美国“印太战略”概念构建与政策现状——基于战略叙述框架的分析
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摘要
特朗普政府上台以来,美国总统及外交官员在公开场合有关亚洲事务的演讲中频繁提及"印太",并且美国政府的一系列外交与国防举措都在不断强化外界对"印太"概念的接受与认知。借助国际政治语言学的战略叙述理论框架,在此基础之上进一步分析美国政府试图构建的"印太战略"能否维持叙述体系的稳定性,继而形成"话语联盟"。美日印澳四国对于"印太"这一叙述在政治、安全经济与文化领域存在认知差异,这种语义重叠的缺失以及特朗普政府的言行不一,导致这一战略可能最终难以最终成型。
Since Donald Trump took office,the U. S. President and his diplomats frequently mentioned the concept of "Indo-Pacific"in public,and the diplomatic and defense measures taken by Trump Administration have been strengthening the recognition and acceptance of"Indo-Pacific"concept. This article analyzes the stability of"Indo-Pacific"strategy that U. S. government has been constructing in the framework of Strategic Narrative. It is found out that there are differences among America,Japan,Australia and India in their respective recognition of "Indo-Pacific",and that the cognitive differences and the double-dealer nature of Trump may lead to the result that"Indo-Pacific"strategy will not be fully implemented.
Since Donald Trump took office,the U. S. President and his diplomats frequently mentioned the concept of "Indo-Pacific"in public,and the diplomatic and defense measures taken by Trump Administration have been strengthening the recognition and acceptance of"Indo-Pacific"concept. This article analyzes the stability of"Indo-Pacific"strategy that U. S. government has been constructing in the framework of Strategic Narrative. It is found out that there are differences among America,Japan,Australia and India in their respective recognition of "Indo-Pacific",and that the cognitive differences and the double-dealer nature of Trump may lead to the result that"Indo-Pacific"strategy will not be fully implemented.
引文
(1)参见《美军为何将太平洋司令部改为印度洋—太平洋司令部》,新华网,2018年6月17日,http://www.xinhuanet.com/mil/2018-06/07/c_129888882.htm[2019-03-16]。
(2)The White House,“Remarks by Vice President Pence on the Administration's Policy Toward China,”October 4,2018,https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-pence-administrations-policy-toward-china/[2019-03-16].
(3)Prince,G.(1982)Narratology.Berlin:Mouton.
(4)Sarbin,TR.(1986).“The Narrative as a Root Metaphor for Psychology,” in T.R.Sarbin(ed.),Narrative Psychology.New York:Praeger.
(5)孙吉胜主编:《国际政治语言学:理论与实践》,北京:世界知识出版社,2017年,第203页。此外,国际政治领域建构主义研究领域的鼻祖亚历山大·温特在描述行为体身份时,认为建构这种身份的包括集体记忆、神话叙述以及风俗仪式三个方面。在孙吉胜主编的《国际政治语言学:理论与实践》中,进一步从叙述的本体地位、叙述作为行动前提以及国际关系的社会性和叙述性三个方面来阐述国际关系研究中叙述的重要性。参见:Alexander Wendt,Social Theory of International Politics,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1999;孙吉胜主编:《国际政治语言学:理论与实践》,第210—212页。
(6)Shenhav,S.R.(2004).“Once Upon a Time There Was a Nation:Narrative Conceptualization Analysis,the Concept of‘Nation’ in the Discourse of Israeli Likud Party Leaders,” Discourse and Society 15(1):81-104,Cornog,E.(2004).The Power and the Story.New York:Penguin.
