氮磷肥对3种牧草的生长效应和氮磷吸收的影响
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摘要
采用田间试验,单因素随机区组排列,以豆科牧草柱花草和禾本科牧草扭黄茅和孔颖草为试验材料,研究适量氮磷肥的施用对3种牧草旺盛期生长及土壤氮磷吸收的影响和效果。试验结果表明,与未施氮磷肥比较,氮磷的施用有利柱花草、扭黄茅和孔颖草旺盛期(7-9月)的生长,3种牧草物候期有所延迟,可以提高3种牧草旺盛期绝对生长量,显著增加了孔颖草总生物量和氮吸收量(P<0.05)。与未施氮肥对比,施氮(施纯氮120 kg·hm~(-2))有利柱花草和孔颖草对氮的吸收,显著提高柱花草含氮量和孔颖草氮的吸收量(P<0.05),促进柱花草和孔颖草的生长,提高柱花草和孔颖草地上部和地下部生物量,提高扭黄茅地上部的生长量和生物量。与未施磷肥对比,施磷(施纯磷75 kg·hm~(-2))显著提高孔颖草氮的吸收量(P<0.05)。本研究为3种牧草和其他牧草氮磷的施用提供理论依据,即:适量的氮磷施用有利3种牧草产量的提高。
Herbage drymatter accumulation, and nitrogen and phosphorus absorption responses of three forage species following addition of nitrogen as urea(N) or phosphorus as superphosphate(P) fertilizer were studied over 2 seasons(2015 and 2016), in a field experiment with a randomized block design. The leguminous forage, Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Seabrana, and the forage grasses black spear grass(Heteropogon contortus) and ‘kong ying' grass(Bothriochloa pertusa) were compared with nil-fertilizer and N or P fertilizer treatments. In general, fertilizer application(especially N) delayed crop phenological development by 5-10 days. Averaged over the two growing seasons, addition of either N or P fertilizer increased forage yield by approximately 11%, but data were variable, and the yield, except B. pertusa responses to N and P were not statistically significant. Crop N and P yields(kg·ha~(-1)) of S. guianensis were almost double those of the two grasses tested, but only in the case of N addition to B. pertusa, was there a significant fertilizer-induced increase in forage N or P yield. Root mass of H. contortus was reduced by N or P fertilizer(P<0.05), especially by N addition. This study has provided a theoretical basis for planning the application of nitrogen and phosphorus in sub-tropical forage production. In this article, proper application of nitrogen and phosphorus is beneficial to increase the yield of the three herbages.
Herbage drymatter accumulation, and nitrogen and phosphorus absorption responses of three forage species following addition of nitrogen as urea(N) or phosphorus as superphosphate(P) fertilizer were studied over 2 seasons(2015 and 2016), in a field experiment with a randomized block design. The leguminous forage, Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Seabrana, and the forage grasses black spear grass(Heteropogon contortus) and ‘kong ying' grass(Bothriochloa pertusa) were compared with nil-fertilizer and N or P fertilizer treatments. In general, fertilizer application(especially N) delayed crop phenological development by 5-10 days. Averaged over the two growing seasons, addition of either N or P fertilizer increased forage yield by approximately 11%, but data were variable, and the yield, except B. pertusa responses to N and P were not statistically significant. Crop N and P yields(kg·ha~(-1)) of S. guianensis were almost double those of the two grasses tested, but only in the case of N addition to B. pertusa, was there a significant fertilizer-induced increase in forage N or P yield. Root mass of H. contortus was reduced by N or P fertilizer(P<0.05), especially by N addition. This study has provided a theoretical basis for planning the application of nitrogen and phosphorus in sub-tropical forage production. In this article, proper application of nitrogen and phosphorus is beneficial to increase the yield of the three herbages.
引文
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[9] Cao A Q,Yan X L.Adaptation of soybean root architecture under different P conditions.Journal of South China Agricultural University,2001,22(1):92.曹爱琴,严小龙.不同供磷条件下大豆根构型的适应性变化.华南农业大学学报,2001,22(1):92.
[10] Fan F L.Mechamism application of facilitation in biological nitrogen fixation by Faba Ben/Maize intercropping.Beijing:China Agricultural University,2006.范分良.蚕豆/玉米间作促进生物固氮的机制和应用研究.北京:中国农业大学,2006.
[11] Yu C B,Sun J H,Li L.Effect of interspcific interaction on crop growth and nutrition accumulation.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2009,15(1):1-8.余常兵,孙建好,李隆.种间相互作用对作物生长及养分吸收的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(1):1-8.
