南海北部琼东南海域活动冷泉特征及形成模式
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摘要
近年来,活动冷泉的研究越来越受到关注.本文利用多波束数据、多道地震数据以及底质取样结果研究琼东南海域活动冷泉系统,分析活动冷泉的羽状流特征、海底地貌与底质特征以及流体活动构造特征.多波束水体数据上,观测到多个延伸高度超过750m的气泡羽状流,海底流体活动非常强烈;多道地震上识别出麻坑、流体运移通道、气烟囱等流体渗漏相关的构造,与其他海域观测到的反射特征不同,羽状流的下方流体运移通道呈强振幅"串珠"反射;重力活塞取样在两个站位上获得浅表层块状天然气水合物.其中一个站位位于活动冷泉附近,天然气水合物赋存于海底以下8m左右.基于以上三方面的数据,笔者提出了一个用于描述活动冷泉系统的形成模式,游离气通过气烟囱向上运移到达浅层,一部分在天然气水合物稳定带内形成天然气水合物,另一部分穿透天然气水合物稳定带到达海底,形成活动冷泉的羽状流.
Active cold seepage is a major concern,since the methane released from cold seepage may have an impact on the climate change and is greatly associated with the seafloor ecosystem.Using multi-beam data,sediment cores and multi-channel seismic data,we investigated active cold seep systems in the Qiongdongnan sea area of the northern South China Sea including gas bubble plumes,seafloor features,near-seafloor gas hydrate and the structure of the fluid flow.Multi-beam water column data identify several over 750 m high gas bubble plumes,suggesting that seabed fluid is highly active;Multi-channel seismic data show pockmarks,gas chimneys and fluid migration channel.Unlike the features of fluid migration pathway observed in other oceans,the fluid migration channel manifests itself as a string of "beads"on multi-channel seismic profile;Two massive gas hydrate samples were recovered through piston core,one of which occurs near active cold seepage and lies 8 m below seafloor.Based on these data and analysis,we proposed a model to describe the formation of the cold seep system.Free gases rise to the shallowsediments through gas chimney.Some of them are trapped in gas hydrate stability zone(GHSZ)as gas hydrate,while others enter the ocean water through GHSZ and trigger gas bubble plumes.Our results are significant to understand the migration of seabed fluid and the deposit of gas hydrate near seafloor.
Active cold seepage is a major concern,since the methane released from cold seepage may have an impact on the climate change and is greatly associated with the seafloor ecosystem.Using multi-beam data,sediment cores and multi-channel seismic data,we investigated active cold seep systems in the Qiongdongnan sea area of the northern South China Sea including gas bubble plumes,seafloor features,near-seafloor gas hydrate and the structure of the fluid flow.Multi-beam water column data identify several over 750 m high gas bubble plumes,suggesting that seabed fluid is highly active;Multi-channel seismic data show pockmarks,gas chimneys and fluid migration channel.Unlike the features of fluid migration pathway observed in other oceans,the fluid migration channel manifests itself as a string of "beads"on multi-channel seismic profile;Two massive gas hydrate samples were recovered through piston core,one of which occurs near active cold seepage and lies 8 m below seafloor.Based on these data and analysis,we proposed a model to describe the formation of the cold seep system.Free gases rise to the shallowsediments through gas chimney.Some of them are trapped in gas hydrate stability zone(GHSZ)as gas hydrate,while others enter the ocean water through GHSZ and trigger gas bubble plumes.Our results are significant to understand the migration of seabed fluid and the deposit of gas hydrate near seafloor.
引文
Bai Y,Song H B,Guan Y X,et al.2014.Structural characteristics and genesis of pockmarks in the northwest of the South China Sea derived from reflective seismic and multibeam data.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),57(7):2208-2222,doi:10.6038/cjg20140716.
Bünz S,Polyanov S,Vadakkepuliyambatta S,et al.2012.Active gas venting through hydrate-bearing sediments on the Vestnesa Ridge,offshore W-Svalbard.Marine Geology,332-334:189-197.