(7)参见秦亚青:《作为关系过程的国际社会——制度、身份与中国和平崛起》,《国际政治科学》2010年第24期,第11页。另外,关于国际社会理论,是英国学派给国际关系理论研究留下的一笔宝贵遗产,有关详情参见:Hedley Bull,“Notes on the Modern International System”in “Inventing International Society:A History of English School”;石斌:《“英国学派” 国际关系理论概观》,《历史教学问题》2005年第2期,第9—16页。
(8)参见秦亚青:《国家身份、战略文化和安全利益———关于中国与国际社会关系的三个假设》,《世界经济与政治》,2003年第1期,第10页。另外,关于一国国际身份的定义,也有学者从语言学的视角切入,认为身份是“自我向世界呈现的”、“自我被呈现出来的”以及“自我被世界所承认的”。身份的构建是通过叙述达成的,并通过叙述身份将行为体展现在公共领域,并呈现出一种政治角色。参见孙吉胜主编:《国际政治语言学:理论与实践》,第五章:“叙述、身份与国际合作”。此外,也有从建构主义的角度对身份进行分析,注重“观念”和“认同”的构建力量,认为国家观念在确定国家身份、影响国家行为和实现国家利益方面具有决定性作用。参见亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》,上海:上海人民出版社,2000年。
(9)在2017年11月美国总统特朗普的亚洲之行之前,美国政府及其相关外交部门就多次提及“印太”。例如美国前国务卿雷克斯蒂勒森发表了一个演讲,其中使用“印度洋—太平洋”这一措辞达23次之多。参见美国国务院官网,https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2017/10/274913.htm[2019-03-16]。
(10)有关“叙述—参与实践—身份承认”的理论模型,参见孙吉胜主编:《国际政治语言学:理论与实践》,第246页。
(11)参见孙吉胜主编:《国际政治语言学:理论与实践》,第265—266页。
(12)Ben Wellings,Serena Kelly,Bruce Wilson,Joe Burton,and Martin Holland:“Narrative Alignment and Misalignment:NATO as a Global Actor asSeen from Australia and New Zealand”,in Asian Security,14:1,24-37,DOI:10.1080/14799855.2017.1361731.
(13)参见陈峰君:《亚太概念辨析》,《当代亚太》1999年第7期,第5—8页。
(14)原文是:“(something)akin to Pascal's horrible sphere,with periphery indeterminable and a center that may be anywhere”。参见:ArifDirlik:“The Asia-Pacific Idea:Reality and Representation in the Invention of a Regional Structure” in Journal of World History,Vol.3,No.1 (Spring,1992),p.55。
(15)Rory Medcalf:“A Term Whose Time Has Come:The Indo-Pacific”,in The Diplomat,December 4th,2012,https://thediplomat.com/2012/12/a-term-whose-time-has-come-the-indo-pacific/[2019-01-20].
(16)Hill,Cameron:“Australia in the ‘Indo-Pacific’ century:rewards,risks,relationships”,in Parliament of Australia,https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook44p/IndoPacific[2019-03-16].
(17)Vivek Mishra:“India and the Rise of the Indo-Pacific”,in The Diplomat,September 4th,2013,https://thediplomat.com/2013/09/india-and-the-rise-of-the-indo-pacific/[2019-03-16].
(18)Beeson,M.& Wilson:“The Indo-Pacific:Reconceptualizing the Asian Regional Space”in.East Asia.April19,2018,p.1-6,2,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-018-9289-2[2019-01-20].
(19)Berger,Mark T:“A New East- West Synthesis?APEC and Competing Narratives of Regional Integration in the Post-Cold War Asia-Pacific”,in Alternatives:Global,Local,Political,Vol.23,No.1(Jan.-Mar.1998),pp.1-28.
(20)Helen E.S.Nesadurai:“APEC:a tool for U.S.regional domination?”in Pacific Review 9,No.1(1996):52.
(21)The United States Studies Center (University of Sydney):“THE ASIAN RESEARCH NETWORK|SURVEY ON AMERICA'S ROLE IN THE INDO-PACIFIC 2017”,May 31,2017.https://www.ussc.edu.au/analysis/the-asian-research-network-survey-on-americas-role-in-the-indo-pacific[2019-03-16].
(22)Simon Jackman and Luke Mansillo:“2017 Six Nations survey data:tables and preliminary analysis”,May 14,2017.
