to south,or from east to west in the SSER of Loess Plateau across the entire study area,consistent with the geomorphological types of Loess Plateau.The effective composition of the terrain Factorscan be separated into three groups,namely slope group,relief group,and thw elevation variation group.The maximum value in slope group shows a positive correlation with FAT,and the order can be described as gradient>roughness>terrain curvature> plan curvature> profile curvature.The average value of the relief group also shows a positive correlation to FAT,and the order as relief degree of terrain>dissection index of terrain,while elevation variation group has a negative correlation with FAT.The contribution rates of principal components are58.754%,18.915%,11.388%respectively with weights of 0.527,0.229,-0.569.The research implies that the slope characteristics are important factors affecting the development of loess gullies.
This study tris to reveal the relationship between DEM terrain attributes and flow accumulation threshold(FAT)used to extracted gullies in a severe soil erosion region(SSER)of the Loess Plateau of China based on PCA,which will help to pick out the main influence factors in the initiation and development process of Loess gullies.The study region consists of 22 typical watersheds.A series of gully densities produced by different FAT was obtained,and mean change-point was used to identity a best threshold in every watershed.After terrain attributes were calculated based on ArcGIS,a PCA method was used to study the relationship between terrain attributes and FAT.The results show that the FAT increases from north to south,or from east to west in the SSER of Loess Plateau across the entire study area,consistent with the geomorphological types of Loess Plateau.The effective composition of the terrain Factorscan be separated into three groups,namely slope group,relief group,and thw elevation variation group.The maximum value in slope group shows a positive correlation with FAT,and the order can be described as gradient>roughness>terrain curvature> plan curvature> profile curvature.The average value of the relief group also shows a positive correlation to FAT,and the order as relief degree of terrain>dissection index of terrain,while elevation variation group has a negative correlation with FAT.The contribution rates of principal components are58.754%,18.915%,11.388%respectively with weights of 0.527,0.229,-0.569.The research implies that the slope characteristics are important factors affecting the development of loess gullies.
引文
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[7]Zhu Qing,Tian Yixiang,Zhang Yeting.The Extraction of Catchment and Subcatchment from Regular Grid DEMs[J].Acta Geodaetica Et Cartographica Sinica,2005,34(2):129-133(朱庆,田一翔,张叶廷.从规则格网DEM自动提取汇水区域及其子区域的方法[J].测绘学报,2005,34(2):129-133)
[8]Yang Bang,Ren Liliang.Identification and Comparison of Critical Support Area in Extracting Drainage Network from DEM[J].Water Resources and Power,2009,27(5):11-14+171(杨邦,任立良.集水面积阈值确定方法的比较研究[J].水电能源科学,2009,27(5):11-14+171)
[9]Li Jun,Tang Guo’an,Zhang Ting.Conflux Threshold of Extracting Stream Networks from DEMs in North Shanxi Province of Loess Plateau[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservatio,2007,27(2):75-78(李俊,汤国安,张婷.利用DEM提取陕北黄土高原沟谷网络的汇流阈值研究[J].水土保持通报,2007,27(2):75-78)
[10]Guo Minghang,Yang Qinke,Wang Chunmei.Analysis on Erosional Terrain Characteristics of Typical Samples in Main Water Erosion Region of China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(13):81-89+307-308(郭明航,杨勤科,王春梅.中国主要水蚀典型区侵蚀地形特征分析[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(13):81-89+307-308)
[11]Yao Zhi,Yang Qinke,Wu Yanli,et al.SpatialTemporal Dynamic Features in Soil Erosion of the Gushanchuan Basin in the Past Three Decades[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2014,39(8):974-980(姚志宏,杨勤科,武艳丽,等.孤山川流域近30年土壤侵蚀时空动态特征分析[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2014,39(8):974-980)
[12]Martz L W,Garbrecht J.Numerical Definition of Drainage Network and Subcatchment Areas from Digital Elevation Models[J].Computers&Geosciences,1992,18(6):747-761
