华北土石山区不同密度油松人工林土壤含水量及其时间稳定性剖面分布
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摘要
了解不同密度油松人工林对土壤含水量(soil moisture,SM)及其时间稳定性的影响,对改善区域生态环境、促进生态系统生态服务功能具有重要意义。该研究在华北土石山区北京八达岭林场内分别选取阴、阳坡的高、中、低3个密度等级油松样地,观测0～60 cm土壤深度SM,统计分析不同林分密度对剖面SM的影响,并采用平均相对偏差(MRD)、标准差(STD)和时间稳定性指数(ITS)等指标分析SM的时间稳定性。结果表明:(1)当水分环境条件较好时(如阴坡)密度对SM没有显著影响,只在水分条件较差情况下(如阳坡或平水年)不同密度间SM差异才有一定体现;(2)从SM剖面分布看,密度越高表层(0～20 cm)SM越低;而阴坡次表层(>20～40 cm)和深层(>40～60cm)则SM随着密度增大而增大,表明阴坡油松植被密度的增大并没有引起显著的土壤干旱;(3)高密度STD值更低,SM较为稳定,且该现象在阳坡更明显。总体来看,随着SM增大,阴坡和阳坡ITS不同程度增大,但阳坡较阴坡ITS分布更为分散,ITS均值较大,而阴坡ITS分布更为集中,均值相对较小,进一步证实阴坡密度增大并没有引起显著的土壤干旱。因此,该地区种植密度对阳坡SM及其稳定性影响更明显,阳坡宜采用低密度林分种植。
Soil moisture(SM) is one of the most important factors affecting hydrological processes and vegetation growth,especially in arid and semi-arid areas. This study aimed to investigate the effects of planting density(Chinese pine)on SM and its temporal stability in rocky mountain area of Northern China,which would be conducive to sustainable management of forests. Six plots located on the shady and sunny slopes and with low,medium,high density,respectively,were employed in the study. Soil moisture was measured at 0-20,20-40,and 40-60 cm in depths. Besides the SM,the temporal stability of the soil moisture of the plots was also analyzed in the term of the index of temporal stability(ITS). It has been found that,on the shady slope,the mean SMs of the soil profile did not show significant difference(P>0. 05)between the three planting densities in either wet years(2013)or normal(2014)years. On the sunny slope,the plot with a low density(SUL)had the significantly highest SM(P<0. 05)when compared with the other densities. Significant differences in SM between the middle and the high density plots were only found in 2014. The effect of planting density on SM at each depth did not uniform across the profile. The SM at the sub-surface layer(20-40 cm)and deep layer(40-60 cm)on shady slope plots showed an unexpected increasing trend with the increase of planting density,different from those of the other depths on either shady or sunny slope. It is assumed that the increasing SM trend might be partly due to the increased litters and more throughfall in the high density plots. When the data observations at the three densities were pooled together,It was found that the ITS values of soil moisture were generally positively correlated with the values of SM. However,the effect of planting density on ITS of soil moisture was more obvious on sunny slope plots,with theirs ITS values widely distributed when the planting density changed. Moreover,the mean ITS value of either of the densities on sunny slope was generally higher than that on shady aspect. It may be concluded that,in rock mountain area of Northern China,the increase of planting density would not significantly affect soil moisture and its temporal stability on shady slope plots. However,it did not hold true for sunny slope plots. To implement a sustainable forest ecological management,it is highly suggested to maintain low planting density on sunny slope plots for an effective ecological effect.
Soil moisture(SM) is one of the most important factors affecting hydrological processes and vegetation growth,especially in arid and semi-arid areas. This study aimed to investigate the effects of planting density(Chinese pine)on SM and its temporal stability in rocky mountain area of Northern China,which would be conducive to sustainable management of forests. Six plots located on the shady and sunny slopes and with low,medium,high density,respectively,were employed in the study. Soil moisture was measured at 0-20,20-40,and 40-60 cm in depths. Besides the SM,the temporal stability of the soil moisture of the plots was also analyzed in the term of the index of temporal stability(ITS). It has been found that,on the shady slope,the mean SMs of the soil profile did not show significant difference(P>0. 05)between the three planting densities in either wet years(2013)or normal(2014)years. On the sunny slope,the plot with a low density(SUL)had the significantly highest SM(P<0. 05)when compared with the other densities. Significant differences in SM between the middle and the high density plots were only found in 2014. The effect of planting density on SM at each depth did not uniform across the profile. The SM at the sub-surface layer(20-40 cm)and deep layer(40-60 cm)on shady slope plots showed an unexpected increasing trend with the increase of planting density,different from those of the other depths on either shady or sunny slope. It is assumed that the increasing SM trend might be partly due to the increased litters and more throughfall in the high density plots. When the data observations at the three densities were pooled together,It was found that the ITS values of soil moisture were generally positively correlated with the values of SM. However,the effect of planting density on ITS of soil moisture was more obvious on sunny slope plots,with theirs ITS values widely distributed when the planting density changed. Moreover,the mean ITS value of either of the densities on sunny slope was generally higher than that on shady aspect. It may be concluded that,in rock mountain area of Northern China,the increase of planting density would not significantly affect soil moisture and its temporal stability on shady slope plots. However,it did not hold true for sunny slope plots. To implement a sustainable forest ecological management,it is highly suggested to maintain low planting density on sunny slope plots for an effective ecological effect.