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(24)AlisterMiskimmon,Ben O’Loughlin,and Laura Roselle,Strategic Narratives:Communication Power and the New World Order,Routledge,2013.
(25)索绪尔:《普通语言学教程》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2001年。
(26)Shenhav,Shaul R.:“Political Narratives and Political Reality”,in International Political Science Review/Revue internationale de science politique,,Vol.27,No.3 (Jul.,2006),p.249.
(27)鉴于“亚太”以及“印太”两种政治话语在地理内涵以及政治经济意涵并不相同,笔者在本节讨论该地区时统一采用涵盖更广的“亚洲—印度洋—太平洋”地区,以此与“印太”和“亚太”加以区分。
(28)Hill,Cameron:“Australia in the ‘Indo-Pacific’century:rewards,risks,relationships”,in Parliament of Australia,https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook44p/IndoPacific[2019-03-16].
(29)https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2018/05/07/commentary/japan-commentary/changing-indo-pacific-power-dynamics/#.WvjQz6EjxrH[2019-03-16].
(30)Trump,Donald:“Remarks by President Trump at APEC CEO Summit AriyanaDa Nang Exhibition Center,Da Nang,Vietnam”,November 10,2017,https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/11/10/remarks-president-trump-apec-ceo-summit-da-nang-vietnam[2019-03-16].
(31)Center for Strategic and International Studies:“Defining Our Relationship with India for the Next Century:An Address by U.S.Secretary of State Rex Tillerson”,October 18,2017,https://www.csis.org/analysis/defining-our-relationship-india-next-century-address-us-secretary-state-rex-tillerson[2019-03-16].
(32)U.S.Department of Defense:Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States,by Jim Mattis,“strategic environment”,pp.1,2.
(33)United States International Trade Commission Official Website:https://www.usitc.gov/[2019-03-16].
(34)参见Brahma Chellaney关于美国对其亚洲盟友在贸易及其他领域的强迫性政策的评论,美国的贸易保护主义倾向尽显无遗。https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2018/05/07/commentary/japan-commentary/changing-indo-pacific-power-dynamics/#.WvjQz6EjxrH[2019-03-16].
(35)Swaine,Michael D:“Creating an Unstable Asia:The U.S.‘Free and Open Indo-Pacific’ Strategy”in Foreign Policy,March 2,2018,http://carnegieendowment.org/2018/03/02/creating-unstable-asia-u.s.-free-and-open-indo-pacific-strategy-pub-75720[2019-03-16].
(36)Mercy A.Kuo:“The Origin of ‘Indo-Pacific’as Geopolitical Construct”,in The Diplomat,January 1st,2018,https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/the-origin-of-indo-pacific-as-geopolitical-construct/[2019-01-20].
(37)演讲的原文有日文版、英文版和印度语版,此处是由笔者翻译的英文版,原文是“The different streams,having their sources in different places,all mingle their water in the sea.”日文版和印度语版的演讲参见:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan:“Confluence of the Two Seas”,Speech by H.E.Mr.Shinzo Abe,Prime Minister of Japanat the Parliament of the Republic of India,August 22,2007.http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/pmv0708/speech-2.html[2019-03-16]。
(38)Foreign Affairs of Japan:“Confluence of the Two Seas”,Speech by H.E.Mr.Shinzo Abe,Prime Minister of Japanat the Parliament of the Republic of India,August 22,2007.http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/pmv0708/speech-2.html[2019-03-16].
(39)Bloomberg News:Abe Pledges with Singh to Boost Japan-India Defense Cooperation.,May 29,2013.http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-29/abe-pledges-with-singh-to-boost-japan-india-defense-cooperation.html[2019-03-16].
(40)Japan Times,“Changing Indo-Pacific power dynamics”,Brahma Chellaney,https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2018/05/07/commentary/japan-commentary/changing-indo-pacific-power-dynamics/#.WvjQz6EjxrH[2019-03-16].