Berndt C,Feseker T,Treude T,et al.2014.Temporal constraints on hydrate-controlled methane seepage off Svalbard.Science,343(6168):284-287.
Brown G Jr,Sleeper K,Johnson M W,et al.2013.Mercury concentrations,speciation,and isotopic composition in sediment from a cold seep in the northern Gulf of Mexico.Marine Pollution Bulletin,77(1-2):308-314.
Chen D F,Li X X,Xia B.2004.Distribution of gas hydrate stable zones and resource prediction in the Qiongdongnan Basin of the South China Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),47(3):483-489.
Chen J X,Guan Y X,Song H B,et al.2015.Distribution characteristics and geological implications of pockmarks and mud volcanoes in the northern and western continental margins of the South China Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),58(3):919-938,doi:10.6038/cjg20150319.
Chen J X,Bai Y,Guan Y X,et al.2016.Geophysical analysis of abnormal seismic(oceanography)reflection characteristics of oceanic bottom boundary layer.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),59(6):2148-2161,doi:10.6038/cjg20160620.
Chen J X,Song H B,Guan Y X,et al.2017.A preliminary study of submarine cold seeps applying Seismic Oceanography techniques.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),60(2):604-616,doi:10.6038/cjg20170215.
Duperron S,Sibuet M,MacGregor B J,et al.2007.Diversity,relative abundance and metabolic potential of bacterial endosymbionts in three Bathymodiolus mussel species from cold seeps in the Gulf of Mexico.Environmental Microbiology,9(6):1423-1438.
Fannin N G T.1980.The use of regional geological surveys in the North Sea and adjacent areas in the recognition of offshore hazards.∥Ardus D A.Offshore Site Investigation.London:Graham&Trotman,5-21.
Garcia-Gil S,Vilas F,Garcia-Garcia A.2002.Shallow gas features in incised-valley fills(Ría de Vigo,NW Spain):A case study.Continental Shelf Research,22(16):2303-2315.
Gorman A R,Gorman W S,Holbrook M J,et al.2002.Migration of methane gas through thehydrate stability zone in a low-flux hydrate province.Geology,30(4):327-330.
Guan J A,Fan S S,Liang D Q,et al.2009.Methane hydrate growth velocity in seepage system of Qiongdongnan Basin,South China Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),52(3):765-775.
He J X,Su P B,Lu Z Q,et al.2015.Prediction of gas sources of natural gas hydrate in the Qiongdongnan Basin,northern South China Sea,and its migration,accumulation and reservoir formation pattern.Natural Gas Industry(in Chinese),35(8):19-29.
Hovland M,Judd A G.1988.Seabed Pockmarks and Seepages:Impact on Geology,Biology and the Marine Environment.London:Graham and Trotman,294.
Hsu S K,Wang S Y,Liao Y C,et al.2013.Tide-modulated gas emissions and tremors off SW Taiwan.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,369-370:98-107.
Huang B J.2002.Genetic types and migration-accumulation dynamics of natural gases in the Ying-Qiong Basin,the South China Sea[Ph.D thesis](in Chinese).Guangzhou:Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Judd A,Hovland M.2007.Seabed Fluid Flow:The Impact on Geology,Biology and the Marine Environment.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,475.
Karisiddaiah S M,Veerayya M,Vora K H,et al.1993.Gascharged sediments on the inner continental shelf off western India.Marine Geology,110(1-2):143-152.
Kastner M,Bartlett D,MacDonald I,et al.2005.CH4fluxes across the seafloor at three distinct gas hydrate fields:impacts on ocean and atmosphere chemistry.∥Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Gas Hydrates(ICGH5).Trondheim,Norway.
Leifer I,MacDonald I.2003.Dynamics of the gas flux from shallow gas hydrate deposits:interaction between oily hydrate bubbles and the oceanic environment.Earth Planetary Science Letter,210(3-4):411-424.
Leven J,Middleton M.2007.Near-surface seismic expression of gas chimneys in the Perth Basin.∥ASEG Extended Abstracts.ASEG.
