氮肥处理下高寒草甸土壤水稳性团聚体的季节性变化特征
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摘要
以青藏高原东缘高寒草甸为研究样地,探究了氮肥添加下不同月份间土壤水稳性团聚体的组成差异。结果表明:各处理下土壤水稳性团聚体含量在80.78%~95.67%之间,平均重量直径(MWD)在1.41 mm~2.08 mm之间。氮肥添加仅对土壤水稳性团聚体总量有影响,对MWD与各级粒径团聚体含量影响均不显著。较氮肥添加而言,采样月份对土壤水稳性团聚体总量及其粒径分布有着更为显著的影响。6月份土壤水稳性团聚体以2~4 mm粒径团聚体为主,7、8月份则以0.25~1 mm粒径团聚体为主。土壤水稳性团聚体含量,MWD及>1 mm粒径的团聚体含量均随季节变化呈先降后升的趋势,而0.038~0.25 mm粒径水稳性团聚体含量则呈现相反的趋势。土壤有机碳和球囊霉素含量是影响土壤水稳性团聚体形成与稳定的关键土壤因子。本实验结果说明中度氮素的添加可降低土壤水稳性团聚体含量,土壤水稳性团聚体在不同采样月份间处于破解与形成的动态变化中,对青藏高原的施肥措施应充分考虑不同季节间土壤物理结构的差异。
The changes of soil water-stable aggregate in different months under different nitrogen fertilization treatments were studied in an alpine meadow of eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that the proportions of soil water-stable aggregates were between 80.78% and 95.67%, and the mean weight diameters(MWD)ranged from 1.41 mm to 2.08 mm. Nitrogen addition had no significant effects on MWD and the proportion of water-stable aggregates. The sampling season had more significant effects on soil water-stable aggregates distribution.The 2-4 mm aggregate was dominant in June, while the 0.25-1 mm aggregate was dominant in July and August.The proportion of water-stable aggregates, MWD and the > 1 mm aggregate all decreased first and then increased in the sampling months, while the 0.038-0.25 mm aggregate showed the opposite trend. Soil organic C and glomalin-related protein were the key soil factors affecting the formation and stability of soil water-stable aggregates.These results indicated that the addition of moderate nitrogen fertilizer can reduce the proportion of soil water-stable aggregates. The continuous process of cracking and formation of soil aggregate in different sampling months and the differences in soil physical structure between seasons should be taken into account when applied fertilizers to the Tibetan Plateau.
The changes of soil water-stable aggregate in different months under different nitrogen fertilization treatments were studied in an alpine meadow of eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that the proportions of soil water-stable aggregates were between 80.78% and 95.67%, and the mean weight diameters(MWD)ranged from 1.41 mm to 2.08 mm. Nitrogen addition had no significant effects on MWD and the proportion of water-stable aggregates. The sampling season had more significant effects on soil water-stable aggregates distribution.The 2-4 mm aggregate was dominant in June, while the 0.25-1 mm aggregate was dominant in July and August.The proportion of water-stable aggregates, MWD and the > 1 mm aggregate all decreased first and then increased in the sampling months, while the 0.038-0.25 mm aggregate showed the opposite trend. Soil organic C and glomalin-related protein were the key soil factors affecting the formation and stability of soil water-stable aggregates.These results indicated that the addition of moderate nitrogen fertilizer can reduce the proportion of soil water-stable aggregates. The continuous process of cracking and formation of soil aggregate in different sampling months and the differences in soil physical structure between seasons should be taken into account when applied fertilizers to the Tibetan Plateau.
引文
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[26]MARINISSEN J C Y,NIJHUIS E,VAN BREEMEN N.Dispersion of clay in wet earthworm casts of different soils[J].Applied Soil Ecology,1996,4:83-92.
[27]SARAH P.Soil aggregation response to long-and short-term differences in rainfall amount under arid and Mediterranean climate conditions[J].Geomorphology,2005,70(1-2):1-11.