(41)Japan Times,“Changing Indo-Pacific power dynamics”,Brahma Chellaney,https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2018/05/07/commentary/japan-commentary/changing-indo-pacific-power-dynamics/#.WvjQz6EjxrH[2019-03-16].
(42)莫迪于2016年出访韩国时曾表示,印度的东向政策一直是在“看”东亚,“我们已经看够了,重要的是要采取行动”。转引自赵干城:《从“东向”到“东向行动”——印度莫迪政府的外交抱负及其限度》,《当代世界》2016年第1期。
(43)Rahul Roy-Chaudhury:“Understanding Modi's vision for the Indo-Pacific”,May 14th,2018,https://www.iiss.org/en/iiss%20voices/blogsections/iiss-voices-2018-2623/may-c4af/modis-vision-for-the-indo-pacific-dd0f[2019-03-20].
(44)Rahul Roy-Chaudhury:“Understanding Modi's vision for the Indo-Pacific”,May 14th,2018,https://www.iiss.org/en/iiss%20voices/blogsections/iiss-voices-2018-2623/may-c4af/modis-vision-for-the-indo-pacific-dd0f[2019-03-16].
(45)SAGAR的内容主要包括下面五个部分:深入经济和安全合作、强化海洋安全能力、和平与安全优先、紧急预警机制以及呼吁所有国际和地区应尊重国际海洋规范和准则。
(46)英文表述为“the cornerstone of [the Indian government's ]engagement in the Indo-Pacific region”,参见:Rahul Roy-Chaudhury:”India emerges as world's big defence spender”。
(47)Vivek Mishra:“India and the Rise of the Indo-Pacific”,in The Diplomat,September 4th,2013,https://thediplomat.com/2013/09/india-and-the-rise-of-the-indo-pacific/[2019-03-16].
(48)Mark J.Valencia,“What Does a ‘Free and Open Indo-Pacific’Actually Mean?”,in The Diplomat,March 30,2018,https://thediplomat.com/2018/03/what-does-a-free-and-open-indo-pacific-actually-mean/[2019-03-16].
(49)Hill,Cameron:“Australia in the ‘Indo-Pacific’century:rewards,risks,relationships”,in Parliament of Australia,https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook44p/IndoPacific[2019-03-16].
(50)“亚洲世纪”(Asian Century)这一口号最先由澳大利亚政府提出,一些学者在此基础之上进行了进一步解读,相关文献参见:Australian Government,Australia in the Asian Century,White paper,Canberra,October 2012,Cameron Hill,‘Australia in the Asian Century:regional security and foreign policy dimensions’,FlagPost weblog,12 November 2012,以及T Milner and S Wood,eds,Our place in the Asian Century:Southeast Asia as ‘the third way’,Asialink,University of Melbourne,Melbourne,November 2012。
(51)Hill,Cameron:“Australia in the ‘Indo-Pacific’century:rewards,risks,relationships”,in Parliament of Australia,https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook44p/IndoPacific[2019-03-16].
(52)The Sydney Morning Herald:“Coalition relaunches‘Colombo Plan’for Australian study overseas”,30 August 2013,https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/coalition-relaunches-colombo-plan-for-australian-study-overseas-20130830-2suge.html[2019-03-20].
(53)参见《王毅会见澳大利亚外长毕晓普》,中国外交部网站,2017年3月25日,http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/wjbzhd/t1448727.shtml[2019-03-16]。
(54)参见:Australia Broadcasting Corporation,“China mocks Australia over ‘Indo-Pacific’ concept it says will ‘dissipate’”,March 8,2018.http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-03-08/china-mocks-australia-over-indo-pacific-concept/9529548[2019-03-16];《王毅:再挑起冷战已不合时宜再搞小圈子对抗更没有市场》,新华网,2018年3月8日,http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2018lh/2018-03/08/c_137024207.htm[2019-03-16]。
(55)参见理查德·贾瓦德·海达里:《香格里拉对话会上对新的印度洋—太平洋秩序的两种观点》。
(56)Center For Strategic and International Studies:“Defining Our Relationship with India for the Next Century:An Address by U.S.Secretary of State Rex Tillerson”,October 18,2017,https://www.csis.org/analysis/defining-our-relationship-india-next-century-address-us-secretary-state-rex-tillerson[2019-03-16].