引文
[1] JULIEN T,RéGIS F,ERWIN D,et al. Planting Density Affects Growth and Water-Use Efficiency Depending on Site in Populus deltoid×P. nigra[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2013,304:345-354.
[2] RAZ-YASEEF N,ROTENBERG E,YAKIR D. Effects of Spatial Variations in Soil Evaporation Caused by Tree Shading on Water Flux Partitioning in a Semi-Arid Pine Forest[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011,150(3):454-462.
[3] HUANG X,SHI Z H,ZHU H D,et al. Soil Moisture Dynamics Within Soil Profiles and Associated Environmental Controls[J].Catena,2016,136:189-196.
[4] DOLLING P J,LYONS A M,LATTA R A. Optimal Plant Densities of Lucerne(Mdedicago sativa)for Pasture Production and Soil Water Extraction on Mixed Pastures in South-Western Australia[J]. Plant and Soil,2011,348(1/2):315-327.
[5] LIU C L,WU Y Z,LIU Q J. Effects of Land Use on Spatial Patterns of Soil Properties in a Rocky Mountain Area of Northern China[J]. Arabian Journal of Geosciences,2015,8(2):1181–1194.
[6] ZHANG Y W,DENG L,YAN W M,et al. Interaction of Soil Water Storage Dynamics and Long-Term Natural Vegetation Succession on the Loess Plateau,China[J]. Catena,2016,137:52-60.
[7] YANG L,WEI W,CHEN L D,et al. Response of Temporal Variation of Soil Moisture to Vegetation Restoration in Semi-Arid Loess Plateau,China[J]. Catena,2014,115:123-133.
[8] MULEBEKE R,KIRONCHI G,TENYWA M M. Soil Moisture Dynamics Under Different Tillage Practices in Cassava-Sorghum Based Cropping Systems in Eastern Uganda[J]. Ecohydrology&Hydrobiology,2013,13(1):22–30.
[9] YUSTE J,RUBIO J,PéREZ M. Influence of Plant Density and Water Regime on Soil Water Use,Water Relations and Productivity of Trellis-Trained Tempranillo Grapevines[J]. Acta Horticulturae,2004(646):187-193.
[10] NG C W W,NI J J,LEUNG A K,et al. Effects of Planting Density on Tree Growth and Induced Soil Suction[J]. Géotechnique,2016,66(9):711-724.
[11] FRIEDMAN S P. Evaluating the Role of Water Availability in Determining the Yield-Plant Population Density Relationship[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2016,80(3):563-578.
[12] GUERFEL M,OUNI Y,BOUJNAH D,et al. Effects of the Planting Density on Water Relations and Production of‘Chemlali’Olive Trees(Olea europaea L.)[J]. Trees,2010,24(6):1137-1142.
[13] REN X M,SUN D B,WANG Q S. Modeling the Effects of Plant Density on Maize Productivity and Water Balance in the Loess Plateau of China[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2016,171:40-48.
[14] QIU R J,SONG J J,DU T S,et al. Response of Evapotranspiration and Yield to Planting Density of Solar Greenhouse Grown Tomato in Northwest China[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2014,134:44-51.无
[15]王治国,张超,孙保平,等.全国水土保持区划概述[J].中国水土保持,2015(12):12-16.
[16] VEREECKEN H,HUISMAN J A,PACHEPSKY Y,et al. On the Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Soil Moisture at Field Scale[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2014,516:76-96.
[17] MOLINA A J,LATRON J,RUBIO C M,et al. Spatio-Temporal Variability of Soil Water Content on the Local Scale in a Mediterranean Mountain Area(Vallcebre,North Eastern Spain). How Different Spatio-Temporal Scales Reflect Mean Soil Water Content[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2014,516:182-192.