[13]Mart Nez-Casasnovas J A,Stuiver H J.Automatic Delineation of Drainage Networks and Elementary Catchments from Digital Elevation Models[J].Int J Aerospace Survey Earth Sci(Itc J),1998,3(4):198-208
[14]Gandolfi C,Bischetti G.Influence of the Drainage Network Identification Method on Geomorphological Properties and Hydrological Response[J].Hydrological Processes,1997,11(4):353-375
[15]Luo Mingliang,Tang Guo’an,Dong Youfu.Uncertainty of Flow Accumulation Threshold Influence in Hydrology Modeling:A Case Study in Qinling Mountain SRTM3DEM[C].GRS 2008,Shanghai,China
[16]Upper and Middle Reaches Administration of the Yellow River,Atlas of Soil and Water Conservation in the Yellow River Basin[M].Beijing:Earthquake Publishing House,2012(黄河上中游管理局.黄河流域水土保持图集[M].北京:地震出版社,2012)
[17]Chen Nan,Wang Qinmin.Selection of DEM Resolutions Based on the Information Amount of Terrain Factors:A Case Study of Loess Plateau Area[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2009,34(6):692-695+705(陈楠,王钦敏.基于地形因子信息量的数字高程模型分辨率的选择:黄土高原的研究为例[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2009,34(6):692-695+705)
[18]Liu Yaolin,Luo Zhijun.Study on Quantitative Monitoring Soil Loss in Small Watershed Based on GIS and RS[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2006,31(1):35-38(刘耀林,罗志军.基于GIS的小流域水土流失遥感定量监测研究[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2006,31(1):35-38)
[19]Tang Guo’an,Li Fayuan,Liu Xuejun.A Course Book on Digital Elevation Model[M].Beijing:Science Press Ltd,2010(汤国安,李发源,刘学军.数字高程模型教程[M].北京:科学出版社,2010)
[20]Liu Xinhua,Yang Qinke,Tang Guoan.Extraction and Application of Relief of China Based on DEM and GIS Method[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservatio,2001,21(1):57-59+62(刘新华,杨勤科,汤国安.中国地形起伏度的提取及在水土流失定量评价中的应用[J].水土保持通报,2001,21(1):57-59+62)
[21]Cong Mingzhu,Ou Xiangjun,Zhao Qing.Division of Land Use Degree in Jiangsu Province Based on Principal Component Analysis[J].Geographical Research,2008,27(3):574-582(丛明珠,欧向军,赵清.基于主成分分析法的江苏省土地利用综合分区研究[J].地理研究,2008,27(3):574-582)
[22]Liu Yuan,Zhou Maichun,Chen Zhijing,et al.Comparison of Drainage Network Extraction from Different DEM Data Sources:A Case Study of Hanjiang River Basin[J].Chinese Geographic Science,2012,32(9):1 112-1 118(刘远,周买春,陈芷菁,等.基于不同DEM数据源的数字河网提取对比分析:韩江流域为例[J].地理科学,2012,32(9):1 112-1 118)
[23]Jin Changxing.The Role of Slope Gradient on Slope Erosion[J].Geographical Research,1996,15(3):57-63(靳长兴.坡度在坡面侵蚀中的作用[J].地理研究,1996,15(3):57-63)
[24]Samani A N,Ahmadi H,Jafari M,et al.Geomorphic Threshold Conditions for Gully Erosion in Southwestern Iran(Boushehr-Samal Watershed)[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2009,35(2):180-189
[25]Li Xiuxia,Ni Jinren.Spatial Similarity Between Soil Erosion and Its Influencing Factors Based on Information Entropy Theory[J].Progress in Geography,2009,28(2):161-166(李秀霞,倪晋仁.土壤侵蚀及其影响因素空间相关性分析[J].地理科学进展,2009,28(2):161-166)
[2]Zhou Qiming,Liu Xuejun.Digital Terrain Analysis[M].Beijing:Science Press Ltd,2006(周启鸣,刘学军.数字地形分析[M].北京:科学出版社,2006)
[3]Liu Xuejun,Jin Bei,Wang Yanfang.Similarity Analysis of Flowroute Algorithms for Extracting Drainage Network from Grid-Based Terrain Model[J].Geographical Research,2008,27(6):1 347-1 357(刘学军,晋蓓,王彦芳.DEM流径算法的相似性分析[J].地理研究,2008,27(6):1 347-1 357)
[4]Yang Jingling.Digital Determination of Catchment Area Threshold Based on Fractal Dimension[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2011,36(4):33-34(杨锦玲.基于分形的数字水系集水面积阈值确定研究[J].测绘科学,2011,36(4):33-34)
[5]Lai Han,Rui Xiaoping,Liang Handong,et al.Extraction of Drainage Network in Three Gorge Reservoir Area Based on Mean Change Point Method[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2012,37(5):173-175(赖晗,芮小平,梁汉东,等.基于均值变点分析的三峡库区河网提取研究[J].测绘科学,2012,37(5):173-175)
[6]Li Jingzhong,Ai Yanhua,Ke Shu.Effective Flow Accumulation Threshold of Extracting Valley-Line from Grid-Based Digtal Elevation Model[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2012,37(10):1 244-1 247(李精忠,艾廷华,柯舒.DEM提取谷地线的有效汇水量阈值范围[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2012,37(10):1 244-1 247)
[7]Zhu Qing,Tian Yixiang,Zhang Yeting.The Extraction of Catchment and Subcatchment from Regular Grid DEMs[J].Acta Geodaetica Et Cartographica Sinica,2005,34(2):129-133(朱庆,田一翔,张叶廷.从规则格网DEM自动提取汇水区域及其子区域的方法[J].测绘学报,2005,34(2):129-133)
