直觉、顿悟与超然:运动技能习得过程及学习策略
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摘要
探讨运动技能的习得机制,提高学习效率。利用文献资料、案例分析等方法研究运动技能习得过程。结果表明:运动技能习得具有明显的阶段性特征。直觉是运动技能习得的最初阶段,知识经验、信息选择和已有记忆经验结合形成了卓越的运动直觉,此阶段,模仿、描述与分析和内隐学习非常重要;顿悟是技能习得的关键环节,实践体验、重复练习和快速、准确的反馈可以加速顿悟出现;顿悟出现后,长期的、大量的练习下就会出现超然现象。
This paper discusses the acquisition mechanism of motor and improves the efficiency of learning. It uses literature and case to analyze the process of motor acquisition. The results show that motor acquisition has obvious phase characteristics. Intuition is the initial stage of motor acquisition. The combination of knowledge experience, information selection and existing memory experience forms a superior sports intuition. At this stage, imitation, description and analysis, implicit learning are very important; practical experience, repeated practice and fast and accurate feedback can accelerate the emergence of insight; after the emergence of the insight, there will be a free phenomenon under a large number of long-term exercises.
This paper discusses the acquisition mechanism of motor and improves the efficiency of learning. It uses literature and case to analyze the process of motor acquisition. The results show that motor acquisition has obvious phase characteristics. Intuition is the initial stage of motor acquisition. The combination of knowledge experience, information selection and existing memory experience forms a superior sports intuition. At this stage, imitation, description and analysis, implicit learning are very important; practical experience, repeated practice and fast and accurate feedback can accelerate the emergence of insight; after the emergence of the insight, there will be a free phenomenon under a large number of long-term exercises.
引文
[1]Magill R A.Motor learning and control :concepts and applications[M].McGraw-Hill,2007.
[2]中华人民共和国教育部制定.义务教育体育与健康课程标(修订稿)[S].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2012:6.
[3]Hayashi A M.When to trust your gut.[J].Harv Bus Rev,2001,79(2):58-65.
[4]Sloman S A.The empirical case for two systems of reasoning[J].Psychological Bulletin,1996,119(1):3-22.
[5]Jung C G,Baynes H G.Psychological types or The psychology of individuation[M].Pantheon Books,1933:567-568.
[6]Crossan M M,Lane H W,White R E.An Organizational Learning Framework:From Intuition to Institution[J].Academy of Management Review,1999,24(3):522-537.
[7]朱光潜.美学原理[M].北京:商务印书馆,2012:9.
[8]Simon H A,Chase W G.Skill in chess[J].American Scientist,1973,61(4):394-403.
[9]Smithin T.Mapping Strategic Thought[J].Journal of the Operational Research Society,1990,42(11):1033-1035.
[10]Seger C A.Implicit learning.[J].Psychological Bulletin,1994,115(2):163-96.
[11]丁俊武.动作技能学习理论的演变及发展展望[J].北京体育大学学报,2007,30(3):420-422.
[12]Liao C M,Masters R S.Analogy learning:a means to implicit motor learning[J].Journal of Sports Sciences,2001,19(5):307.
[13]Carl R.Viesti,JR.Effect of monetary rewards on an insight learning task[J].Psychon.Sci.,1971,23(2)181-182.
[14]George Windholz,P.A.Lamal.Kohler's Insight Revisited[J].Teaching of Psychology,1985,12(3):165-167.
[15]Knoblich G,Ohlsson S,Raney G E.An eye movement study of insight problem solving[J].Memory & Cognition,2001,29(7):1000-1009.
[16]Macgregor J N,Ormerod T C,Chronicle E P.Information processing and insight:a process model of performance on the nine-dot and related problems[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory & Cognition,2001,27(1):176.
[17]张庆林,肖崇好.顿悟与问题表征的转变[J].心理学报,1996,28(1):30-37.
[18]Lind J,Enquist M.Insight Learning and Shaping[M].Springer US,2012:1574-1576.
[19]褚建勋,汤书昆,肖向兵,等.量子知识创造(Q-SECI)模型构建及机制初探——基于顿悟学习对SECI模型的一种拓展[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2006,27(12):106-110.
[20]曾佳.禅宗顿悟与艺术思维的异质同构关系[J].艺术百家,2005(2):62-66.