Liu X L,Flemings P B.2006.Passing gas through the hydrate stability zone at southern Hydrate Ridge,offshore Oregon.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,241(1-2):211-226.
Logan G A,Jones A T,Kennard J M,et al.2010.Australian offshore natural hydrocarbon seepage studies,a review and reevaluation.Marine and Petroleum Geology,27(1):26-45.
Ma L W,Gu H M,Li Z J,et al.2015.Simulation of carbonate fracture-cavern reservoir reflection characteristics with forward modeling.OGP(in Chinese),50(2):290-297.
Ma X C,Luan Z D,Zhang X,et al.2017.Near-bottom topography measurement using ROV and its application in a deep-sea hydrothermal field in the Manus Basin.Acta Oceanologica Sinica(in Chinese),39(3):76-84.
Milkov A V.2004.Global estimates of hydrate-bound gas in marine sediments:how much is really out there?.Earth Sci.Rev.,66(3-4):183-197.
Ruppel C,Dicken G R,Castellini D G,et al.2005.Heat and salt inhibition of gas hydrateformation in the northern Gulf of Mexico.Geophys.Res.Lett.,32:L04605,doi:10.1029/2004GL021909.
Schroot B M,Klaver G T,Schüttenhelm R T E.2005.Surface and subsurface expressions of gas seepage to the seabed-examples from the Southern North Sea.Marine and Petroleum Geology,22(4):499-515.
Solomon E A,Kastner M,Robertson G,et al.2005.Insights into the dynamics of in situ gas hydrate formation and dissociation at the Bush Hill gas hydrate field,Gull of Mexico.∥Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Gas Hydrates(ICGH5).Trondheim,Norway.
Taylor D I.1992.Nearshore shallow gas around the U.K.coast.Continental Shelf Research,12(10):1135-1144.
Torres M E,Wallmann K,Tréhu A M,et al.2004.Gas hydrate growth,methane transport,and chloride enrichment at the southern summit of Hydrate Ridge,Cascadia margin off Oregon.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,226(1-2):225-241.
Tréhu A M,Flemings P B,Bang N L,et al.2004.Feeding methane vents and gas hydrate depositsat south Hydrate Ridge.Geophysical Research Letters,31:L23310,doi:10.1029/2004GL021286.
Vielstadte L,Karstens J,Haeckel M,et al.2015.Quantification of methane emissions at abandoned gas wells in the Central North Sea.Marine and Petroleum Geology,68:848-860.
Wang X J,Wu S G,Wang D W,et al.2010.The role of polygonal faults in fluid migration and gas hydrate reservoir forming in Southeast Hainan Basin.OGP(in Chinese),45(1):122-128.
Wenau S,Spiess V,Pape T,et al.2015a.Cold seeps at the salt front in the Lower Congo Basin I:Current methane accumulation and active seepage.Marine and Petroleum Geology,67:894-908.
Wenau S,Spiess V,Pape T,et al.2015b.Cold seeps at the salt front in the Lower Congo Basin II:The impact of spatial and temporal evolution of salt-tectonics on hydrocarbon seepage.Marine and Petroleum Geology,67:880-893.
Wood W T,Hart P E,Hutchinson D R,et al.2008.Gas and gas hydrate distribution around seafloor seeps in Mississippi Canyon,Northern Gulf of Mexico,using multi-resolution seismic imagery.Marine and Petroleum Geology,25(9):952-959.
Wu S G,Sun Q L,Wu T Y,et al.2009.Polygonal fault and oil-gas accumulation in deep-water area of Qiongdongnan Basin.Acta Petrolei Sinica(in Chinese),30(1):22-26,32.
拜阳,宋海斌,关永贤等.2014.利用反射地震和多波束资料研究南海西北部麻坑的结构特征与成因.地球物理学报,57(7):2208-2222,doi:10.6038/cjg20140716.
