基于双稳定同位素和MixSIAR模型的冬小麦根系吸水来源研究
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摘要
灌溉和施肥措施对农田水文循环具有重要影响,根系吸水是联系植物蒸腾和土壤水分运动的关键水文过程,定量识别灌溉施肥影响下作物根系吸水来源对农业用水优化管理具有重要意义。氘氧稳定同位素(D和18O)是追溯农田水分运移过程的理想天然示踪剂。基于2013—2015年北京市典型农田不同灌溉施肥处理冬小麦水分运移试验,利用D和18O双稳定同位素和MixSIAR贝叶斯混合模型,量化冬小麦主要根系吸水深度及其贡献比例,阐明作物水分来源的季节变化及不同处理间的差异,分析根系吸水与土壤水分分布变化的相互关系。研究结果表明:两季冬小麦返青-拔节、拔节-抽穗、抽穗-灌浆和灌浆-收获期主要根系吸水深度均值分别为0—20 cm(67.0%)、20—70 cm(42.0%)、0—20 cm(38.7%)和20—70 cm(34.9%),但季节变化差异显著,2014季主要吸水深度随作物的生长发育而逐渐增加,2015季则主要集中于浅层土壤(0—70 cm)。返青-抽穗期仅灌水20 mm或施肥105 kg/hm2N促使拔节-抽穗期深层(70—200 cm)土壤水分利用率平均增加29%,而前期充分灌水且大量施肥(≥当地施肥量210 kg hm-2N)时拔节-抽穗期根系吸水深度为土壤表层0—20 cm。在干旱少雨的冬小麦生长季内作物吸水来源与土壤水分消耗变化基本一致。
Irrigation and fertilization scheduling significantly affect field water cycles. Root water uptake is the critical process that connects plant transpiration and soil water movements. It is necessary to quantify the crop water uptake sourcesunder different irrigation and fertilization treatments for optimizing agricultural water management. The stable water isotopes of D and18 O are considered as ideal( natural) tracers for tracking water through the soil based on distinct isotopic signatures of water fluxes. The MixSIAR framework is the latest Bayesian stable isotope analysis mixing model in R that considers multiple sources of uncertainty and provides definite proportions of source contributions. In this study,dual stable isotopes of soil water and stem water were applied to determine seasonal water uptake patterns of winter wheat under different irrigation and fertilization treatments during 2013—2015 in Beijing,China. The contributions of the soil water at each depth to water uptake were quantified using the MixSIAR Bayesian mixing model. The direct inference method was also used to detect the potential root water uptake depth. Correlations between the water uptake patterns and soil moisture changes were further evaluated. The average contribution of soil water in the 0—20,20—70,70—150,and 150—200 cm layers was 35. 6%,27. 6%,23. 1%,and 13. 7%,respectively. The primary root water uptake depth was 0—20 cm( 67.0%),20—70 cm( 42.0%),0—20 cm( 38.7%),and 20—70 cm( 34.9%) during the greening-jointing,jointingheading,heading-filling,and filling-harvest periods,respectively. Significant differences in crop water use appeared between the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. The main root water uptake depth gradually increased from 0—20 cm( greening-jointing period) to 70—150 cm( heading-filling period) and was maintained at the 70—150 cm depth until the filling-harvest period in the 2014 season. However,winter wheat mainly took up soil water from the shallow layers( 0—70 cm) over the 2015 season. In particular,the proportional soil water contribution in the 0—20 cm layer was remarkably higher( 13.9%) than that in the 2014 season. Root water uptake patterns with soil moisture distributions were significantly influenced by different irrigation and fertilization treatments,especially in dry seasons. The main water uptake source was the soil water in the top layer( 0—20 cm) under the T4 and T5 treatments during the jointing-heading period in 2015,because the root growth in the surface layer was stimulated by sufficient irrigation( 80 mm) and abundant fertilization( ≥ 210 kg/hm2 N) at early growth stages. Nitrogen deficiency with < 105 kg/hm2 N( T3) or less irrigation with 20 mm( T1 and T2) during the greening-jointing period promoted root growth in the deep soil layer( 70—200 cm) and increased water adsorption by a mean of 29% during the jointing-filling period. Seasonal variations in the quantitative contribution of soil water at different depths were closely related to the soil moisture distributions. The large contribution of soil water in the0—150 cm layer( 86.3%) was consistent with its proportional consumption in soil water storage( 92%) throughout the greening to harvest season of winter wheat. This study provides a simple and effective method for identifying crop water sources. The findings are of great significance for future fertilization and irrigation management.