[18] JACOBS J M,MOHANTY B P,HSU E C,et al. SMEXo2:Field Scale Variability,Time Stability and Similarity of Soil Moisture[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment,2004,92(4):436-446.
[19]姚永刚,王玲,张立,等.北京市八达岭风景区树木物候研究[J].林业实用技术,2006(1):7-9.
[20]裴雅茹,刘艳红.北京八达岭林场不同森林类型人工林生物量研究[J].生态科学,2013,32(3):386-390.[PEI Ya-ru,LIU Yan-hong. Man-Made Forest Biomass of Different Forest Types in Beijing Badaling Forest Farm[J]. Ecological Science,2013,32(3):386-390.]
[21] MILLER G R,BALDOCCHI D D,LAW B E,et al. An Analysis of Soil Moisture Dynamics Using Multi-Year Data From a Network of Micro-meteorological Observation Sites[J]. Advances in Water Resources,2007,30(5):1065-1081.
[22] VACHAUD G,SILANS A P D,BALABANIS P,et al. Temporal Stability of Spatially Measured Soil Water Probability Density Function[J]. Soil Science Society of America,1985,49(4):822-828.
[23] WANG L,WEI S P,HORTON R,et al. Effects of Vegetation and Slope Aspect on Water Budget in the Hill and Gully Region of the Loess Plateau of China[J]. Catena,2011,87(1):90-100.
[24] WANG Y Q,HU W,ZHU Y J,et al. Vertical Distribution and Temporal Stability of Soil Water in 21-m Profiles Under Different Land Uses on the Loess Plateau in China[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2015,527:543-554.
[25]罗德.北京山区森林植被影响下的降雨动力学特性研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2008.[LUO De. Studies on the Dynamic Characteristics of Rainfall Under the Forest in Beijing Mountainous Area[D]. Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2008.]
[26] LI F,XIE Y H,ZHANG C,et al. Increased Density Facilitates Plant Acclimation to Drought Stress in the Emergent Macrophyte Polygonum hydropiper[J]. Ecological Engineering,2014,71:66-70.
[27] CHEN Y M,CAO Y. Response of Tree Regeneration and Understory Plant Species Diversity to Stand Density in Mature Pinus ta?bulaeformis Plantations in the Hilly Area of the Loess Plateau,China[J]. Ecological Engineering,2014,73:238-245.
[28] ZOU C B,BRESHEARS D D,NEWMAN B D,et al. Soil Water Dynamics Under Low-Versus High-Ponderosa Pine Tree Density:Ecohydrological Functioning and Restoration Implications[J].Ecohydrology,2008,1(4):309-315.
[29] TOILLON J,FICHOT R,DALLéE,et al. Planting Density Affects Growth and Water-Use Efficiency Depending on Site in Pop?ulus deltoides×P. nigra[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2013,304:345–354.
[30] GUERFEL M,OUNI Y,BOUJNAH D,et al. Effects of the Planting Density on Water Relations and Production of‘Chemlali’Olive Trees(Olea europaea L.)[J]. Trees,2010,24(6):1137-1142.
[31] BUCCI S J,SCHOLZ F G,GOLDSTEIN G. Controls on Stand Transpiration and Soil Water Utilization Along a Tree Density Gradient in a Neotropical Savanna[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2008,148(6/7):839-849.
[32]张文文,郭忠升,宁婷,等.黄土丘陵半干旱区柠条林密度对土壤水分和柠条生长的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(3):725-732.[ZHANG Wen-wen,GUO Zhong-sheng,NING Ting,et al. The Effects of Plant Density on Soil Water and Plant Growth on Semi-Arid Loess Hilly Region[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(3):725-732.]
[33]牛勇.北京山区不同林分水文生态效应特征[D].北京:北京林业大学,2015.[NIU Yong. The Characteristics of Eco-Hydrological Effect of Different Forests in Beijing Mountain Area[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2015.]
[34] SENEVIRATNE S I,CORTI T,DAVIN E L,et al. Investigating Soil Moisture-Climate Interactions in a Changing Climate:A Review[J]. Earth-Science Reviews,2010,99(3/4):125-161.
[35] WANG L,WEI S P,HORTON R,et al. Effects of Vegetation and Slope Aspect on Water Budget in the Hill and Gully Region of the Loess Plateau of China[J]. Catena,2011,87(1):90-100.
[36]王丽亚,郭海鹏.连续干旱对北京平原区地下水的影响[J].水文地质工程地质,2015,42(1):1-6.[WANG Li-ya,GUO Hai-peng. Effects of Continuous Drought on Groundwater in Beijing Plain[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2015,42(1):1-6.]
