脉冲高电压测量不确定度评定
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摘要
为开展脉冲高电压测量不确定度评定,分析了应用黑箱概念建立测量不确定度模型的方法,给出了脉冲分压器测量与标定的不确定度模型。依照不确定度传播率,对完善后的模型进行不确定度合成,并与通常采用的按照方差进行相对不确定分量合成的结果进行比较。计算结果表明:当不确定度模型中仅仅存在不同变量的乘除形式,或虽然存在加减项,但是其数学期望值为0,相对不确定度合成可以得到正确的结果。对通过测量2个电压间接计算电位差的方法以及用分贝表示衰减的不确定度合成开展分析,验证了相对不确定度合成的适用范围。在分压器标定实验中,为了减小信号源输出值的分散性对评定结果的影响,对电压比值开展A类不确定度评定,合成后得到分压比不确定度。
An uncertainty model has been proposed which is based on the black-box concept to evaluate the uncertainty of measurement and calibration in high voltage pulse divider.The initial model was proposed in principle,unnecessary variables in the formula could be omissible in the calibration experiment.For the model absent of uncertainty originating from calibration document,and resolving power of oscilloscope,the correction components which belong to the black-box model would be introduced to the formula to perfect the model.The uncertainties were combined after perfection of model according to the law of propagation of uncertainty.The results are compared with that combined from relative uncertainty.It is shown that the uncertainty combined from relative uncertainty will be correct if this model is only composed of multiplication and division of different variables,or addition and subtraction of different variables are also permitted if the mathematical expectation values of these items equal to zero.This is proven by calculating the voltage potential between two different positions according to the measured voltage pulse at those positions and analyzing the attenuation represented by dB scales.In the calibration experiment of high voltage divider,the combined standard uncertainty of divider's scaling factor is obtained by evaluating Type A standard uncertainty of the ratio of output to input.The influence of dispersion from signal source output on evaluation of standard uncertainty can be weakened with this method.
An uncertainty model has been proposed which is based on the black-box concept to evaluate the uncertainty of measurement and calibration in high voltage pulse divider.The initial model was proposed in principle,unnecessary variables in the formula could be omissible in the calibration experiment.For the model absent of uncertainty originating from calibration document,and resolving power of oscilloscope,the correction components which belong to the black-box model would be introduced to the formula to perfect the model.The uncertainties were combined after perfection of model according to the law of propagation of uncertainty.The results are compared with that combined from relative uncertainty.It is shown that the uncertainty combined from relative uncertainty will be correct if this model is only composed of multiplication and division of different variables,or addition and subtraction of different variables are also permitted if the mathematical expectation values of these items equal to zero.This is proven by calculating the voltage potential between two different positions according to the measured voltage pulse at those positions and analyzing the attenuation represented by dB scales.In the calibration experiment of high voltage divider,the combined standard uncertainty of divider's scaling factor is obtained by evaluating Type A standard uncertainty of the ratio of output to input.The influence of dispersion from signal source output on evaluation of standard uncertainty can be weakened with this method.
引文
[1]GJB 37562-1999,测量不确定度的表示及评定[S].(GJB 37562-1999,Expression and evaluation of uncertainty in measurement)
[2]国防科工委科技与质量司.测量不确定度评定与表示指南[M].北京:中国计量出版社,2000.(Department of Science,Technology and Quality of COSTIND.Guide to the evaluation and expression of uncertainty in measurement.Beijing:China Metrology Publishing House,2000)
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[4]卫兵,卿燕玲,傅贞,等.脉冲高电压幅值测量的不确定度分析[J].强激光与粒子束,2009,21(10):1561-1565.(Wei Bing,Qing Yanling,Fu Zhen,et al.Uncertainty in amplitude measurement of high voltage pulse.High Power Laser and Particle Beams 2009,21(10):1561-1565.)
[5]Wagoner T C,Stygar W A,Ives H C.Differential-output B-dot and D-dot monitors for current and voltage measurements on a 20-MA,3-MV pulsed-power accelerator[J]Phys Rev ST Accel Beams,2008,11:100401.