(57)Chansoria M.(2016) From Reluctance to Readiness:India's Foreign Policy and Diplomatic Strategies in the Twenty-First Century.In:Braveboy-Wagner J.(eds) Diplomatic Strategies of Nations in the Global South.Palgrave Macmillan,New York,pp.99-123.
(58)Zhang L.(2016) The China-India-USA Engagement in the Asia-Pacific:Security Implications for East Asian Regionalism.In:Arase D.(eds) China's Rise and Changing Order in East Asia.Politics and Development of Contemporary China.Palgrave Macmillan,New York,pp.243-258.
(2)The White House,“Remarks by Vice President Pence on the Administration's Policy Toward China,”October 4,2018,https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-pence-administrations-policy-toward-china/[2019-03-16].
(3)Prince,G.(1982)Narratology.Berlin:Mouton.
(4)Sarbin,TR.(1986).“The Narrative as a Root Metaphor for Psychology,” in T.R.Sarbin(ed.),Narrative Psychology.New York:Praeger.
(5)孙吉胜主编:《国际政治语言学:理论与实践》,北京:世界知识出版社,2017年,第203页。此外,国际政治领域建构主义研究领域的鼻祖亚历山大·温特在描述行为体身份时,认为建构这种身份的包括集体记忆、神话叙述以及风俗仪式三个方面。在孙吉胜主编的《国际政治语言学:理论与实践》中,进一步从叙述的本体地位、叙述作为行动前提以及国际关系的社会性和叙述性三个方面来阐述国际关系研究中叙述的重要性。参见:Alexander Wendt,Social Theory of International Politics,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1999;孙吉胜主编:《国际政治语言学:理论与实践》,第210—212页。
(6)Shenhav,S.R.(2004).“Once Upon a Time There Was a Nation:Narrative Conceptualization Analysis,the Concept of‘Nation’ in the Discourse of Israeli Likud Party Leaders,” Discourse and Society 15(1):81-104,Cornog,E.(2004).The Power and the Story.New York:Penguin.
(7)参见秦亚青:《作为关系过程的国际社会——制度、身份与中国和平崛起》,《国际政治科学》2010年第24期,第11页。另外,关于国际社会理论,是英国学派给国际关系理论研究留下的一笔宝贵遗产,有关详情参见:Hedley Bull,“Notes on the Modern International System”in “Inventing International Society:A History of English School”;石斌:《“英国学派” 国际关系理论概观》,《历史教学问题》2005年第2期,第9—16页。
(8)参见秦亚青:《国家身份、战略文化和安全利益———关于中国与国际社会关系的三个假设》,《世界经济与政治》,2003年第1期,第10页。另外,关于一国国际身份的定义,也有学者从语言学的视角切入,认为身份是“自我向世界呈现的”、“自我被呈现出来的”以及“自我被世界所承认的”。身份的构建是通过叙述达成的,并通过叙述身份将行为体展现在公共领域,并呈现出一种政治角色。参见孙吉胜主编:《国际政治语言学:理论与实践》,第五章:“叙述、身份与国际合作”。此外,也有从建构主义的角度对身份进行分析,注重“观念”和“认同”的构建力量,认为国家观念在确定国家身份、影响国家行为和实现国家利益方面具有决定性作用。参见亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》,上海:上海人民出版社,2000年。
(9)在2017年11月美国总统特朗普的亚洲之行之前,美国政府及其相关外交部门就多次提及“印太”。例如美国前国务卿雷克斯蒂勒森发表了一个演讲,其中使用“印度洋—太平洋”这一措辞达23次之多。参见美国国务院官网,https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2017/10/274913.htm[2019-03-16]。
(10)有关“叙述—参与实践—身份承认”的理论模型,参见孙吉胜主编:《国际政治语言学:理论与实践》,第246页。
(11)参见孙吉胜主编:《国际政治语言学:理论与实践》,第265—266页。
(12)Ben Wellings,Serena Kelly,Bruce Wilson,Joe Burton,and Martin Holland:“Narrative Alignment and Misalignment:NATO as a Global Actor asSeen from Australia and New Zealand”,in Asian Security,14:1,24-37,DOI:10.1080/14799855.2017.1361731.