[12] Long H Y,Zhang D,Jin J,et al.The evaluation and utilization on quality forage of ecological fragile region in Dry-hot Valley.Beijing:Science Press,2016.龙会英,张德,金杰,等.干热河谷典型生态脆弱区优良牧草栽培利用与评价.北京:科学出版社,2016.
[13] Zhan X Y,Zhang L,Liu X B,et al.Phosphorus accumulation and phosphorus fraction in high phosphorus soil of two different P-efficiency wheat genotypes (Tritium aestivum L.).Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,2013,27(11):1762-1770.展晓莹,张丽,刘晓斌,等.高磷条件下不同磷效率小麦对磷的吸收及根际土壤磷组分差异.核农学报,2013,27(11):1762-1770.
[14] Zhang D,Long H Y,Jin J,et al.Effects of growth interaction effect of Leguminous and Gramineous pasture intercropping and absorption of nutrient and phosphorus on pasture expression.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2018,27(10):15-22.张德,龙会英,金杰,等.豆科与禾本科牧草间作的生长互作效应及对氮、磷养分吸收的影响.草业学报,2018,27(10):15-22.
[15] Xu M G,Zhang J Q,Wen S L.The fertilizer effects and fertilization of herbages in red soil hilly regions of southern China.Pratacultural Science,1997,14(6):21-23.徐明岗,张久权,文石林.南方红壤丘陵区牧草的肥料效应与施肥.草业科学,1997,14(6):21-23.
[16] Zhang J.Study on the effects of fertilization between alfalfa characteristics and soil fertility.Xianyang:Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2007.张杰.施肥对紫花苜蓿生长特性和土壤肥力的影响研究.咸阳:西北农林科技大学,2007.
[17] Shao G Q,Li Z J,Ning T Y,et al.Effects of normal urea and release-controlled urea on root and shoot growth and yield of maize in different water conditions.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2009,35(1):118-123.邵国庆,李增嘉,宁堂原,等.不同水分条件下常规尿素和控释尿素对玉米根冠生长及产量的影响.作物学报,2009,35(1):118-123.
[18] Yang P M,Zhou X R.Effect of different fertilizer application standard on pumpkin root shoot ratio and healthy index.Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Science,2010,23(1):115-118.杨鹏鸣,周修任.不同施肥水平对南瓜根冠比和壮苗指标的影响.西南农业学报,2010,23(1):115-118.
[19] Zhao J Q,Li S A.Effects of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium rates on both seed and dry matter yields for Setaria sphacelata cv.Naror.Pratacultural Science,1991,8(2):64-68.赵俊权,李淑安.氮磷钾对非洲狗尾草及纳罗克种子产量和干物质的影响.草业科学,1991,8(2):64-68.
[20] Pan Y N.Study on good-quality and high-yield culture techniques of ryegrass.Grassland of China,1996,(1):24-26.潘永年.黑麦草优质高产栽培技术研究.中国草地,1996,(1):24-26.
[21] Yang X X,Ren F,Zhou H K,et al.Responses of plant community biomass to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2014,38 (2):159-166.杨晓霞,任飞,周华坤,等.青藏高原高寒草甸植物群落生物量对氮、磷添加的响应.植物生态学报,2014,38 (2):159-166.
[2] Zhao H X,Bian S F,Sun N,et al.Effects of nitrogen application on nitrogen dynamic changes and nitrogen use efficiency in maize.Journal of Maize Sciences,2012,20(3):122-129.
[3] Zhao R F,Zou C Q,Zhang F S,Effects of long-term P fertilization on P and Zn availability in winter wheat rhizosphere and their nutrition.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2007,13(3):368-372.赵荣芳,邹春琴,张福锁.长期施用磷肥对冬小麦根际磷、锌有效性及其作物磷锌营养的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(3):368-372.
[4] Bai C L,Alata,Chen H J,et al.Effects of addition of nitrogen and water on plant community characteristics of Stipa brevitiora desert steppe.Chinese Journal of Grassland,2013,35(2):69-75.白春利,阿拉塔,陈海军,等.氮素和水分添加对短花针茅荒漠草原植物群落特征的影响.中国草地学报,2013,35(2):69-75.
[5] Zhang X P,Gao C F,Liu Y,et al.Effect of different nitrogen fertillzation levels on growth and physiology of two annual ryegrass cultivar.Acta Ecological Animalis Domestic,2013,34(7):35-38.张晓佩,高承芳,刘远,等.氮肥对两个品种多花黑麦草生长和生理的影响.家畜生态学报,2013,34(7):35-38.
[6] De K J,Zhang D G,Wang W,et al.Effects of fertilizers on the Alping Meadow plant and soil N,P,K contents.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2014,22(2):299-305.德科加,张德罜,王伟,等.施肥对高寒草甸植物及土壤N,P,K的影响.草地学报,2014,22(2):299-305.