[6]任稳柱,冯建华,葛震,等.800kV标准冲击电压测量系统及其不确定度的评定[J].计量学报,2008,29(2):153-158.(Ren Wenzhu,Feng Jianhua,Ge Zhen,et al.800kV standard impulse voltage measuring system and the uncertainty of evaluation.Acta Metrologica Sinica,2008,29(2):153-158)
[7]张益民,庞瑾.高电压测量不确定度的评定与表示在避雷器绝缘子高电压测量中的应用[J].电瓷避雷器,2012(3):33-41.(Zhang Yimin,Pang Jin.Evaluation and expression of measurement uncertainties in high-voltage measurements—application in surge arresters and insulators high-voltage measurements.Insulators and Surge Arresters,2012(3):33-41)
[8]管泽鑫,李文强.关于数字示波器的测量不确定度研究[J].电测与仪表,2012,49(10A):19-22.(Guan Zexin,Li Wenqiang.Digital Oscilloscope Measurement Uncertainty Analysis.Electrical Measurement&Instrumentation,2012,49(10A):19-22)
[9]倪育才.实用测量不确定度评定[M].北京:中国计量出版社,2007:55-60.(Ni Yucai.Practical evaluation of uncertainty in measurement.Beijing:China Metrology Publishing House,2007:55-60)
[10]Waisman E M,Cuneo M E,Stygar W A,et al.Wire array implosion characteristics from determination of load inductance on the Z pulsedpower accelerator[J].Physics of Plasmas,2004,11(5):2009-2013.
[11]邵涛,潘洋,王珏,等.高压重复频率纳秒脉冲下电信号的测量与诊断[J].强激光与粒子束,2005,17(4):603-608.(Shao Tao,Pan Yang,Wang Jue,et al.Measurement and diagnostics of electrical signals under high voltage repetitive nanosecond pulses.High Power Laser and Particle Beams,2005,17(4):603-608)
[12]刘锐,邹晓兵,王新新,等.用于标定分压器的高电压毫微秒脉冲发生器[J].电工电能新技术,2006,25(2):64-66.(Liu Rui,Zou Xiaobing,Wang Xinxin,et al.High voltage nanosecond pulse generator for calibrating voltage dividers.Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering and Energy2006,25(2):64-66)
[13]马连英,曾正中,安小霞,等.一种用于测量快前沿高压脉冲的电阻分压器[J].电工电能新技术,2010,29(1):58-61.(Ma Lianying,Zeng Zhengzhong,An Xiaoxia,et al.A resistance divider for measurement of high voltage pulse with fast rise time.Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering and Energy,2010,29(1):58-61)
[14]赵莹,严萍,王珏,等.用于脉冲功率装置测量的混合式高压分压器[J].强激光与粒子束,2012,24(3):529-534.Zhao Ying,Yan Ping,Wang Jue,et al.Hybrid voltage divider used for high voltage pulsed power measurement.High Power Laser and Particle Beams,2012,24(3):529-534)
[15]盛骤,谢式千,潘承毅.概率论与数理统计[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2008:77,121-122.(Sheng Zhou,Xie Shiqian,Pan Chengyi.Probability and mathematical statistics.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2008:77,121-122)
[16]Rogowski S T,Bliss D E,Adams R G,et al.A study of timing jitter improvements on Z with a new laser triggering system[C]//14th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference.2003:1371-1374.
[2]国防科工委科技与质量司.测量不确定度评定与表示指南[M].北京:中国计量出版社,2000.(Department of Science,Technology and Quality of COSTIND.Guide to the evaluation and expression of uncertainty in measurement.Beijing:China Metrology Publishing House,2000)
[3]杨迎建.高压测量不确定度[J].高电压技术,2002,28(1):19-20.(Yang Yingjian.Uncertainty in high voltage measurements.High Voltage Engineering,2002,28(1):19-20)
[4]卫兵,卿燕玲,傅贞,等.脉冲高电压幅值测量的不确定度分析[J].强激光与粒子束,2009,21(10):1561-1565.(Wei Bing,Qing Yanling,Fu Zhen,et al.Uncertainty in amplitude measurement of high voltage pulse.High Power Laser and Particle Beams 2009,21(10):1561-1565.)
