高速气流作用下自燃箔片云团的辐射特性计算与实验研究（英文）
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摘要
目的:当自燃箔片云团在空气中扩散时,自燃箔片云团之间存在大量的对辐射的遮挡、吸收和反射作用,并且箔片与空气之间也会发生相互作用,这使得辐射传输计算变得更加复杂。本文旨在计算自燃箔片云团的辐射特性并生成辐射图像。创新点:建立自燃箔片云团的辐射计算模型和燃烧模型,并得到辐射图像和光谱特性曲线。方法:1.针对辐射的传输特点,建立一种基于反向路径采样的辐射计算模型;该模型假设探测器按照辐射的反向均匀向外发射光线,采样统计各光线的路径后,正向计算探测器接收到的光线数量与强度。2.考虑箔片表面的多孔结构对活性金属燃烧反应速率的影响并建立箔片的自燃模型;将计算结果与实验数据进行对比,验证该模型的准确性。3.计算得到箔片云团的光谱分布并生成辐射图像。结论:1.箔片燃烧后温度迅速攀升,并在1.3 s左右达到最大值;随后,温度缓慢下降,并在6s左右下降到接近环境温度。2.箔条云扩散后呈椭圆形,扩散区随着时间的推移逐渐扩大,且亮度中心向后移动。3.箔条云的光谱辐射强度极大点位于波长1.4、1.9、3.1、4.3和8.0μm处,并且在3.1μm时达到最大值。
When spontaneous chaffs diffuse in air, numerous radiations are shielded, absorbed, and reflected between chaffs, and there is interaction between the chaffs and the air. This makes it relatively complicated to calculate radiation transmission. To calculate the spatial distribution and generate radiation images of spontaneous chaffs, a radiation calculation model based on reverse path sampling was constructed which takes account of the transmission characteristics of radiation. This model hypothesizes that all detectors transmit light outward uniformly in the opposite direction of the radiation. After sampling statistics of light routes, the number and intensity of lights received by detectors along the radiation path were calculated. Next, a spontaneous combustion model of chaff was constructed. In this model, the effects of the porous structure of the chaff surface on the combustion rate of reactive metals are considered. The accuracy of this model was proved by comparing calculated results with experimental data. Finally, the spatial distribution of chaff clouds was calculated and their radiation images obtained. The results from the constructed model proved to be highly accurate when compared with measurement data from an experimental rocket sled.
When spontaneous chaffs diffuse in air, numerous radiations are shielded, absorbed, and reflected between chaffs, and there is interaction between the chaffs and the air. This makes it relatively complicated to calculate radiation transmission. To calculate the spatial distribution and generate radiation images of spontaneous chaffs, a radiation calculation model based on reverse path sampling was constructed which takes account of the transmission characteristics of radiation. This model hypothesizes that all detectors transmit light outward uniformly in the opposite direction of the radiation. After sampling statistics of light routes, the number and intensity of lights received by detectors along the radiation path were calculated. Next, a spontaneous combustion model of chaff was constructed. In this model, the effects of the porous structure of the chaff surface on the combustion rate of reactive metals are considered. The accuracy of this model was proved by comparing calculated results with experimental data. Finally, the spatial distribution of chaff clouds was calculated and their radiation images obtained. The results from the constructed model proved to be highly accurate when compared with measurement data from an experimental rocket sled.
引文
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Bennett CO,Myers JE,1982.Momentum,Heat,and Mass Transfer.McGraw-Hill,New York,USA,p.341.
