兼性互利关系对树冠层活动蚂蚁多样性的影响
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摘要
[目的]为了探讨紫胶-蚂蚁兼性互利关系对生物多样性保护的作用效果,[方法]于2015年5月和9月,用树栖蚂蚁诱集陷阱在云南省墨江县雅邑镇调查了紫胶-砂仁混合农林系统(样地Ⅰ,从未放过紫胶虫;样地Ⅱ,3年前曾放过紫胶虫但本次实验不放虫;样地Ⅲ,放紫胶虫处理)中钝叶黄檀树冠层活动的蚂蚁群落多样性。[结果](1)样地Ⅰ中采集蚂蚁标本277头,隶属于5亚科11属14种;样地Ⅱ中蚂蚁标本324头,隶属于5亚科12属16种;样地Ⅲ中蚂蚁标本885头,隶属于4亚科17属22种。(2)样地Ⅱ和样地Ⅲ间的物种丰富度差异不显著,而与样地Ⅰ均差异显著;3种样地的相对多度间均差异显著;物种丰富度和相对多度排序均为Ⅲ>Ⅱ>Ⅰ。(3)样地Ⅱ和Ⅲ树冠层蚂蚁群落结构较相似,二者与样地Ⅰ不相似;黑可可臭蚁和平和弓背蚁为3种类型样地中均出现的特征种,物种丰富度排序均为Ⅲ>Ⅱ>Ⅰ,巴瑞弓背蚁是样地Ⅱ和Ⅲ中的特征种,物种丰富度Ⅲ>Ⅱ,大头蚁属sp.1、横纹齿猛蚁和中华小家蚁则分别为样地Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ的特征种。[结论]兼性互利关系对树冠层蚂蚁群落的物种丰富度、相对多度和群落结构具有积极影响,并且其作用效果具有一定的时间和空间尺度。
[Objective]To explore the consequences of ant-lac insect facultative mutualism,especially the effects on biodiversity conservations. [Methods]Investigations of ant communities foraging on Dalbergia obtusifolia( Baker) Prain canopy in lac-Fructus amomi agroforest were conducted by traps in different plots at Yayi town of Mojiang County,Yunnan Province in May and September,2015. The plot Ⅰ never be used to cultivate Kerria yunnanensis Ou et Hong,the plot Ⅱ was used to cultivate lac insect three years ago but not cultivation in this experiment and the plot Ⅲ is used to cultivate lac insect. [Results]( 1) 277 ant individuals were collected from plot Ⅰ,which belong to 14 species,11 genera,and 5 subfamilies of Formicidae; 324 ant individuals were collected from plot Ⅱ,which belong to 16 species,12 genera,and 5 subfamilies of Formicidae; 885 ant individuals were collected from plot Ⅲ,which belong to 22 species,17 genera,and 4 subfamilies of Formicidae.( 2) The ant species richness of plot Ⅱand plot Ⅲ were significantly higher than that of plot Ⅰ,but no significant differences were observed between theplot Ⅱ and plot Ⅲ. The ant relative abundance of the three plots had significant difference with each other,ranked as Ⅲ > Ⅱ > Ⅰ.( 3) The ant community structure of plot Ⅱ was similar to plot Ⅲ,but the community structures of the two plots were dissimilar with plot I. The characteristic species presented in three plots were Dolichoderus thoracicus( Smith) and Camponotus mitis( Smith),and the abundance ranked as Ⅲ > Ⅱ > Ⅰ. The characteristic species presented in plot Ⅱ and plot Ⅲ was Camponotus parius Emery,but the abundance in plot Ⅲ was higher. And Pheidole sp. 1 presented in plot Ⅰ,Odontoponera transversa( Smith) presented in plot Ⅱ,Monomorium chinensis Santschi presented in plot Ⅲ. [Conclusion]The facultative mutualism had obviously positive effects on the ant species richness,relative abundance and community structures of ant communities,and its ecological consequences had certain temporal and spatial scale.