[5]Wagoner T C,Stygar W A,Ives H C.Differential-output B-dot and D-dot monitors for current and voltage measurements on a 20-MA,3-MV pulsed-power accelerator[J]Phys Rev ST Accel Beams,2008,11:100401.
[6]任稳柱,冯建华,葛震,等.800kV标准冲击电压测量系统及其不确定度的评定[J].计量学报,2008,29(2):153-158.(Ren Wenzhu,Feng Jianhua,Ge Zhen,et al.800kV standard impulse voltage measuring system and the uncertainty of evaluation.Acta Metrologica Sinica,2008,29(2):153-158)
[7]张益民,庞瑾.高电压测量不确定度的评定与表示在避雷器绝缘子高电压测量中的应用[J].电瓷避雷器,2012(3):33-41.(Zhang Yimin,Pang Jin.Evaluation and expression of measurement uncertainties in high-voltage measurements—application in surge arresters and insulators high-voltage measurements.Insulators and Surge Arresters,2012(3):33-41)
[8]管泽鑫,李文强.关于数字示波器的测量不确定度研究[J].电测与仪表,2012,49(10A):19-22.(Guan Zexin,Li Wenqiang.Digital Oscilloscope Measurement Uncertainty Analysis.Electrical Measurement&Instrumentation,2012,49(10A):19-22)
[9]倪育才.实用测量不确定度评定[M].北京:中国计量出版社,2007:55-60.(Ni Yucai.Practical evaluation of uncertainty in measurement.Beijing:China Metrology Publishing House,2007:55-60)
[10]Waisman E M,Cuneo M E,Stygar W A,et al.Wire array implosion characteristics from determination of load inductance on the Z pulsedpower accelerator[J].Physics of Plasmas,2004,11(5):2009-2013.
[11]邵涛,潘洋,王珏,等.高压重复频率纳秒脉冲下电信号的测量与诊断[J].强激光与粒子束,2005,17(4):603-608.(Shao Tao,Pan Yang,Wang Jue,et al.Measurement and diagnostics of electrical signals under high voltage repetitive nanosecond pulses.High Power Laser and Particle Beams,2005,17(4):603-608)
[12]刘锐,邹晓兵,王新新,等.用于标定分压器的高电压毫微秒脉冲发生器[J].电工电能新技术,2006,25(2):64-66.(Liu Rui,Zou Xiaobing,Wang Xinxin,et al.High voltage nanosecond pulse generator for calibrating voltage dividers.Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering and Energy2006,25(2):64-66)
[13]马连英,曾正中,安小霞,等.一种用于测量快前沿高压脉冲的电阻分压器[J].电工电能新技术,2010,29(1):58-61.(Ma Lianying,Zeng Zhengzhong,An Xiaoxia,et al.A resistance divider for measurement of high voltage pulse with fast rise time.Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering and Energy,2010,29(1):58-61)
[14]赵莹,严萍,王珏,等.用于脉冲功率装置测量的混合式高压分压器[J].强激光与粒子束,2012,24(3):529-534.Zhao Ying,Yan Ping,Wang Jue,et al.Hybrid voltage divider used for high voltage pulsed power measurement.High Power Laser and Particle Beams,2012,24(3):529-534)
[15]盛骤,谢式千,潘承毅.概率论与数理统计[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2008:77,121-122.(Sheng Zhou,Xie Shiqian,Pan Chengyi.Probability and mathematical statistics.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2008:77,121-122)
[16]Rogowski S T,Bliss D E,Adams R G,et al.A study of timing jitter improvements on Z with a new laser triggering system[C]//14th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference.2003:1371-1374.