[37] KLEIN T,ROTENBERG E,COHEN-HILALEH E,et al. Quantifying Transpirable Soil Water and Its Relations to Tree Water Use Dynamics in a Water-Limited Pine Forest[J]. Ecohydrology,2014,7(2):409-419.
[38] MOLLNAU C,NEWTON M,STRINGHAM T. Soil Water Dynamics and Water Use in a Western Juniper(Juniperus occidenta?lis)Woodland[J]. Journal of Arid Enviroments,2014,102:117-126.
[2] RAZ-YASEEF N,ROTENBERG E,YAKIR D. Effects of Spatial Variations in Soil Evaporation Caused by Tree Shading on Water Flux Partitioning in a Semi-Arid Pine Forest[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011,150(3):454-462.
[3] HUANG X,SHI Z H,ZHU H D,et al. Soil Moisture Dynamics Within Soil Profiles and Associated Environmental Controls[J].Catena,2016,136:189-196.
[4] DOLLING P J,LYONS A M,LATTA R A. Optimal Plant Densities of Lucerne(Mdedicago sativa)for Pasture Production and Soil Water Extraction on Mixed Pastures in South-Western Australia[J]. Plant and Soil,2011,348(1/2):315-327.
[5] LIU C L,WU Y Z,LIU Q J. Effects of Land Use on Spatial Patterns of Soil Properties in a Rocky Mountain Area of Northern China[J]. Arabian Journal of Geosciences,2015,8(2):1181–1194.
[6] ZHANG Y W,DENG L,YAN W M,et al. Interaction of Soil Water Storage Dynamics and Long-Term Natural Vegetation Succession on the Loess Plateau,China[J]. Catena,2016,137:52-60.
[7] YANG L,WEI W,CHEN L D,et al. Response of Temporal Variation of Soil Moisture to Vegetation Restoration in Semi-Arid Loess Plateau,China[J]. Catena,2014,115:123-133.
[8] MULEBEKE R,KIRONCHI G,TENYWA M M. Soil Moisture Dynamics Under Different Tillage Practices in Cassava-Sorghum Based Cropping Systems in Eastern Uganda[J]. Ecohydrology&Hydrobiology,2013,13(1):22–30.
[9] YUSTE J,RUBIO J,PéREZ M. Influence of Plant Density and Water Regime on Soil Water Use,Water Relations and Productivity of Trellis-Trained Tempranillo Grapevines[J]. Acta Horticulturae,2004(646):187-193.
[10] NG C W W,NI J J,LEUNG A K,et al. Effects of Planting Density on Tree Growth and Induced Soil Suction[J]. Géotechnique,2016,66(9):711-724.
[11] FRIEDMAN S P. Evaluating the Role of Water Availability in Determining the Yield-Plant Population Density Relationship[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2016,80(3):563-578.
[12] GUERFEL M,OUNI Y,BOUJNAH D,et al. Effects of the Planting Density on Water Relations and Production of‘Chemlali’Olive Trees(Olea europaea L.)[J]. Trees,2010,24(6):1137-1142.
[13] REN X M,SUN D B,WANG Q S. Modeling the Effects of Plant Density on Maize Productivity and Water Balance in the Loess Plateau of China[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2016,171:40-48.
[14] QIU R J,SONG J J,DU T S,et al. Response of Evapotranspiration and Yield to Planting Density of Solar Greenhouse Grown Tomato in Northwest China[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2014,134:44-51.无
[15]王治国,张超,孙保平,等.全国水土保持区划概述[J].中国水土保持,2015(12):12-16.
[16] VEREECKEN H,HUISMAN J A,PACHEPSKY Y,et al. On the Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Soil Moisture at Field Scale[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2014,516:76-96.
[17] MOLINA A J,LATRON J,RUBIO C M,et al. Spatio-Temporal Variability of Soil Water Content on the Local Scale in a Mediterranean Mountain Area(Vallcebre,North Eastern Spain). How Different Spatio-Temporal Scales Reflect Mean Soil Water Content[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2014,516:182-192.
[18] JACOBS J M,MOHANTY B P,HSU E C,et al. SMEXo2:Field Scale Variability,Time Stability and Similarity of Soil Moisture[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment,2004,92(4):436-446.
[19]姚永刚,王玲,张立,等.北京市八达岭风景区树木物候研究[J].林业实用技术,2006(1):7-9.
[20]裴雅茹,刘艳红.北京八达岭林场不同森林类型人工林生物量研究[J].生态科学,2013,32(3):386-390.[PEI Ya-ru,LIU Yan-hong. Man-Made Forest Biomass of Different Forest Types in Beijing Badaling Forest Farm[J]. Ecological Science,2013,32(3):386-390.]