[8]Yang Bang,Ren Liliang.Identification and Comparison of Critical Support Area in Extracting Drainage Network from DEM[J].Water Resources and Power,2009,27(5):11-14+171(杨邦,任立良.集水面积阈值确定方法的比较研究[J].水电能源科学,2009,27(5):11-14+171)
[9]Li Jun,Tang Guo’an,Zhang Ting.Conflux Threshold of Extracting Stream Networks from DEMs in North Shanxi Province of Loess Plateau[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservatio,2007,27(2):75-78(李俊,汤国安,张婷.利用DEM提取陕北黄土高原沟谷网络的汇流阈值研究[J].水土保持通报,2007,27(2):75-78)
[10]Guo Minghang,Yang Qinke,Wang Chunmei.Analysis on Erosional Terrain Characteristics of Typical Samples in Main Water Erosion Region of China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(13):81-89+307-308(郭明航,杨勤科,王春梅.中国主要水蚀典型区侵蚀地形特征分析[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(13):81-89+307-308)
[11]Yao Zhi,Yang Qinke,Wu Yanli,et al.SpatialTemporal Dynamic Features in Soil Erosion of the Gushanchuan Basin in the Past Three Decades[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2014,39(8):974-980(姚志宏,杨勤科,武艳丽,等.孤山川流域近30年土壤侵蚀时空动态特征分析[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2014,39(8):974-980)
[12]Martz L W,Garbrecht J.Numerical Definition of Drainage Network and Subcatchment Areas from Digital Elevation Models[J].Computers&Geosciences,1992,18(6):747-761
[13]Mart Nez-Casasnovas J A,Stuiver H J.Automatic Delineation of Drainage Networks and Elementary Catchments from Digital Elevation Models[J].Int J Aerospace Survey Earth Sci(Itc J),1998,3(4):198-208
[14]Gandolfi C,Bischetti G.Influence of the Drainage Network Identification Method on Geomorphological Properties and Hydrological Response[J].Hydrological Processes,1997,11(4):353-375
[15]Luo Mingliang,Tang Guo’an,Dong Youfu.Uncertainty of Flow Accumulation Threshold Influence in Hydrology Modeling:A Case Study in Qinling Mountain SRTM3DEM[C].GRS 2008,Shanghai,China
[16]Upper and Middle Reaches Administration of the Yellow River,Atlas of Soil and Water Conservation in the Yellow River Basin[M].Beijing:Earthquake Publishing House,2012(黄河上中游管理局.黄河流域水土保持图集[M].北京:地震出版社,2012)
[17]Chen Nan,Wang Qinmin.Selection of DEM Resolutions Based on the Information Amount of Terrain Factors:A Case Study of Loess Plateau Area[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2009,34(6):692-695+705(陈楠,王钦敏.基于地形因子信息量的数字高程模型分辨率的选择:黄土高原的研究为例[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2009,34(6):692-695+705)
[18]Liu Yaolin,Luo Zhijun.Study on Quantitative Monitoring Soil Loss in Small Watershed Based on GIS and RS[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2006,31(1):35-38(刘耀林,罗志军.基于GIS的小流域水土流失遥感定量监测研究[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2006,31(1):35-38)
[19]Tang Guo’an,Li Fayuan,Liu Xuejun.A Course Book on Digital Elevation Model[M].Beijing:Science Press Ltd,2010(汤国安,李发源,刘学军.数字高程模型教程[M].北京:科学出版社,2010)
[20]Liu Xinhua,Yang Qinke,Tang Guoan.Extraction and Application of Relief of China Based on DEM and GIS Method[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservatio,2001,21(1):57-59+62(刘新华,杨勤科,汤国安.中国地形起伏度的提取及在水土流失定量评价中的应用[J].水土保持通报,2001,21(1):57-59+62)
[21]Cong Mingzhu,Ou Xiangjun,Zhao Qing.Division of Land Use Degree in Jiangsu Province Based on Principal Component Analysis[J].Geographical Research,2008,27(3):574-582(丛明珠,欧向军,赵清.基于主成分分析法的江苏省土地利用综合分区研究[J].地理研究,2008,27(3):574-582)
[22]Liu Yuan,Zhou Maichun,Chen Zhijing,et al.Comparison of Drainage Network Extraction from Different DEM Data Sources:A Case Study of Hanjiang River Basin[J].Chinese Geographic Science,2012,32(9):1 112-1 118(刘远,周买春,陈芷菁,等.基于不同DEM数据源的数字河网提取对比分析:韩江流域为例[J].地理科学,2012,32(9):1 112-1 118)
[23]Jin Changxing.The Role of Slope Gradient on Slope Erosion[J].Geographical Research,1996,15(3):57-63(靳长兴.坡度在坡面侵蚀中的作用[J].地理研究,1996,15(3):57-63)
[24]Samani A N,Ahmadi H,Jafari M,et al.Geomorphic Threshold Conditions for Gully Erosion in Southwestern Iran(Boushehr-Samal Watershed)[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2009,35(2):180-189
[25]Li Xiuxia,Ni Jinren.Spatial Similarity Between Soil Erosion and Its Influencing Factors Based on Information Entropy Theory[J].Progress in Geography,2009,28(2):161-166(李秀霞,倪晋仁.土壤侵蚀及其影响因素空间相关性分析[J].地理科学进展,2009,28(2):161-166)