[Objective]To explore the consequences of ant-lac insect facultative mutualism,especially the effects on biodiversity conservations. [Methods]Investigations of ant communities foraging on Dalbergia obtusifolia( Baker) Prain canopy in lac-Fructus amomi agroforest were conducted by traps in different plots at Yayi town of Mojiang County,Yunnan Province in May and September,2015. The plot Ⅰ never be used to cultivate Kerria yunnanensis Ou et Hong,the plot Ⅱ was used to cultivate lac insect three years ago but not cultivation in this experiment and the plot Ⅲ is used to cultivate lac insect. [Results]( 1) 277 ant individuals were collected from plot Ⅰ,which belong to 14 species,11 genera,and 5 subfamilies of Formicidae; 324 ant individuals were collected from plot Ⅱ,which belong to 16 species,12 genera,and 5 subfamilies of Formicidae; 885 ant individuals were collected from plot Ⅲ,which belong to 22 species,17 genera,and 4 subfamilies of Formicidae.( 2) The ant species richness of plot Ⅱand plot Ⅲ were significantly higher than that of plot Ⅰ,but no significant differences were observed between theplot Ⅱ and plot Ⅲ. The ant relative abundance of the three plots had significant difference with each other,ranked as Ⅲ > Ⅱ > Ⅰ.( 3) The ant community structure of plot Ⅱ was similar to plot Ⅲ,but the community structures of the two plots were dissimilar with plot I. The characteristic species presented in three plots were Dolichoderus thoracicus( Smith) and Camponotus mitis( Smith),and the abundance ranked as Ⅲ > Ⅱ > Ⅰ. The characteristic species presented in plot Ⅱ and plot Ⅲ was Camponotus parius Emery,but the abundance in plot Ⅲ was higher. And Pheidole sp. 1 presented in plot Ⅰ,Odontoponera transversa( Smith) presented in plot Ⅱ,Monomorium chinensis Santschi presented in plot Ⅲ. [Conclusion]The facultative mutualism had obviously positive effects on the ant species richness,relative abundance and community structures of ant communities,and its ecological consequences had certain temporal and spatial scale.
引文
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[13]Van Zandt P A,Agrawal A A.Community-wide impacts of herbivore-induced plant responses in common milkweed(Asclepias syriaca)[J].Ecology,2004,85(9):2616-2629.
[14]王思铭,陈又清,卢志兴,等.粗纹举腹蚁垄断蜜露对紫胶生产的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):229-234.
[15]王思铭,陈又清,李巧,等.蚂蚁光顾云南紫胶虫对其天敌紫胶黑虫种群的影响[J].昆虫知识,2010,47(4):730-735.
[16]吴坚,王常禄.中国蚂蚁[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2000.
[17]徐正会.西双版纳自然保护区蚁科昆虫生物多样性研究[M].昆明:云南科技出版社,2002.
[18]Chao A,Gotelli N J,Hsieh T C,et al.Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers:a framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies[J].Ecological Monographs,2014,84(1):45-67.
[19]Andersen A N.Responses of ground-foraging ant communities to three experimental fire regimes in a savanna forest of tropical Australia[J].Biotropica,1991,23(4):575-585.
[20]Hoffmann B D,Kay A.Pisonia grandis monocultures limit the spread of an invasive ant:a case of carbohydrate quality?[J].Biological Invasions,2009,11(6):1403-1410.
[21]Clarke K R,Gorley R N.PRIMER v6 user manual and program[J].PRIMER-E Ltd:Plymouth,UK.2006.
[22]陈青山,钟倩红,林佩贤,等.在Excel中完成实验对象的随机化分组[J].中国卫生统计,2009,26(3):298-299.
[23]卢志兴,陈又清,张威,等.蚂蚁-紫胶虫兼性互利关系对蚂蚁群落多样性的影响[J].生物多样性,2013,21(3):343-351.
[24]李圣法,程家骅,严利平.东海大陆架鱼类群落的空间结构[J].生态学报,2007,27(11):4377-4386.
[25]杜飞雁,王雪辉,贾晓平,等.大亚湾海域大型底栖生物种类组成及特征种[J].中国水产科学,2011,18(4):877-892.
[26]Jackson D.Competition in the tropics:ants on trees[J].Antenna,1984,8:19-22.
[27]Jackson D.Ant distribution patterns in a Cameroonian cocoa plantation:investigation of the ant mosaic hypothesis[J].Oecologia,1984,62(3):318-324.
[28]Yanoviak S P,Kaspari M.Community structure and the habitat templet:ants in the tropical forest canopy and litter[J].Oikos,2000,89(2):259-266.