[21]李霞.佛教顿悟说与现代直觉思维[J].安徽大学学报:哲学社会科学版,1988(1):101-104.
[22]褚建勋,汤书昆.基于顿悟学习的知识创造模型研究[J].科学学研究,2006,24(s1):225-228.
[23]Khatri,N.,&Ng,H.A.The role of intuition in strategic decision making[J].Human Relations,2000(53):57-86.
[24]Ericsson K A,Charness N.Expert performance:Its structure and acquisition[J].American Psychologist,1994,49(49):725-747.
[25]And K A E,Lehmann A C.Expert and Exceptional Performance:Evidence of Maximal Adaptation to Task Constraints[J].Annual Review of Psychology,1996,47(1):273-305.
[26]Hogarth,R.M.Educating intuition[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2001.
[27]陈少青.“顿悟类”运动技能习得的心理学机制与教学原理探析[J].中国学校体育(高等教育),2014(2).
[2]中华人民共和国教育部制定.义务教育体育与健康课程标(修订稿)[S].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2012:6.
[3]Hayashi A M.When to trust your gut.[J].Harv Bus Rev,2001,79(2):58-65.
[4]Sloman S A.The empirical case for two systems of reasoning[J].Psychological Bulletin,1996,119(1):3-22.
[5]Jung C G,Baynes H G.Psychological types or The psychology of individuation[M].Pantheon Books,1933:567-568.
[6]Crossan M M,Lane H W,White R E.An Organizational Learning Framework:From Intuition to Institution[J].Academy of Management Review,1999,24(3):522-537.
[7]朱光潜.美学原理[M].北京:商务印书馆,2012:9.
[8]Simon H A,Chase W G.Skill in chess[J].American Scientist,1973,61(4):394-403.
[9]Smithin T.Mapping Strategic Thought[J].Journal of the Operational Research Society,1990,42(11):1033-1035.
[10]Seger C A.Implicit learning.[J].Psychological Bulletin,1994,115(2):163-96.
[11]丁俊武.动作技能学习理论的演变及发展展望[J].北京体育大学学报,2007,30(3):420-422.
[12]Liao C M,Masters R S.Analogy learning:a means to implicit motor learning[J].Journal of Sports Sciences,2001,19(5):307.
[13]Carl R.Viesti,JR.Effect of monetary rewards on an insight learning task[J].Psychon.Sci.,1971,23(2)181-182.
[14]George Windholz,P.A.Lamal.Kohler's Insight Revisited[J].Teaching of Psychology,1985,12(3):165-167.
[15]Knoblich G,Ohlsson S,Raney G E.An eye movement study of insight problem solving[J].Memory & Cognition,2001,29(7):1000-1009.
[16]Macgregor J N,Ormerod T C,Chronicle E P.Information processing and insight:a process model of performance on the nine-dot and related problems[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory & Cognition,2001,27(1):176.
[17]张庆林,肖崇好.顿悟与问题表征的转变[J].心理学报,1996,28(1):30-37.
[18]Lind J,Enquist M.Insight Learning and Shaping[M].Springer US,2012:1574-1576.
[19]褚建勋,汤书昆,肖向兵,等.量子知识创造(Q-SECI)模型构建及机制初探——基于顿悟学习对SECI模型的一种拓展[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2006,27(12):106-110.
[20]曾佳.禅宗顿悟与艺术思维的异质同构关系[J].艺术百家,2005(2):62-66.
[21]李霞.佛教顿悟说与现代直觉思维[J].安徽大学学报:哲学社会科学版,1988(1):101-104.
[22]褚建勋,汤书昆.基于顿悟学习的知识创造模型研究[J].科学学研究,2006,24(s1):225-228.
[23]Khatri,N.,&Ng,H.A.The role of intuition in strategic decision making[J].Human Relations,2000(53):57-86.
[24]Ericsson K A,Charness N.Expert performance:Its structure and acquisition[J].American Psychologist,1994,49(49):725-747.
[25]And K A E,Lehmann A C.Expert and Exceptional Performance:Evidence of Maximal Adaptation to Task Constraints[J].Annual Review of Psychology,1996,47(1):273-305.
[26]Hogarth,R.M.Educating intuition[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2001.
[27]陈少青.“顿悟类”运动技能习得的心理学机制与教学原理探析[J].中国学校体育(高等教育),2014(2).