旅游社区参与公平的现实困境及其实现路径
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摘要
社区参与旅游发展是实现旅游业可持续发展和旅游公平的重要途径和有效手段。社区居民作为旅游地的核心利益相关者,在旅游开发中处于弱势地位,缺少话语权,参与度不高,已引发学界的广泛关注。当前我国旅游社区参与公平面临诸多现实困境,突出表现为社区参与流于形式、利益分配不公平、决策参与不公平等方面。旅游社区参与公平的缺失是政府、社会、企业、社区等多维度共同作用的结果。为了实现旅游社区参与的公平,必须厘清各利益相关者在社区旅游发展中的角色定位与作用,明确旅游社区的共同利益主体定位,打造服务型政府、管家型旅游企业;从政策制度建设、公平与效率并重、监督评估机制完善、信息渠道畅通等方面全方位地保障社区参与旅游的分配公平、程序公平和互动公平,以期推动社区旅游公平与可持续发展。
The community participation in tourism development is an important way and effective means to achieve sustainable tourism development and tourism fairness.As the core stakeholders of tourism destinations,community residents are in a weak position in tourism development,lack of voice,and the low level of participation,which has aroused widespread concern about fair participation of tourism communities in the academic circles.At present,the fairness of tourism community participation in China is faced with many practical difficulties,which lie in formalist community participation,unfair distribution of interests,and unfair participation in decision-making.The lack of fairness in tourism community participation is a result of the combination of multiple dimensions of government,society,enterprise and community.For realizing the fairness of the participation of tourism communities,it is necessary to clarify the role positions and functions of various stakeholders in the development of community tourism,designate the tourism community as the common interest subjects,and build service-oriented government and housekeeping-type tourism enterprises.In order to promote the fair and sustainable development of community tourism,we should guarantee distributive,procedural,and interactive justice of community participation in tourism from the aspects of policy and system construction,equal emphasis on fairness and efficiency,improvement of supervision and evaluation mechanism,and unblocked information channels.
The community participation in tourism development is an important way and effective means to achieve sustainable tourism development and tourism fairness.As the core stakeholders of tourism destinations,community residents are in a weak position in tourism development,lack of voice,and the low level of participation,which has aroused widespread concern about fair participation of tourism communities in the academic circles.At present,the fairness of tourism community participation in China is faced with many practical difficulties,which lie in formalist community participation,unfair distribution of interests,and unfair participation in decision-making.The lack of fairness in tourism community participation is a result of the combination of multiple dimensions of government,society,enterprise and community.For realizing the fairness of the participation of tourism communities,it is necessary to clarify the role positions and functions of various stakeholders in the development of community tourism,designate the tourism community as the common interest subjects,and build service-oriented government and housekeeping-type tourism enterprises.In order to promote the fair and sustainable development of community tourism,we should guarantee distributive,procedural,and interactive justice of community participation in tourism from the aspects of policy and system construction,equal emphasis on fairness and efficiency,improvement of supervision and evaluation mechanism,and unblocked information channels.
引文
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[24]马东艳.旅游增权、社区参与和公平感知的关系研究——以四川理县桃坪羌寨为例[J].中央民族大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2015,(4):104-111.
[25]柴寿升,龙春凤,常会丽.基于社区居民感知的景区旅游开发与社区利益冲突研究——以崂山风景区为例[J].中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版),2012,(2):62-67.
[2]Guo Y,Kim S,Chen Y.Shanghai Residents’Perceptions of Tourism Impacts and Quality of Life[J].Journal of China Tourism Research,2014,10(2):142-164.
[3]Murphy P E.Tourism:a Community Approach[M].London:Methuen,1985:1-226.
[4]郭迪,鲁小波,丁玉娟.近十年国内外社区参与旅游研究综述[J].世界地理研究,2015,24(2):148-157.
[5]Spencer D M.Facilitating public participation in tourism planning on American Indian reservations:a case study involving the Nominal Group Technique.[J].Tourism Management,2010,31(5):684-690.
[6]Tosun C.Expected nature of community participation in tourism development[J].Tourism Management,2006,27(3):493-504.
[7]Rasoolimanesh S M,Jaafar M,Ahmad A G,et al.Community Participation in World Heritage Site Conservation and Tourism Development[J].Tourism Management,2017,58(2):142-153.
[8]Matilde S C,Gunnarsdotter Y.Local community participation in ecotourism and conservation issues in two nature reserves in Nicaragua[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2012,20(8):1025-1043.
[9]Choi H S C,Sirakaya E.Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism[J].Tourism Management,2006,27(6):1274-1289.
[10]保继刚,孙九霞.社区参与旅游发展的中西差异[J].地理学报,2006,61(4):401-413.
[11]刘静艳,韦玉春,刘春媚,等.南岭国家森林公园旅游企业主导的社区参与模式研究[J].旅游学刊,2008,23(6):80-86.
[12]李东和,叶晴,肖舒羽.区域旅游业发展中目的地居民参与问题研究[J].人文地理,2004,19(3):84-88.
[13]Ryan C.Equity,management,power sharing and sustainability-issues of the'new tourism'.[J].Tourism Management,2002,23(1):17-26.
[14]Qian C,Sasaki N,Shivakoti G,et al.Effective governance in tourism development-An analysis of local perception in the Huangshan mountain area.Tourism Management Perspectives,2016,20(10):112-123.
[15]Jordi Gascon,The limitations of community based tourism as an instrument of development cooperation:the value of the Social Vocation of the Territory concept.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2013,21(3):716-731.
[16]Suess C,Mody M.Gaming can be sustainable too!Using Social Representation Theory to examine the moderating effects of tourism diversification on residents'tax paying behavior.Tourism Management,2016,56(10):20-39.
[17]Camargo B A,Jamal T.Equity,tourism[M].Springer International Publishing,2015,1-3.
[18]Rogerson C M.Tourism and regional development:The case of South Africa's distressed areas.Development Southern Africa,2015,32(3):277-291.
[19]庄晓平,朱竑.权利视角下的旅游权利主体探究——兼与国内若干学者商榷[J].旅游学刊,2013,28(5):116-122.
[20]蒋焕洲,刘新有.利益分配公平下的民族文化旅游可持续发展透视[J].资源开发与市场,2008,24(12):1140-1142.
[21]李鹏,杨桂华.社区参与旅游发展中公平与效率问题研究——以云南梅里雪山雨崩藏族村为例[J].绿色中国,2010,(8):120-124.
[22]胥兴安,孙凤芝,王立磊.居民感知公平对社区参与旅游发展的影响研究——基于社区认同的视角[J].中国人口资源与环境,2015,25(12):113-120.
[23]柴寿升,张道远,郑玮.社区居民旅游公平感知与旅游参与、旅游收益的结构关系——以崂山风景区为例[J].中国石油大学学报(社会科学版),2016,32(6):23-30.
[24]马东艳.旅游增权、社区参与和公平感知的关系研究——以四川理县桃坪羌寨为例[J].中央民族大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2015,(4):104-111.
[25]柴寿升,龙春凤,常会丽.基于社区居民感知的景区旅游开发与社区利益冲突研究——以崂山风景区为例[J].中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版),2012,(2):62-67.