[21] MILLER G R,BALDOCCHI D D,LAW B E,et al. An Analysis of Soil Moisture Dynamics Using Multi-Year Data From a Network of Micro-meteorological Observation Sites[J]. Advances in Water Resources,2007,30(5):1065-1081.
[22] VACHAUD G,SILANS A P D,BALABANIS P,et al. Temporal Stability of Spatially Measured Soil Water Probability Density Function[J]. Soil Science Society of America,1985,49(4):822-828.
[23] WANG L,WEI S P,HORTON R,et al. Effects of Vegetation and Slope Aspect on Water Budget in the Hill and Gully Region of the Loess Plateau of China[J]. Catena,2011,87(1):90-100.
[24] WANG Y Q,HU W,ZHU Y J,et al. Vertical Distribution and Temporal Stability of Soil Water in 21-m Profiles Under Different Land Uses on the Loess Plateau in China[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2015,527:543-554.
[25]罗德.北京山区森林植被影响下的降雨动力学特性研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2008.[LUO De. Studies on the Dynamic Characteristics of Rainfall Under the Forest in Beijing Mountainous Area[D]. Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2008.]
[26] LI F,XIE Y H,ZHANG C,et al. Increased Density Facilitates Plant Acclimation to Drought Stress in the Emergent Macrophyte Polygonum hydropiper[J]. Ecological Engineering,2014,71:66-70.
[27] CHEN Y M,CAO Y. Response of Tree Regeneration and Understory Plant Species Diversity to Stand Density in Mature Pinus ta?bulaeformis Plantations in the Hilly Area of the Loess Plateau,China[J]. Ecological Engineering,2014,73:238-245.
[28] ZOU C B,BRESHEARS D D,NEWMAN B D,et al. Soil Water Dynamics Under Low-Versus High-Ponderosa Pine Tree Density:Ecohydrological Functioning and Restoration Implications[J].Ecohydrology,2008,1(4):309-315.
[29] TOILLON J,FICHOT R,DALLéE,et al. Planting Density Affects Growth and Water-Use Efficiency Depending on Site in Pop?ulus deltoides×P. nigra[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2013,304:345–354.
[30] GUERFEL M,OUNI Y,BOUJNAH D,et al. Effects of the Planting Density on Water Relations and Production of‘Chemlali’Olive Trees(Olea europaea L.)[J]. Trees,2010,24(6):1137-1142.
[31] BUCCI S J,SCHOLZ F G,GOLDSTEIN G. Controls on Stand Transpiration and Soil Water Utilization Along a Tree Density Gradient in a Neotropical Savanna[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2008,148(6/7):839-849.
[32]张文文,郭忠升,宁婷,等.黄土丘陵半干旱区柠条林密度对土壤水分和柠条生长的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(3):725-732.[ZHANG Wen-wen,GUO Zhong-sheng,NING Ting,et al. The Effects of Plant Density on Soil Water and Plant Growth on Semi-Arid Loess Hilly Region[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(3):725-732.]
[33]牛勇.北京山区不同林分水文生态效应特征[D].北京:北京林业大学,2015.[NIU Yong. The Characteristics of Eco-Hydrological Effect of Different Forests in Beijing Mountain Area[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2015.]
[34] SENEVIRATNE S I,CORTI T,DAVIN E L,et al. Investigating Soil Moisture-Climate Interactions in a Changing Climate:A Review[J]. Earth-Science Reviews,2010,99(3/4):125-161.
[35] WANG L,WEI S P,HORTON R,et al. Effects of Vegetation and Slope Aspect on Water Budget in the Hill and Gully Region of the Loess Plateau of China[J]. Catena,2011,87(1):90-100.
[36]王丽亚,郭海鹏.连续干旱对北京平原区地下水的影响[J].水文地质工程地质,2015,42(1):1-6.[WANG Li-ya,GUO Hai-peng. Effects of Continuous Drought on Groundwater in Beijing Plain[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2015,42(1):1-6.]
[37] KLEIN T,ROTENBERG E,COHEN-HILALEH E,et al. Quantifying Transpirable Soil Water and Its Relations to Tree Water Use Dynamics in a Water-Limited Pine Forest[J]. Ecohydrology,2014,7(2):409-419.
[38] MOLLNAU C,NEWTON M,STRINGHAM T. Soil Water Dynamics and Water Use in a Western Juniper(Juniperus occidenta?lis)Woodland[J]. Journal of Arid Enviroments,2014,102:117-126.