(13)参见陈峰君:《亚太概念辨析》,《当代亚太》1999年第7期,第5—8页。
(14)原文是:“(something)akin to Pascal's horrible sphere,with periphery indeterminable and a center that may be anywhere”。参见:ArifDirlik:“The Asia-Pacific Idea:Reality and Representation in the Invention of a Regional Structure” in Journal of World History,Vol.3,No.1 (Spring,1992),p.55。
(15)Rory Medcalf:“A Term Whose Time Has Come:The Indo-Pacific”,in The Diplomat,December 4th,2012,https://thediplomat.com/2012/12/a-term-whose-time-has-come-the-indo-pacific/[2019-01-20].
(16)Hill,Cameron:“Australia in the ‘Indo-Pacific’ century:rewards,risks,relationships”,in Parliament of Australia,https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook44p/IndoPacific[2019-03-16].
(17)Vivek Mishra:“India and the Rise of the Indo-Pacific”,in The Diplomat,September 4th,2013,https://thediplomat.com/2013/09/india-and-the-rise-of-the-indo-pacific/[2019-03-16].
(18)Beeson,M.& Wilson:“The Indo-Pacific:Reconceptualizing the Asian Regional Space”in.East Asia.April19,2018,p.1-6,2,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-018-9289-2[2019-01-20].
(19)Berger,Mark T:“A New East- West Synthesis?APEC and Competing Narratives of Regional Integration in the Post-Cold War Asia-Pacific”,in Alternatives:Global,Local,Political,Vol.23,No.1(Jan.-Mar.1998),pp.1-28.
(20)Helen E.S.Nesadurai:“APEC:a tool for U.S.regional domination?”in Pacific Review 9,No.1(1996):52.
(21)The United States Studies Center (University of Sydney):“THE ASIAN RESEARCH NETWORK|SURVEY ON AMERICA'S ROLE IN THE INDO-PACIFIC 2017”,May 31,2017.https://www.ussc.edu.au/analysis/the-asian-research-network-survey-on-americas-role-in-the-indo-pacific[2019-03-16].
(22)Simon Jackman and Luke Mansillo:“2017 Six Nations survey data:tables and preliminary analysis”,May 14,2017.
(23)The United States Studies Center (University of Sydney):“THE ASIAN RESEARCH NETWORK | SURVEY ON AMERICA'S ROLE IN THE INDO-PACIFIC 2017”,May 31,2017.https://www.ussc.edu.au/analysis/the-asian-research-network-survey-on-americas-role-in-the-indo-pacific[2019-03-16].
(24)AlisterMiskimmon,Ben O’Loughlin,and Laura Roselle,Strategic Narratives:Communication Power and the New World Order,Routledge,2013.
(25)索绪尔:《普通语言学教程》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2001年。
(26)Shenhav,Shaul R.:“Political Narratives and Political Reality”,in International Political Science Review/Revue internationale de science politique,,Vol.27,No.3 (Jul.,2006),p.249.
(27)鉴于“亚太”以及“印太”两种政治话语在地理内涵以及政治经济意涵并不相同,笔者在本节讨论该地区时统一采用涵盖更广的“亚洲—印度洋—太平洋”地区,以此与“印太”和“亚太”加以区分。
(28)Hill,Cameron:“Australia in the ‘Indo-Pacific’century:rewards,risks,relationships”,in Parliament of Australia,https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook44p/IndoPacific[2019-03-16].