Irrigation and fertilization scheduling significantly affect field water cycles. Root water uptake is the critical process that connects plant transpiration and soil water movements. It is necessary to quantify the crop water uptake sourcesunder different irrigation and fertilization treatments for optimizing agricultural water management. The stable water isotopes of D and18 O are considered as ideal( natural) tracers for tracking water through the soil based on distinct isotopic signatures of water fluxes. The MixSIAR framework is the latest Bayesian stable isotope analysis mixing model in R that considers multiple sources of uncertainty and provides definite proportions of source contributions. In this study,dual stable isotopes of soil water and stem water were applied to determine seasonal water uptake patterns of winter wheat under different irrigation and fertilization treatments during 2013—2015 in Beijing,China. The contributions of the soil water at each depth to water uptake were quantified using the MixSIAR Bayesian mixing model. The direct inference method was also used to detect the potential root water uptake depth. Correlations between the water uptake patterns and soil moisture changes were further evaluated. The average contribution of soil water in the 0—20,20—70,70—150,and 150—200 cm layers was 35. 6%,27. 6%,23. 1%,and 13. 7%,respectively. The primary root water uptake depth was 0—20 cm( 67.0%),20—70 cm( 42.0%),0—20 cm( 38.7%),and 20—70 cm( 34.9%) during the greening-jointing,jointingheading,heading-filling,and filling-harvest periods,respectively. Significant differences in crop water use appeared between the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. The main root water uptake depth gradually increased from 0—20 cm( greening-jointing period) to 70—150 cm( heading-filling period) and was maintained at the 70—150 cm depth until the filling-harvest period in the 2014 season. However,winter wheat mainly took up soil water from the shallow layers( 0—70 cm) over the 2015 season. In particular,the proportional soil water contribution in the 0—20 cm layer was remarkably higher( 13.9%) than that in the 2014 season. Root water uptake patterns with soil moisture distributions were significantly influenced by different irrigation and fertilization treatments,especially in dry seasons. The main water uptake source was the soil water in the top layer( 0—20 cm) under the T4 and T5 treatments during the jointing-heading period in 2015,because the root growth in the surface layer was stimulated by sufficient irrigation( 80 mm) and abundant fertilization( ≥ 210 kg/hm2 N) at early growth stages. Nitrogen deficiency with < 105 kg/hm2 N( T3) or less irrigation with 20 mm( T1 and T2) during the greening-jointing period promoted root growth in the deep soil layer( 70—200 cm) and increased water adsorption by a mean of 29% during the jointing-filling period. Seasonal variations in the quantitative contribution of soil water at different depths were closely related to the soil moisture distributions. The large contribution of soil water in the0—150 cm layer( 86.3%) was consistent with its proportional consumption in soil water storage( 92%) throughout the greening to harvest season of winter wheat. This study provides a simple and effective method for identifying crop water sources. The findings are of great significance for future fertilization and irrigation management.
引文
[1] Asbjornsen H,Mora G,Helmers M J. Variation in water uptake dynamics among contrasting agricultural and native plant communities in the Midwestern U.S. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2007,121(4):343-356.
[2]王鹏.基于氢氧稳定同位素的农田SPAC系统水分运移规律研究:以山西省运城市董村农场为例[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2010.
[3] Zhang Y C,Shen Y J,Sun H Y,Gates J B. Evapotranspiration and its partitioning in an irrigated winter wheat field:a combined isotopic and micrometeorologic approach. Journal of Hydrology,2011,408(3/4):203-211.
[4] Zimmermann U,Ehhalt D,Munnich K O. Soil water movement and evapotranspiration:changes in the isotopic composition of the water//Proceedings of IAEA Symposium on Isotopes in Hydrology. Vienna:IAEA,1967:567-584.
[5] Sprenger M,Leistert H,Gimbel K,Weiler M. Illuminating hydrological processes at the soil-vegetation-atmosphere interface with water stable isotopes. Reviews of Geophysics,2016,54(3):674-704.
[6] Brunel J P,Walker G R,Kennett-Smith A K. Field validation of isotopic procedures for determining sources of water used by plants in a semi-arid environment. Journal of Hydrology,1995,167(1/4):351-368.
[7] Snyder K A,Williams D G. Water sources used by riparian trees varies among stream types on the San Pedro River,Arizona. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2000,105(1/3):227-240.
[8] Phillips D L,Gregg J W. Source partitioning using stable isotopes:coping with too many sources. Oecologia,2003,136(2):261-269.
[9] Moore J W,Semmens B X. Incorporating uncertainty and prior information into stable isotope mixing models. Ecology Letters,2008,11(5):470-480.
[10] Parnell A C,Inger R,Bearhop S,Jackson A L. Source partitioning using stable isotopes:coping with too much variation. PLoS One,2010,5(3):e9672.
[11] Stock B C,Semmens B X. Mix SIAR GUI User Manual,version 1.0. http://conserver.iugo-cafe.org/user/brice.semmens/Mix SIAR.