Chang B,Park S,Ihm I,2015.Diffuse global illumination in particle spaces.Multimedia Tools and Applications,74(13):4987-5006.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-014-2132-x
Chen SG,Chen LH,Mo DL,et al.,2014.IR imaging simulation and analysis for aeroengine exhaust system based on reverse Monte Carlo method.International Symposium on Optoelectronic Technology and Application:Infrared Technology and Applications,Article 93000M.https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2070850
Coiro E,2013.Global illumination technique for aircraft infrared signature calculations.Journal of Aircraft,50(1):103-113.https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C031787
Denison MR,Hookham PA,1996.Modeling of dust entrainment by high-speed airflow.AIAA Journal,34(7):1392-1402.https://doi.org/10.2514/3.13245
Everson J,Nelson HF,1993.Rocket plume radiation base heating by reverse Monte Carlo simulation.Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer,7(4):717-723.https://doi.org/10.2514/3.482
Gao M,Guo XY,Zou MS,et al.,2015.Studies on combustion of aluminum-magnesium alloy hydro-reactive metal fuel.Journal of Propulsion Technology,36(4):629-634(in Chinese).https://doi.org/10.13675/j.cnki.tjjs.2015.04.021
Gao X,Yang QZ,Zhou H,et al.,2013.Numerical simulation on the infrared radiation characteristics of S-shaped nozzles.Applied Mechanics and Materials,482:282-286.https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.482.282
Geisler-Moroder D,Dür A,2010.A new ward BRDF model with bounded albedo.Computer Graphics Forum,29(4):1391-1398.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8659.2010.01735.x
Huang HS,Tong ZX,Chai SJ,et al.,2018.Experimental and numerical study of chaff cloud kinetic performance under impact of high speed airflow.Chinese Journal of Aeronautics,31(11):2080-2092.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2018.08.002
Koch EC,Weiser V,Roth E,et al.,2011.Consideration of some 4f-metals as new flare fuels-europium,samarium,thulium and ytterbium.42nd International Annual Conference of the Fraunhofer ICT.https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.5156.3205
Lan T,Chen D,Chen SQ,et al.,2015.Implementation of adjoint/reverse Monte Carlo method in the analysis of satellites radiation.Chinese Journal of Space Science,35(2):203-210(in Chinese).https://doi.org/10.11728/cjss2015.02.203
Li ZH,Wang LS,2009.Modeling study on holistic kinetic performance of chaff cloud.Journal of System Simulation,21(4):928-931(in Chinese).https://doi.org/10.16182/j.cnki.joss.2009.04.001
Liao YF,Cao YW,Wu SM,et al.,2016.Investigation into co-combustion characteristics of dyeing sludge and bituminous coal based on TGA-FTIR.Journal of South China University of Technology(Natural Science Edition),44(4):1-9(in Chinese).https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2016.04.001
Lin T,Li K,2007.Research on a model of distributed surface type infrared decoy.Electro-Optic Technology Application,22(1):72-74(in Chinese).https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1255.2007.01.022
Lv MS,2015.Approach jamming effectiveness evaluation for surface-type infrared decoy in network centric warship formation.AOPC 2015:Optical and Optoelectronic Sensing and Imaging Technology,Article 967423.https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2199842
Nebel JC,1998.A new parallel algorithm provided by a numerical model.Second Eurographics Workshop on Parallel Graphics and Visualisation.
Nikodym T,2010.Ray Tracing Algorithm for Interactive Applications.PhD Thesis,Czech Technical University in Prague,Prague,Czech Republic.
SAAB Technologies,2017.BOL for F/A-18:Advanced Countermeasure Dispenser.https://saab.com/air/electronic-warfare/countermeasuredispenser-systems/bol-fa-18/
Su PR,Eri Q,Wang Q,2014.Optical roughness BRDF model for reverse Monte Carlo simulation of real material thermal radiation transfer.Applied Optics,53(11):2324-2330.https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.53.002324
Sun W,Wang B,2017.Calculation and image simulation of aircraft infrared radiation.Laser&Infrared,47(6):728-735(in Chinese).https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5078.2017.06.015
Tong Q,Li JX,Fang YW,et al.,2015.Simulation research on surface-type infrared decoy for jamming infrared imaging guided missile.Infrared and Laser Engineering,44(4):1150-1157(in Chinese).https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-2276.2015.04.009
Viau CR,D’Agostino I,Cathala T,2014.Coupling of TESSwith SE-WORKBENCH for EO/IR countermeasure development and effectiveness assessment.10th International IR Target and Background Modeling and Simulation(ITBM&S)Workshop,p.1-14.
Wang S,Mohan S,Dreizin EL,2016.Effect of flow conditions on burn rates of metal particles.Combustion and Flame,168:10-19.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.03.014
Wang ZW,Ning HJ,Wang JL,et al.,2015.Simulation and analysis of plates cluster distribution of surface-type infrared decoy.Acta Armamentarii,36(6):994-1000(in Chinese).https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2015.06.005
Whitted T,1979.An improved illumination model for shaded display.Proceedings of the 6th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques,Article14.https://doi.org/10.1145/965103.807419
Wilharm CK,2003.Combustion model for pyrophoric metal foils.Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics,28(6):296-300.https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.200300031
Wu X,Zhang JQ,2015.Signature simulation of infrared target by tracing multiple areal sources.Applied Optics,54(13):3842-3848.https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.54.003842
Wu X,Zhang JQ,Chen Y,et al.,2015.Real-time midwavelength infrared scene rendering with a feasible BRDF model.Infrared Physics&Technology,68:124-133.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2014.11.011
Yan CJ,Fan W,2016.Combustion Science(3rd Edition).Northwestern Polytechnical University Press,Xi’an,China(in Chinese).
Yuan Y,Sun CM,Zhang XB,2010.Measuring and modeling the spectral bidirectional reflection distribution function of space target’s surface material.Acta Physica Sinica,59(3):2097-2103(in Chinese).https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.59.2097
Zou T,Wang CZ,Tong ZX,et al.,2016.Diffusion rule of foil-surface-type infrared decoy.Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica,37(9):2634-2645(in Chinese).https://doi.org/10.7527/S1000-6893.2016.0023