“贤”字的文化阐释(上)
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摘要
"贤"字的形义及其演变显示,其本义似应为"多财",即"钱财多",现代汉语中主要衍生出"贤达"、"贤德"、"贤惠"、"贤良"、"贤明"、"贤能"、"贤人","贤士"、"贤哲"等词汇。从哲学上来看,"贤"、"贤哲"是指大哲学家,即有知识或者有德行的哲学家。但是,由于中西哲学的总体特征的差异,西方哲学是"爱智慧"的学问,所以大哲学家应该主要是知识渊博的哲学家,像柏拉图和亚里士多德等等;而中国哲学是"天人合一"的学问,所以大哲学家应该主要是道德模范的哲学家。从伦理学来看,"贤"主要指人的德行和才能,所以,中国古代就褒扬"贤德""贤惠""贤良""贤明""贤能"等才能品质;因此,中国古代将有德行、有才能的人称为:贤达、贤能、贤士等等,并且倡导向这些人看齐,所以有"见贤思齐"的成语。从社会学来看,中国古代社会是最讲究人伦等级和处理人际关系的社会,为此,"贤"就成为了人们区别人伦等级和处理人际关系的一个重要标准,因此,财多、才多、德多的人就成为社会的上层统治阶层,而要求他们"礼贤下士",爱护兄弟、晚辈,以"贤弟""贤侄"相称,要求女性还有特殊的贤德,比如,贤惠、贤淑。在中国古代文艺之中,描绘了大量的贤人、贤士、贤哲的形象,魏晋南北朝时代的"竹林七贤"堪称典范,一部《世说新语》也描绘了中国古代士大夫的贤德、贤能,为中华民族树立了各种贤人的道德风范。
The form, meaning and evolution of"Xián"demonstrate its original meaning as"a great fortune", but in modern Chinese it develops into many phrases related to sage and sagacity. In philosophy"Xián"refers to great philosophers with learning and virtue. However, in the west philosophy means"the love of wisdom", so great philosophers should be knowledgeable like Plato and Aristotle, while Chinese philosophy highlights harmony and philosophers should be moral models. In ethics, "Xian"mainly refers to human virtues and talents, and people with virtues and talents were praised and emulated in ancient China. In sociology, ancient Chinese people emphasized human relations about which "Xian"was an important standard. Therefore, people with fortune, talent and virtue became the ruling class, and were supposed to be courteous and considerate, and women should possess female virtues. Many sages are portrayed in ancient Chinese art, as represented by the seven sages of the bamboo grove, and Shishuo xinyu records the virtues and talents of ancient scholar-officials and establishes models of sage for Chinese people.
The form, meaning and evolution of"Xián"demonstrate its original meaning as"a great fortune", but in modern Chinese it develops into many phrases related to sage and sagacity. In philosophy"Xián"refers to great philosophers with learning and virtue. However, in the west philosophy means"the love of wisdom", so great philosophers should be knowledgeable like Plato and Aristotle, while Chinese philosophy highlights harmony and philosophers should be moral models. In ethics, "Xian"mainly refers to human virtues and talents, and people with virtues and talents were praised and emulated in ancient China. In sociology, ancient Chinese people emphasized human relations about which "Xian"was an important standard. Therefore, people with fortune, talent and virtue became the ruling class, and were supposed to be courteous and considerate, and women should possess female virtues. Many sages are portrayed in ancient Chinese art, as represented by the seven sages of the bamboo grove, and Shishuo xinyu records the virtues and talents of ancient scholar-officials and establishes models of sage for Chinese people.
引文
[1]张舜徽集·说文解字约注:第二册[M].武汉:华中师范大学出版社,2009.
[2]李恩江.常用字详解字典[M].上海:世纪出版公司.汉语大词典出版社,2002.
[3]顾建平.汉字图解字典[M].上海:东方出版中心,2008.
[4]李格非主编.汉语大字典[M].简编本,武汉:湖北辞书出版社.成都:四川辞书出版社,1996.
[5]宗福邦,陈世铙,肖海波主编.故训汇纂[M].北京:商务印书馆,2003.
[6]中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室.现代汉语词典[M].第5版,北京:商务印书馆,2005.
[7]韦政通.中国哲学辞典[M].北京:水牛出版社.世界图书出版公司北京分公司重印,1993.
[8]周桂钿.中国传统哲学[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2000.
[9]向世陵主编.写给大众的中国哲学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005.
[10]十三经注疏:上册[M].杭州:浙江古籍出版社,1998.
[11]诸子集成·论衡:第七册[M].北京:中华书局,1954.
[12]司马迁.史记[M].北京:中华书局,2006.
[13]诸子集成·韩非子:第五册[M].北京:中华书局,1954.
[14]诸子集成·荀子:第二册[M].北京:中华书局,1954.
[15]战国策[M].北京:中华书局,2015.
[16]古列女传[M].上海:上海三联书店,2014.
[17]黄帝内经[M].北京:中华书局,2011.
[18]王聘珍.大戴礼记解诂[M].北京:中华书局,1983.
[19]十三经注疏:下册[M].杭州:浙江古籍出版社,1998.