[7] Javot H,Penmetsa R V,Terzaghi N,et al.A Medicago truncatula phosphate transporter indispensable for the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Science,USA,2007,104:1720-1725.
[8] Yu A,Yang F,Zhang Y,et al.Influences of different phosphorus concentrations on the root distribution of Stylosanthes and black seed Paspalum.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2011,20(3):219-224.余爱,杨帆,张宇,等.不同施磷浓度对柱花草和黑籽雀稗根系分布的影响.草业学报,2011,20(3):219-224.
[9] Cao A Q,Yan X L.Adaptation of soybean root architecture under different P conditions.Journal of South China Agricultural University,2001,22(1):92.曹爱琴,严小龙.不同供磷条件下大豆根构型的适应性变化.华南农业大学学报,2001,22(1):92.
[10] Fan F L.Mechamism application of facilitation in biological nitrogen fixation by Faba Ben/Maize intercropping.Beijing:China Agricultural University,2006.范分良.蚕豆/玉米间作促进生物固氮的机制和应用研究.北京:中国农业大学,2006.
[11] Yu C B,Sun J H,Li L.Effect of interspcific interaction on crop growth and nutrition accumulation.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2009,15(1):1-8.余常兵,孙建好,李隆.种间相互作用对作物生长及养分吸收的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(1):1-8.
[12] Long H Y,Zhang D,Jin J,et al.The evaluation and utilization on quality forage of ecological fragile region in Dry-hot Valley.Beijing:Science Press,2016.龙会英,张德,金杰,等.干热河谷典型生态脆弱区优良牧草栽培利用与评价.北京:科学出版社,2016.
[13] Zhan X Y,Zhang L,Liu X B,et al.Phosphorus accumulation and phosphorus fraction in high phosphorus soil of two different P-efficiency wheat genotypes (Tritium aestivum L.).Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,2013,27(11):1762-1770.展晓莹,张丽,刘晓斌,等.高磷条件下不同磷效率小麦对磷的吸收及根际土壤磷组分差异.核农学报,2013,27(11):1762-1770.
[14] Zhang D,Long H Y,Jin J,et al.Effects of growth interaction effect of Leguminous and Gramineous pasture intercropping and absorption of nutrient and phosphorus on pasture expression.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2018,27(10):15-22.张德,龙会英,金杰,等.豆科与禾本科牧草间作的生长互作效应及对氮、磷养分吸收的影响.草业学报,2018,27(10):15-22.
[15] Xu M G,Zhang J Q,Wen S L.The fertilizer effects and fertilization of herbages in red soil hilly regions of southern China.Pratacultural Science,1997,14(6):21-23.徐明岗,张久权,文石林.南方红壤丘陵区牧草的肥料效应与施肥.草业科学,1997,14(6):21-23.
[16] Zhang J.Study on the effects of fertilization between alfalfa characteristics and soil fertility.Xianyang:Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2007.张杰.施肥对紫花苜蓿生长特性和土壤肥力的影响研究.咸阳:西北农林科技大学,2007.
[17] Shao G Q,Li Z J,Ning T Y,et al.Effects of normal urea and release-controlled urea on root and shoot growth and yield of maize in different water conditions.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2009,35(1):118-123.邵国庆,李增嘉,宁堂原,等.不同水分条件下常规尿素和控释尿素对玉米根冠生长及产量的影响.作物学报,2009,35(1):118-123.
[18] Yang P M,Zhou X R.Effect of different fertilizer application standard on pumpkin root shoot ratio and healthy index.Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Science,2010,23(1):115-118.杨鹏鸣,周修任.不同施肥水平对南瓜根冠比和壮苗指标的影响.西南农业学报,2010,23(1):115-118.
[19] Zhao J Q,Li S A.Effects of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium rates on both seed and dry matter yields for Setaria sphacelata cv.Naror.Pratacultural Science,1991,8(2):64-68.赵俊权,李淑安.氮磷钾对非洲狗尾草及纳罗克种子产量和干物质的影响.草业科学,1991,8(2):64-68.
[20] Pan Y N.Study on good-quality and high-yield culture techniques of ryegrass.Grassland of China,1996,(1):24-26.潘永年.黑麦草优质高产栽培技术研究.中国草地,1996,(1):24-26.
[21] Yang X X,Ren F,Zhou H K,et al.Responses of plant community biomass to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2014,38 (2):159-166.杨晓霞,任飞,周华坤,等.青藏高原高寒草甸植物群落生物量对氮、磷添加的响应.植物生态学报,2014,38 (2):159-166.