(29)https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2018/05/07/commentary/japan-commentary/changing-indo-pacific-power-dynamics/#.WvjQz6EjxrH[2019-03-16].
(30)Trump,Donald:“Remarks by President Trump at APEC CEO Summit AriyanaDa Nang Exhibition Center,Da Nang,Vietnam”,November 10,2017,https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/11/10/remarks-president-trump-apec-ceo-summit-da-nang-vietnam[2019-03-16].
(31)Center for Strategic and International Studies:“Defining Our Relationship with India for the Next Century:An Address by U.S.Secretary of State Rex Tillerson”,October 18,2017,https://www.csis.org/analysis/defining-our-relationship-india-next-century-address-us-secretary-state-rex-tillerson[2019-03-16].
(32)U.S.Department of Defense:Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States,by Jim Mattis,“strategic environment”,pp.1,2.
(33)United States International Trade Commission Official Website:https://www.usitc.gov/[2019-03-16].
(34)参见Brahma Chellaney关于美国对其亚洲盟友在贸易及其他领域的强迫性政策的评论,美国的贸易保护主义倾向尽显无遗。https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2018/05/07/commentary/japan-commentary/changing-indo-pacific-power-dynamics/#.WvjQz6EjxrH[2019-03-16].
(35)Swaine,Michael D:“Creating an Unstable Asia:The U.S.‘Free and Open Indo-Pacific’ Strategy”in Foreign Policy,March 2,2018,http://carnegieendowment.org/2018/03/02/creating-unstable-asia-u.s.-free-and-open-indo-pacific-strategy-pub-75720[2019-03-16].
(36)Mercy A.Kuo:“The Origin of ‘Indo-Pacific’as Geopolitical Construct”,in The Diplomat,January 1st,2018,https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/the-origin-of-indo-pacific-as-geopolitical-construct/[2019-01-20].
(37)演讲的原文有日文版、英文版和印度语版,此处是由笔者翻译的英文版,原文是“The different streams,having their sources in different places,all mingle their water in the sea.”日文版和印度语版的演讲参见:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan:“Confluence of the Two Seas”,Speech by H.E.Mr.Shinzo Abe,Prime Minister of Japanat the Parliament of the Republic of India,August 22,2007.http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/pmv0708/speech-2.html[2019-03-16]。
(38)Foreign Affairs of Japan:“Confluence of the Two Seas”,Speech by H.E.Mr.Shinzo Abe,Prime Minister of Japanat the Parliament of the Republic of India,August 22,2007.http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/pmv0708/speech-2.html[2019-03-16].
(39)Bloomberg News:Abe Pledges with Singh to Boost Japan-India Defense Cooperation.,May 29,2013.http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-29/abe-pledges-with-singh-to-boost-japan-india-defense-cooperation.html[2019-03-16].
(40)Japan Times,“Changing Indo-Pacific power dynamics”,Brahma Chellaney,https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2018/05/07/commentary/japan-commentary/changing-indo-pacific-power-dynamics/#.WvjQz6EjxrH[2019-03-16].
(41)Japan Times,“Changing Indo-Pacific power dynamics”,Brahma Chellaney,https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2018/05/07/commentary/japan-commentary/changing-indo-pacific-power-dynamics/#.WvjQz6EjxrH[2019-03-16].
(42)莫迪于2016年出访韩国时曾表示,印度的东向政策一直是在“看”东亚,“我们已经看够了,重要的是要采取行动”。转引自赵干城:《从“东向”到“东向行动”——印度莫迪政府的外交抱负及其限度》,《当代世界》2016年第1期。
(43)Rahul Roy-Chaudhury:“Understanding Modi's vision for the Indo-Pacific”,May 14th,2018,https://www.iiss.org/en/iiss%20voices/blogsections/iiss-voices-2018-2623/may-c4af/modis-vision-for-the-indo-pacific-dd0f[2019-03-20].