[20]陈启福主编.儒道佛名言辞典[M].郑州:河南人民出版社,1994.
[21]诸子集成·颜氏家训:第八册[M].北京:中华书局,1954.
[22]刘义庆.世说新语[M].沈海波,评注.北京:中华书局,2007.
[23]竹林七贤诗文全集译注[M].长春:吉林文史出版社,1997.
[24]人物志[M].梁满仓,译注.北京:中华书局,2009.
(1)亚里士多德的本体论是反对柏拉图的“理念论”(世界的本原是客观存在、一成不变的“理念”)的“四因论”,即主张构成任何事物的都是四种因素:质料因、形式因、动力因(创造因)、目的因,例如,一尊青铜人像,它的质料因是青铜,它的形式因是人的形状,它的创造因(动力因)就是雕塑家,它的目的因就是雕塑家雕刻这个青铜像的意图;亚里士多德的认识论是反对柏拉图的“回忆说”(人的认识是对被肉体遮蔽的“理念”的回忆)的“灵魂论”,认为人的认识是人的灵魂的功能过程,包括感觉、知觉、统觉、想象、记忆、理性等循序渐进、不断发展的功能过程;亚里士多德的方法论主要是反对苏格拉底和柏拉图的“对话式的”“辩证法”(在一问一答中揭示论敌的矛盾)的一种逻辑学,它的主要方面在于形式逻辑的三段论式的演绎逻辑。亚里士多德的哲学和美学观念统治了西方哲学和美学两千多年,到19世纪初才被实证主义的“拒斥形而上学”所撬动。
(1)古时“老”和“李”同音;“聃”和“耳”同义,曾任周朝“守藏室之官”管理藏书的官员。
(2)祖籍宋国栗邑(今河南省商丘市夏邑县),生于春秋时期鲁国陬邑(今山东省曲阜市)。
[2]李恩江.常用字详解字典[M].上海:世纪出版公司.汉语大词典出版社,2002.
[3]顾建平.汉字图解字典[M].上海:东方出版中心,2008.
[4]李格非主编.汉语大字典[M].简编本,武汉:湖北辞书出版社.成都:四川辞书出版社,1996.
[5]宗福邦,陈世铙,肖海波主编.故训汇纂[M].北京:商务印书馆,2003.
[6]中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室.现代汉语词典[M].第5版,北京:商务印书馆,2005.
[7]韦政通.中国哲学辞典[M].北京:水牛出版社.世界图书出版公司北京分公司重印,1993.
[8]周桂钿.中国传统哲学[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2000.
[9]向世陵主编.写给大众的中国哲学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005.
[10]十三经注疏:上册[M].杭州:浙江古籍出版社,1998.
[11]诸子集成·论衡:第七册[M].北京:中华书局,1954.
[12]司马迁.史记[M].北京:中华书局,2006.
[13]诸子集成·韩非子:第五册[M].北京:中华书局,1954.
[14]诸子集成·荀子:第二册[M].北京:中华书局,1954.
[15]战国策[M].北京:中华书局,2015.
[16]古列女传[M].上海:上海三联书店,2014.
[17]黄帝内经[M].北京:中华书局,2011.
[18]王聘珍.大戴礼记解诂[M].北京:中华书局,1983.
[19]十三经注疏:下册[M].杭州:浙江古籍出版社,1998.
[20]陈启福主编.儒道佛名言辞典[M].郑州:河南人民出版社,1994.
[21]诸子集成·颜氏家训:第八册[M].北京:中华书局,1954.
[22]刘义庆.世说新语[M].沈海波,评注.北京:中华书局,2007.
[23]竹林七贤诗文全集译注[M].长春:吉林文史出版社,1997.
[24]人物志[M].梁满仓,译注.北京:中华书局,2009.
(1)亚里士多德的本体论是反对柏拉图的“理念论”(世界的本原是客观存在、一成不变的“理念”)的“四因论”,即主张构成任何事物的都是四种因素:质料因、形式因、动力因(创造因)、目的因,例如,一尊青铜人像,它的质料因是青铜,它的形式因是人的形状,它的创造因(动力因)就是雕塑家,它的目的因就是雕塑家雕刻这个青铜像的意图;亚里士多德的认识论是反对柏拉图的“回忆说”(人的认识是对被肉体遮蔽的“理念”的回忆)的“灵魂论”,认为人的认识是人的灵魂的功能过程,包括感觉、知觉、统觉、想象、记忆、理性等循序渐进、不断发展的功能过程;亚里士多德的方法论主要是反对苏格拉底和柏拉图的“对话式的”“辩证法”(在一问一答中揭示论敌的矛盾)的一种逻辑学,它的主要方面在于形式逻辑的三段论式的演绎逻辑。亚里士多德的哲学和美学观念统治了西方哲学和美学两千多年,到19世纪初才被实证主义的“拒斥形而上学”所撬动。
(1)古时“老”和“李”同音;“聃”和“耳”同义,曾任周朝“守藏室之官”管理藏书的官员。
(2)祖籍宋国栗邑(今河南省商丘市夏邑县),生于春秋时期鲁国陬邑(今山东省曲阜市)。