[2]Hill M G,Blackmore P J M.Interactions between ants and the coccid Icerya seychellarum on Aldabra Atoll[J].Oecologia,1980,45(3):360-365.
[3]Buckley R C.Interactions involving plants,Homoptera,and ants[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,2003,18(1):111-135.
[4]李巧,陈又清,陈彦林.紫胶林-农田复合生态系统蝽类昆虫群落多样性[J].云南大学学报,2009,31(2):208-216.
[5]李巧,陈又清,陈彦林,等.紫胶林-农田复合生态系统甲虫群落多样性[J].生态学报,2009,29(7):3872-3881.
[6]陈又清,李巧,王思铭.紫胶林-农田复合生态系统地表甲虫多样性—以云南绿春为例[J].昆虫学报,2009,52(12):1319-1327.
[7]李巧,陈又清,陈彦林,等.紫胶林-农田复合生态系统蝗虫群落多样性[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(3):729-735.
[8]卢志兴,陈又清,李巧,等.紫胶虫蜜露对地表蚂蚁多样性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(4):1117-1122.
[9]卢志兴,陈又清,李巧,等.云南紫胶虫种群数量对地表蚂蚁多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2012,32(19):6195-6202.
[10]Rico-Gray V,Oliveira P S.The ecology and evolution of ant-plant interactions[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2007.
[11]Zhang S,Zhang Y,Ma K.The ecological effects of the ant-hemipteran mutualism:A meta-analysis[J].Basic and Applied Ecology,2012,13(2):116-124.
[12]Wimp G M,Whitham T G.Biodiversity consequences of predation and host plant hybridization on an aphid-ant mutualism[J].Ecology,2001,82(2):440-452.
[13]Van Zandt P A,Agrawal A A.Community-wide impacts of herbivore-induced plant responses in common milkweed(Asclepias syriaca)[J].Ecology,2004,85(9):2616-2629.
[14]王思铭,陈又清,卢志兴,等.粗纹举腹蚁垄断蜜露对紫胶生产的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):229-234.
[15]王思铭,陈又清,李巧,等.蚂蚁光顾云南紫胶虫对其天敌紫胶黑虫种群的影响[J].昆虫知识,2010,47(4):730-735.
[16]吴坚,王常禄.中国蚂蚁[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2000.
[17]徐正会.西双版纳自然保护区蚁科昆虫生物多样性研究[M].昆明:云南科技出版社,2002.
[18]Chao A,Gotelli N J,Hsieh T C,et al.Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers:a framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies[J].Ecological Monographs,2014,84(1):45-67.
[19]Andersen A N.Responses of ground-foraging ant communities to three experimental fire regimes in a savanna forest of tropical Australia[J].Biotropica,1991,23(4):575-585.
[20]Hoffmann B D,Kay A.Pisonia grandis monocultures limit the spread of an invasive ant:a case of carbohydrate quality?[J].Biological Invasions,2009,11(6):1403-1410.
[21]Clarke K R,Gorley R N.PRIMER v6 user manual and program[J].PRIMER-E Ltd:Plymouth,UK.2006.
[22]陈青山,钟倩红,林佩贤,等.在Excel中完成实验对象的随机化分组[J].中国卫生统计,2009,26(3):298-299.
[23]卢志兴,陈又清,张威,等.蚂蚁-紫胶虫兼性互利关系对蚂蚁群落多样性的影响[J].生物多样性,2013,21(3):343-351.
[24]李圣法,程家骅,严利平.东海大陆架鱼类群落的空间结构[J].生态学报,2007,27(11):4377-4386.
[25]杜飞雁,王雪辉,贾晓平,等.大亚湾海域大型底栖生物种类组成及特征种[J].中国水产科学,2011,18(4):877-892.
[26]Jackson D.Competition in the tropics:ants on trees[J].Antenna,1984,8:19-22.
[27]Jackson D.Ant distribution patterns in a Cameroonian cocoa plantation:investigation of the ant mosaic hypothesis[J].Oecologia,1984,62(3):318-324.
[28]Yanoviak S P,Kaspari M.Community structure and the habitat templet:ants in the tropical forest canopy and litter[J].Oikos,2000,89(2):259-266.