(44)Rahul Roy-Chaudhury:“Understanding Modi's vision for the Indo-Pacific”,May 14th,2018,https://www.iiss.org/en/iiss%20voices/blogsections/iiss-voices-2018-2623/may-c4af/modis-vision-for-the-indo-pacific-dd0f[2019-03-16].
(45)SAGAR的内容主要包括下面五个部分:深入经济和安全合作、强化海洋安全能力、和平与安全优先、紧急预警机制以及呼吁所有国际和地区应尊重国际海洋规范和准则。
(46)英文表述为“the cornerstone of [the Indian government's ]engagement in the Indo-Pacific region”,参见:Rahul Roy-Chaudhury:”India emerges as world's big defence spender”。
(47)Vivek Mishra:“India and the Rise of the Indo-Pacific”,in The Diplomat,September 4th,2013,https://thediplomat.com/2013/09/india-and-the-rise-of-the-indo-pacific/[2019-03-16].
(48)Mark J.Valencia,“What Does a ‘Free and Open Indo-Pacific’Actually Mean?”,in The Diplomat,March 30,2018,https://thediplomat.com/2018/03/what-does-a-free-and-open-indo-pacific-actually-mean/[2019-03-16].
(49)Hill,Cameron:“Australia in the ‘Indo-Pacific’century:rewards,risks,relationships”,in Parliament of Australia,https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook44p/IndoPacific[2019-03-16].
(50)“亚洲世纪”(Asian Century)这一口号最先由澳大利亚政府提出,一些学者在此基础之上进行了进一步解读,相关文献参见:Australian Government,Australia in the Asian Century,White paper,Canberra,October 2012,Cameron Hill,‘Australia in the Asian Century:regional security and foreign policy dimensions’,FlagPost weblog,12 November 2012,以及T Milner and S Wood,eds,Our place in the Asian Century:Southeast Asia as ‘the third way’,Asialink,University of Melbourne,Melbourne,November 2012。
(51)Hill,Cameron:“Australia in the ‘Indo-Pacific’century:rewards,risks,relationships”,in Parliament of Australia,https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook44p/IndoPacific[2019-03-16].
(52)The Sydney Morning Herald:“Coalition relaunches‘Colombo Plan’for Australian study overseas”,30 August 2013,https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/coalition-relaunches-colombo-plan-for-australian-study-overseas-20130830-2suge.html[2019-03-20].
(53)参见《王毅会见澳大利亚外长毕晓普》,中国外交部网站,2017年3月25日,http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/wjbzhd/t1448727.shtml[2019-03-16]。
(54)参见:Australia Broadcasting Corporation,“China mocks Australia over ‘Indo-Pacific’ concept it says will ‘dissipate’”,March 8,2018.http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-03-08/china-mocks-australia-over-indo-pacific-concept/9529548[2019-03-16];《王毅:再挑起冷战已不合时宜再搞小圈子对抗更没有市场》,新华网,2018年3月8日,http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2018lh/2018-03/08/c_137024207.htm[2019-03-16]。
(55)参见理查德·贾瓦德·海达里:《香格里拉对话会上对新的印度洋—太平洋秩序的两种观点》。
(56)Center For Strategic and International Studies:“Defining Our Relationship with India for the Next Century:An Address by U.S.Secretary of State Rex Tillerson”,October 18,2017,https://www.csis.org/analysis/defining-our-relationship-india-next-century-address-us-secretary-state-rex-tillerson[2019-03-16].
(57)Chansoria M.(2016) From Reluctance to Readiness:India's Foreign Policy and Diplomatic Strategies in the Twenty-First Century.In:Braveboy-Wagner J.(eds) Diplomatic Strategies of Nations in the Global South.Palgrave Macmillan,New York,pp.99-123.
(58)Zhang L.(2016) The China-India-USA Engagement in the Asia-Pacific:Security Implications for East Asian Regionalism.In:Arase D.(eds) China's Rise and Changing Order in East Asia.Politics and Development of Contemporary China.Palgrave Macmillan,New York,pp.243-258.