[28]TISDALL J M,OADES J M.Organic matter and water‐stable aggregates in soils[J].European Journal of Soil Science,1982,33(2):141-163.
[29]WANG S,WU Q S.Distribution of glomalin-related soil protein and soil organic carbon in water-stable aggregate fractions of citrus rhizosphere[J].Bio Technology:An Indian Journal,2015,11(1):14-17.
[30]杨长明,欧阳竹,杨林章,等.农业土地利用方式对华北平原土壤有机碳组分和团聚体稳定性的影响[J].生态学报,2006,26(12):4148-4155.
[31]ZHANG S,WANG R,YANG X,et al.Soil aggregation and aggregating agents as affected by long term contrasting management of an Anthrosol[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:39107.
[32]WU Q S,CAO M Q,ZOU Y N,et al.Direct and indirect effects of glomalin,mycorrhizal hyphae,and roots on aggregate stability in rhizosphere of trifoliate orange[J].Scientific Reports,2014,4:5823.
[33]BEDINI S,PELLEGRINO E,AVIO L,et al.Changes in soil aggregation and glomalin-related soil protein content as affected by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41(7):1491-1496.
[34]LI X L,ZHANG J L,GAI J P,et al.Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of sedges to soil aggregation along an altitudinal alpine grassland gradient on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Environmental Microbiology,2015,17(8):2841-2857.
[35]田慧,刘晓蕾,盖京苹,等.球囊霉素及其作用研究进展[J].土壤通报,2009,5:1215-1220.
[36]冯固,张玉凤,李晓林.丛枝菌根真菌的外生菌丝对土壤水稳性团聚体形成的影响[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(4):99-102.
[2]蔡晓布,张永青,邵伟.藏北高寒草原草地退化及其驱动力分析[J].土壤,2007,39(6):855-858.
[3]李本银,汪金舫,赵世杰,等.施肥对退化草地土壤肥力、牧草群落结构及生物量的影响[J].中国草地学报,2004,26(1):14-17.
[4]宗宁,石培礼,蔣婧,等.施肥和围栏封育对退化高寒草甸植被恢复的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2013,19(6):905-913.
[5]DEXTER A R.Advances in characterization of soil structure[J].Soil and Tillage Research,1988,11(3-4):199-238.
[6]SIX J,ELLIOTT E T,PAUSTIAN K.Soil structure and soil organic matter II.A normalized stability index and the effect of mineralogy[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2000,64(3):1042-1049.
[7]LAI R.Physical management of soils of the tropics:priorities for the 21st century[J].Soil Science,2000,165(3):191-207.
[8]BARTHES B,ROOSE E.Aggregate stability as an indicator of soil susceptibility to runoff and erosion;validation at several levels[J].Catena,2002,47(2):133-149.
[9]BRONICK C J,LAI R.Soil structure and management:a review[J].Geoderma,2005,124(1-2):3-22.
[10]刘晓东,尹国丽,武均,等.青藏高原东部高寒草甸草地土壤物理性状对氮元素添加的响应[J].草业学报,2015,24(10):12-21.
[11]陈伟,张威,李师翁,等.青藏高原不同类型草地生态系统下土壤可培养细菌数量及多样性分布特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2011,33(6):1419-1426.
[12]SISTLA S A,SCHIMEL J P.Seasonal patterns of microbial extracellular enzyme activities in an arctic tundra soil:identifying direct and indirect effects of long-term summer warming[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2013,66:119-129.
[13]WILSON,G W T,RICE,C W,RILLIG,M C,et al.Soil aggregation and carbon sequestration are tightly correlated with the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi:results from long-term覱eld experiments[J].Ecology Letters,2009,12:452-461.
[14]WRIGHT S F,Upadhyaya A.Extraction of an abundant and unusual protein from soil and comparison with hyphal protein of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi[J].Soil Science,1996,161(9):575-586.