[12] Yang B,Wen X F,Sun X M. Seasonal variations in depth of water uptake for a subtropical coniferous plantation subjected to drought in an East Asian monsoon region. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2015,201(2):218-228.
[13]刘树宝,陈亚宁,陈亚鹏,邓海军,方功焕.基于稳定同位素技术的黑河下游不同林龄胡杨的吸水深度研究.生态学报,2016,36(3):729-739.
[14] Mc Cole A A,Stern L A. Seasonal water use patterns of Juniperus ashei on the Edwards Plateau,Texas,based on stable isotopes in water. Journal of Hydrology,2007,342(3/4):238-248.
[15]苑晶晶,袁国富,罗毅,孙晓敏,张娜.利用δ18O信息分析冬小麦对浅埋深地下水的利用.自然资源学报,2009,24(2):360-368.
[16]刘自强,余新晓,娄源海,李瀚之,贾国栋,路伟伟.北京山区侧柏水分利用策略.生态学报,2017,37(11):3697-3705.
[17] Zhang C Z,Zhang J B,Zhao B Z,Zhu A N,Zhang H,Huang P,Li X P. Coupling a two-tip linear mixing model with aδD-δ18O plot to determine water sources consumed by maize during different growth stages. Field Crops Research,2011,123(3):196-205.
[18] Wu Y J,Du T S,Li F S,Li S E,Ding R S,Tong L. Quantification of maize water uptake from different layers and root zones under alternate furrow irrigation using stable oxygen isotope. Agricultural Water Management,2016,168:35-44.
[19]张景文,陈报章.基于同位素分析研究山东禹城夏玉米水分来源.水土保持学报,2017,31(4):99-104.
[20]李惠,梁杏,刘延锋,刘亚磊,鲜阳.基于氢氧稳定同位素识别干旱区棉花水分利用来源.地球科学,2017,42(5):843-852.
[21]安江龙,马娟娟,张亚雄,李蕊,孙西欢,郭向红.两种模型分析方法下冬小麦根系吸水深度的对比研究.灌溉排水学报,2017,36(11):25-28.
[22] Yang B,Wen X F,Sun X M. Irrigation depth far exceeds water uptake depth in an oasis cropland in the middle reaches of Heihe River Basin.Scientific Reports,2015,5:15206.
[23] Ma Y,Song X F. Using stable isotopes to determine seasonal variations in water uptake of summer maize under different fertilization treatments.Science of the Total Environment,2016,550:471-483.
[24] Cai J B,Liu Y,Xu D,Paredes P,Pereira L S. Simulation of the soil water balance of wheat using daily weather forecast messages to estimate the reference evapotranspiration. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2009,13(7):1045-1059.
[25] West A G,Patrickson S J,Ehleringer J R. Water extraction times for plant and soil materials used in stable isotope analysis. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2006,20(8):1317-1321.
[26]雷志栋,杨诗秀,倪广恒,薛迎洲.地下水位埋深类型与土壤水分动态特征.水利学报,1992,(2):1-6.
[27] Luo Y,Sophocleous M. Seasonal groundwater contribution to crop-water use assessed with lysimeter observations and model simulations. Journal of Hydrology,2010,389(3/4):325-335.
[28] Zhang X Y,Pei D,Chen S Y. Root growth and soil water utilization of winter wheat in the North China Plain. Hydrological Processes,2004,18(12):2275-2287.
[29] Carvalho P,Foulkes M J. Roots and uptake of water and nutrients//Christou P,Savin R,Costa-Pierce B A,Misztal I,Whitelaw C B A,eds.Sustainable Food Production. New York:Springer,2013:1390-1404.
[30] Jha S K,Gao Y,Liu H,Huang Z D,Wang G S,Liang Y P,Duan A W. Root development and water uptake in winter wheat under different irrigation methods and scheduling for North China. Agricultural Water Management,2017,182:139-150.
[2]王鹏.基于氢氧稳定同位素的农田SPAC系统水分运移规律研究:以山西省运城市董村农场为例[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2010.
[3] Zhang Y C,Shen Y J,Sun H Y,Gates J B. Evapotranspiration and its partitioning in an irrigated winter wheat field:a combined isotopic and micrometeorologic approach. Journal of Hydrology,2011,408(3/4):203-211.
[4] Zimmermann U,Ehhalt D,Munnich K O. Soil water movement and evapotranspiration:changes in the isotopic composition of the water//Proceedings of IAEA Symposium on Isotopes in Hydrology. Vienna:IAEA,1967:567-584.
[5] Sprenger M,Leistert H,Gimbel K,Weiler M. Illuminating hydrological processes at the soil-vegetation-atmosphere interface with water stable isotopes. Reviews of Geophysics,2016,54(3):674-704.
