高应力环境下深部金属矿整体规划的思考与展望
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摘要
我国现有的矿山开采规划主要是基于浅部矿床开采实践所形成的,通常只考虑经济与工程因素。在采矿全生命周期开展开采规划,优先获取高品位的矿石,从而获得最大经济效益。深部开采处于"三高一扰动"引起的复杂地质力学环境,高地应力的影响是深部矿山开采规划重要因素。本文开展了对深部高应力环境下金属矿整体规划领域的文献调研和问题探讨。首先,以实现矿山资源开发投资价值为目标,从战略规划与战术规划两个维度分层次讨论了深井矿山从整体到局部设计的过程,适用于一般深部矿山开采的全生命周期规划,并重点分析了岩石强度时效性对于开展深井矿山整体规划具有重要的现实意义。其次,阐述了当前国内外深井矿山在高应力条件下的设计与布局,正"V"型及倒"V"型采矿顺序应用于深部均未能兼顾"改善应力状态"与"获取最大净现值",理想的四周型开采顺序不失为一种兼顾的采矿布局,但在实际开采应用过程中,工程布置及采场应力状态还需进一步探讨。最后,指出了整体规划模型中的应力预测与校准对于预测高危险区域及指导深部开采规划的重要意义。在深部矿山开采规划中充分考虑高应力环境的工程影响,如何将高应力环境及其随开采过程的演变规律完全融入到开采规划中,还需开展进一步研究工作。
The existing mine planning in China is mainly based on the practice of shallow mining,and usually only considers economic and engineering factors. Mining planning is carried out throughout the whole life of the mine,giving priority to high-grade ore for maximum economic benefit. Deep mining is in a complex geomechanical environment caused by three "high" and one "disturbance",and the influence of high ground stress is an important factor in deep mine planning. This paper has carried out literature review on the overall planning of metal ore in deep high stress environment. Firstly,this paper aims at realizing the investment value of mine resource development,and discusses the process from the whole to the partial design of deep mine from two dimensions of strategic planning and tactical planning,which is suitable for the overall planning of general deep mines. The practical significance of the timeliness of rock strength to the overall planning of deep mines is analyzed. Secondly,the design and layout of deep mines at home and abroad under high stress conditions are expounded. The "V" type and the inverted "V" type mining sequence are applied to the deep mining and failed to balance "improving the stress state" and obtaining the maximum net present value,correspondingly,thus,the ideal surrounding mining sequence is a balanced mining layout. However,the mine layout and the stress state of stope need to be further explored in the actual mining application process. Finally,the importance of stress prediction and calibration in the overall planning model for predicting high-risk areas and guiding deep mine planning is pointed out. In deep mine planning,further research works,for example,fully considering the engineering impact of high stress environment,and how to fully integrate the high stress environment and its evolution law with the mining process,are needed.
The existing mine planning in China is mainly based on the practice of shallow mining,and usually only considers economic and engineering factors. Mining planning is carried out throughout the whole life of the mine,giving priority to high-grade ore for maximum economic benefit. Deep mining is in a complex geomechanical environment caused by three "high" and one "disturbance",and the influence of high ground stress is an important factor in deep mine planning. This paper has carried out literature review on the overall planning of metal ore in deep high stress environment. Firstly,this paper aims at realizing the investment value of mine resource development,and discusses the process from the whole to the partial design of deep mine from two dimensions of strategic planning and tactical planning,which is suitable for the overall planning of general deep mines. The practical significance of the timeliness of rock strength to the overall planning of deep mines is analyzed. Secondly,the design and layout of deep mines at home and abroad under high stress conditions are expounded. The "V" type and the inverted "V" type mining sequence are applied to the deep mining and failed to balance "improving the stress state" and obtaining the maximum net present value,correspondingly,thus,the ideal surrounding mining sequence is a balanced mining layout. However,the mine layout and the stress state of stope need to be further explored in the actual mining application process. Finally,the importance of stress prediction and calibration in the overall planning model for predicting high-risk areas and guiding deep mine planning is pointed out. In deep mine planning,further research works,for example,fully considering the engineering impact of high stress environment,and how to fully integrate the high stress environment and its evolution law with the mining process,are needed.
引文
[1]侯杰,胡乃联,李国清,等.多金属地下矿山生产计划动态优化[J].工程科学学报,2016,38(4):453-460.HOU Jie,HU Nailian,LI Guoqing,et al.Dynamic optimization of production plans for multi-metal underground mines[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering,2016,38(4):453-460.
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[4]付建新,宋卫东,羽柴公博.岩石强度的时间依存性及围压影响效应的若干研究进展及展望[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(S2):3653-3661.FU Jianxin,SONG Weidong,HASHIBA Kimihiro.Recent studies on time-dependent behavior of rock strength and the effects of confining pressure[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(S2):3653-3661.
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[8]翁磊,李夕兵,周子龙,等.屈曲型岩爆的发生机制及其时效性研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2016,33(1):172-179.WENG Lei,LI Xibing,ZHOU Zilong,et al.Occurrence mechanism and time-dependency effect of buckling rock burst[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2016,33(1):172-179.
[9]LANGEVIN F M.La Ronde extension-mine design at three kilometres[J].Mining Technology,2011,120(2):95-104.