[15]R CORE TEAM.R:A language and environment for statistical computing.2013,R Foundation for Statistical Computing,Vienna,Austria.[accessed on 20 April 2016].
[16]陈晓芬,李忠佩,刘明,等.不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土团聚体有机碳,氮分布和微生物生物量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(5):950-960.
[17]曾希柏,柴彦君,俄胜哲,等.长期施肥对灌漠土团聚体及其稳定性的影响[J].土壤通报,2014(4):783-788.
[18]王建林,王忠红,张宪洲,等.不同植被对高寒草原生态系统土壤有机碳组成和水稳性团聚体含量的影响[J].草地学报,2010,18(6):749-757.
[19]SIX J,CONANT R T,PAUL E A,et al.Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter:implications for C-saturation of soils[J].Plant and Soil,2002,241(2):155-176.
[20]李辉信,袁颖红,黄欠如,等.不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土团聚体有机碳分布的影响[J].土壤学报,2006,43(3):422-429.
[21]冷延慧,汪景宽,李双异.长期施肥对黑土团聚体分布和碳储量变化的影响[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(12):2171-2177.
[22]RILLIG M C,AGUILAR‐TRIGUEROS C A,BERGMANN J,et al.Plant root and mycorrhizal fungal traits for understanding soil aggregation[J].New Phytologist,2015,205(4):1385-1388.
[23]KIHARA J,MARTIUS C,BATIONO A,et al.Soil aggregation and total diversity of bacteria and fungi in various tillage systems of sub-humid and semi-arid Kenya[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2012,58:12-20.
[24]FAYETORBAY F.Effect of freezing and thawing processes on soil aggregate stability[J].Catena,2003,52(1):1-8.
[25]OZTAS T,GARCIA-FRANCO N,MART魱NEZ-MENA M,GOBERNA M,et al.Changes in soil aggregation and microbial community structure control carbon sequestration after afforestation of semiarid shrublands[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,20015,87:110-121.
[26]MARINISSEN J C Y,NIJHUIS E,VAN BREEMEN N.Dispersion of clay in wet earthworm casts of different soils[J].Applied Soil Ecology,1996,4:83-92.
[27]SARAH P.Soil aggregation response to long-and short-term differences in rainfall amount under arid and Mediterranean climate conditions[J].Geomorphology,2005,70(1-2):1-11.
[28]TISDALL J M,OADES J M.Organic matter and water‐stable aggregates in soils[J].European Journal of Soil Science,1982,33(2):141-163.
[29]WANG S,WU Q S.Distribution of glomalin-related soil protein and soil organic carbon in water-stable aggregate fractions of citrus rhizosphere[J].Bio Technology:An Indian Journal,2015,11(1):14-17.
[30]杨长明,欧阳竹,杨林章,等.农业土地利用方式对华北平原土壤有机碳组分和团聚体稳定性的影响[J].生态学报,2006,26(12):4148-4155.
[31]ZHANG S,WANG R,YANG X,et al.Soil aggregation and aggregating agents as affected by long term contrasting management of an Anthrosol[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:39107.
[32]WU Q S,CAO M Q,ZOU Y N,et al.Direct and indirect effects of glomalin,mycorrhizal hyphae,and roots on aggregate stability in rhizosphere of trifoliate orange[J].Scientific Reports,2014,4:5823.
[33]BEDINI S,PELLEGRINO E,AVIO L,et al.Changes in soil aggregation and glomalin-related soil protein content as affected by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41(7):1491-1496.
[34]LI X L,ZHANG J L,GAI J P,et al.Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of sedges to soil aggregation along an altitudinal alpine grassland gradient on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Environmental Microbiology,2015,17(8):2841-2857.
[35]田慧,刘晓蕾,盖京苹,等.球囊霉素及其作用研究进展[J].土壤通报,2009,5:1215-1220.
[36]冯固,张玉凤,李晓林.丛枝菌根真菌的外生菌丝对土壤水稳性团聚体形成的影响[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(4):99-102.