[6] Brunel J P,Walker G R,Kennett-Smith A K. Field validation of isotopic procedures for determining sources of water used by plants in a semi-arid environment. Journal of Hydrology,1995,167(1/4):351-368.
[7] Snyder K A,Williams D G. Water sources used by riparian trees varies among stream types on the San Pedro River,Arizona. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2000,105(1/3):227-240.
[8] Phillips D L,Gregg J W. Source partitioning using stable isotopes:coping with too many sources. Oecologia,2003,136(2):261-269.
[9] Moore J W,Semmens B X. Incorporating uncertainty and prior information into stable isotope mixing models. Ecology Letters,2008,11(5):470-480.
[10] Parnell A C,Inger R,Bearhop S,Jackson A L. Source partitioning using stable isotopes:coping with too much variation. PLoS One,2010,5(3):e9672.
[11] Stock B C,Semmens B X. Mix SIAR GUI User Manual,version 1.0. http://conserver.iugo-cafe.org/user/brice.semmens/Mix SIAR.
[12] Yang B,Wen X F,Sun X M. Seasonal variations in depth of water uptake for a subtropical coniferous plantation subjected to drought in an East Asian monsoon region. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2015,201(2):218-228.
[13]刘树宝,陈亚宁,陈亚鹏,邓海军,方功焕.基于稳定同位素技术的黑河下游不同林龄胡杨的吸水深度研究.生态学报,2016,36(3):729-739.
[14] Mc Cole A A,Stern L A. Seasonal water use patterns of Juniperus ashei on the Edwards Plateau,Texas,based on stable isotopes in water. Journal of Hydrology,2007,342(3/4):238-248.
[15]苑晶晶,袁国富,罗毅,孙晓敏,张娜.利用δ18O信息分析冬小麦对浅埋深地下水的利用.自然资源学报,2009,24(2):360-368.
[16]刘自强,余新晓,娄源海,李瀚之,贾国栋,路伟伟.北京山区侧柏水分利用策略.生态学报,2017,37(11):3697-3705.
[17] Zhang C Z,Zhang J B,Zhao B Z,Zhu A N,Zhang H,Huang P,Li X P. Coupling a two-tip linear mixing model with aδD-δ18O plot to determine water sources consumed by maize during different growth stages. Field Crops Research,2011,123(3):196-205.
[18] Wu Y J,Du T S,Li F S,Li S E,Ding R S,Tong L. Quantification of maize water uptake from different layers and root zones under alternate furrow irrigation using stable oxygen isotope. Agricultural Water Management,2016,168:35-44.
[19]张景文,陈报章.基于同位素分析研究山东禹城夏玉米水分来源.水土保持学报,2017,31(4):99-104.
[20]李惠,梁杏,刘延锋,刘亚磊,鲜阳.基于氢氧稳定同位素识别干旱区棉花水分利用来源.地球科学,2017,42(5):843-852.
[21]安江龙,马娟娟,张亚雄,李蕊,孙西欢,郭向红.两种模型分析方法下冬小麦根系吸水深度的对比研究.灌溉排水学报,2017,36(11):25-28.
[22] Yang B,Wen X F,Sun X M. Irrigation depth far exceeds water uptake depth in an oasis cropland in the middle reaches of Heihe River Basin.Scientific Reports,2015,5:15206.
[23] Ma Y,Song X F. Using stable isotopes to determine seasonal variations in water uptake of summer maize under different fertilization treatments.Science of the Total Environment,2016,550:471-483.
[24] Cai J B,Liu Y,Xu D,Paredes P,Pereira L S. Simulation of the soil water balance of wheat using daily weather forecast messages to estimate the reference evapotranspiration. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2009,13(7):1045-1059.
[25] West A G,Patrickson S J,Ehleringer J R. Water extraction times for plant and soil materials used in stable isotope analysis. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2006,20(8):1317-1321.
[26]雷志栋,杨诗秀,倪广恒,薛迎洲.地下水位埋深类型与土壤水分动态特征.水利学报,1992,(2):1-6.
[27] Luo Y,Sophocleous M. Seasonal groundwater contribution to crop-water use assessed with lysimeter observations and model simulations. Journal of Hydrology,2010,389(3/4):325-335.
[28] Zhang X Y,Pei D,Chen S Y. Root growth and soil water utilization of winter wheat in the North China Plain. Hydrological Processes,2004,18(12):2275-2287.
[29] Carvalho P,Foulkes M J. Roots and uptake of water and nutrients//Christou P,Savin R,Costa-Pierce B A,Misztal I,Whitelaw C B A,eds.Sustainable Food Production. New York:Springer,2013:1390-1404.
[30] Jha S K,Gao Y,Liu H,Huang Z D,Wang G S,Liang Y P,Duan A W. Root development and water uptake in winter wheat under different irrigation methods and scheduling for North China. Agricultural Water Management,2017,182:139-150.