[10]MALEK F,SUORINENI F T,VASAK P.Geomechanics strategies for rockburst management at Vale Inco Creighton mine[A].Proceedings of the 3rdCANUS Rock Mechanics Symposium[C].Toronto,2009:1-12.
[11]李元辉,刘炜,解世俊.矿体阶段开采顺序的选择及数值模拟[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版),2006,27(1):88-91.LI Yuanhui,LIU Wei,XIE Shijun.Selection and numerical simulation of stepwise mining sequence[J].Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science),2006,27(1):88-91.
[12]安龙,徐帅,任少峰,等.深部厚大矿体回采顺序设计及优化研究[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版),2013,34(11):1642-1646.AN Long,XU Shuai,REN Shaofeng,et al.Study on design and optimization of mining sequence for deep and large ore body[J].Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science),2013,34(11):1642-1646.
[13]蔡美峰,冀东,郭奇峰.基于地应力现场实测与开采扰动能量积聚理论的岩爆预测研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2013,32(10):1973-1980.CAI Meifeng,JI Dong,GUO Qifeng.Study of rockburst prediction based on in-situ stress measurement and theory of energy accumulation caused by mining disturbance[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2013,32(10):1973-1980.
[14]COTESTA L,O’CONNOR C P,BRUMMER R K,et al.Numerical modelling and scientific visualisation integration of geomechanics into modern mine designs[A].Deep Mining 2014[C].Sudbury,2014:377-394.
[15]WILES T D.Rockburst prediction using numerical modelling-realistic limits for failure prediction accuracy[A].Sixth International Symposium on Rockburst and Seismicity in Mines Proceedings[C].Nedlands,2005:57-63.
[2]李家卓,张继兵,侯俊领,等.动压巷道多次扰动失稳机理及开采顺序优化研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2015,32(3):439-445.LI Jiazhuo,ZHANG Jibing,HOU Junling,et al.Multiple disturbance instability mechanism of dynamic pressure roadway and mining sequence optimization[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineerin,2015,32(3):439-445.
[3]GAUDREAU D,THIN I,HAILE A.Planning considerations for deep level mining at perseverance mine[A].Deep Mining 2017[C].Perth,2017:121-128.
[4]付建新,宋卫东,羽柴公博.岩石强度的时间依存性及围压影响效应的若干研究进展及展望[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(S2):3653-3661.FU Jianxin,SONG Weidong,HASHIBA Kimihiro.Recent studies on time-dependent behavior of rock strength and the effects of confining pressure[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(S2):3653-3661.
[5]张清照,沈明荣,丁文其.锦屏绿片岩力学特性及长期强度特性研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(8):1642-1649.ZHANG Qingzhao,SHEN Mingrong,DING Wenqi.Study on mechanical properties and long-term strength of Jinping green schist[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(8):1642-1649.
[6]谢和平,彭苏萍,何满潮.深部开采基础理论与工程实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[7]李忠,汪俊民.重庆陆家岭隧道岩爆工程地质特征分析与防治措施研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(18):3398-3402.LI Zhong,WANG Junmin.Geological characters of rockburst in Lujialing tunnel and its prevention methods[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(18):3398-3402.
[8]翁磊,李夕兵,周子龙,等.屈曲型岩爆的发生机制及其时效性研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2016,33(1):172-179.WENG Lei,LI Xibing,ZHOU Zilong,et al.Occurrence mechanism and time-dependency effect of buckling rock burst[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2016,33(1):172-179.
[9]LANGEVIN F M.La Ronde extension-mine design at three kilometres[J].Mining Technology,2011,120(2):95-104.
[10]MALEK F,SUORINENI F T,VASAK P.Geomechanics strategies for rockburst management at Vale Inco Creighton mine[A].Proceedings of the 3rdCANUS Rock Mechanics Symposium[C].Toronto,2009:1-12.
[11]李元辉,刘炜,解世俊.矿体阶段开采顺序的选择及数值模拟[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版),2006,27(1):88-91.LI Yuanhui,LIU Wei,XIE Shijun.Selection and numerical simulation of stepwise mining sequence[J].Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science),2006,27(1):88-91.
[12]安龙,徐帅,任少峰,等.深部厚大矿体回采顺序设计及优化研究[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版),2013,34(11):1642-1646.AN Long,XU Shuai,REN Shaofeng,et al.Study on design and optimization of mining sequence for deep and large ore body[J].Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science),2013,34(11):1642-1646.
[13]蔡美峰,冀东,郭奇峰.基于地应力现场实测与开采扰动能量积聚理论的岩爆预测研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2013,32(10):1973-1980.CAI Meifeng,JI Dong,GUO Qifeng.Study of rockburst prediction based on in-situ stress measurement and theory of energy accumulation caused by mining disturbance[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2013,32(10):1973-1980.
[14]COTESTA L,O’CONNOR C P,BRUMMER R K,et al.Numerical modelling and scientific visualisation integration of geomechanics into modern mine designs[A].Deep Mining 2014[C].Sudbury,2014:377-394.
[15]WILES T D.Rockburst prediction using numerical modelling-realistic limits for failure prediction accuracy[A].Sixth International Symposium on Rockburst and Seismicity in Mines Proceedings[C].Nedlands,2005:57-63.