陈多福,李绪宣,夏斌.2004.南海琼东南盆地天然气水合物稳定域分布特征及资源预测.地球物理学报,47(3):483-489.
陈江欣,关永贤,宋海斌等.2015.麻坑、泥火山在南海北部与西部陆缘的分布特征和地质意义.地球物理学报,58(3):919-938,doi:10.6038/cjg20150319.
陈江欣,拜阳,关永贤等.2016.海底边界层异常(地震海洋学)反射地震特征的地球物理分析.地球物理学报,59(6):2148-2161,doi:10.6038/cjg20160620.
陈江欣,宋海斌,关永贤等.2017.海底冷泉的地震海洋学初探.地球物理学报,60(2):604-616,doi:10.6038/cjg20170215.
关进安,樊栓狮,梁德青等.2009.南海琼东南盆地渗漏系统甲烷水合物生长速度.地球物理学报,52(3):765-775.
何家雄,苏丕波,卢振权等.2015.南海北部琼东南盆地天然气水合物气源及运聚成藏模式预测.地质勘探,35(8):19-29.
黄保家.2002.莺琼盆地天然气成因类型及成藏动力学研究[博士论文].广州:中国科学院广州地球化学研究所.
马灵伟,顾汉明,李宗杰等.2015.正演模拟碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层反射特征.石油地球物理勘探,50(2):290-297.
马小川,栾振东,张鑫等.2017.基于ROV的近海底地形测量及其在马努斯盆地热液区的应用.海洋学报,39(3):76-84.
王秀娟,吴时国,王大伟等.2010.琼东南盆地多边形断层在流体运移和天然气水合物成藏中的作用.石油地球物理勘探,45(1):122-128.
吴时国,孙启良,吴拓宇等.2009.琼东南盆地深水区多边形断层的发现及其油气意义.石油学报,30(1):22-26,32.
Bünz S,Polyanov S,Vadakkepuliyambatta S,et al.2012.Active gas venting through hydrate-bearing sediments on the Vestnesa Ridge,offshore W-Svalbard.Marine Geology,332-334:189-197.
Berndt C,Feseker T,Treude T,et al.2014.Temporal constraints on hydrate-controlled methane seepage off Svalbard.Science,343(6168):284-287.
Brown G Jr,Sleeper K,Johnson M W,et al.2013.Mercury concentrations,speciation,and isotopic composition in sediment from a cold seep in the northern Gulf of Mexico.Marine Pollution Bulletin,77(1-2):308-314.
Chen D F,Li X X,Xia B.2004.Distribution of gas hydrate stable zones and resource prediction in the Qiongdongnan Basin of the South China Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),47(3):483-489.
Chen J X,Guan Y X,Song H B,et al.2015.Distribution characteristics and geological implications of pockmarks and mud volcanoes in the northern and western continental margins of the South China Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),58(3):919-938,doi:10.6038/cjg20150319.
Chen J X,Bai Y,Guan Y X,et al.2016.Geophysical analysis of abnormal seismic(oceanography)reflection characteristics of oceanic bottom boundary layer.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),59(6):2148-2161,doi:10.6038/cjg20160620.
Chen J X,Song H B,Guan Y X,et al.2017.A preliminary study of submarine cold seeps applying Seismic Oceanography techniques.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),60(2):604-616,doi:10.6038/cjg20170215.
Duperron S,Sibuet M,MacGregor B J,et al.2007.Diversity,relative abundance and metabolic potential of bacterial endosymbionts in three Bathymodiolus mussel species from cold seeps in the Gulf of Mexico.Environmental Microbiology,9(6):1423-1438.
Fannin N G T.1980.The use of regional geological surveys in the North Sea and adjacent areas in the recognition of offshore hazards.∥Ardus D A.Offshore Site Investigation.London:Graham&Trotman,5-21.
Garcia-Gil S,Vilas F,Garcia-Garcia A.2002.Shallow gas features in incised-valley fills(Ría de Vigo,NW Spain):A case study.Continental Shelf Research,22(16):2303-2315.
Gorman A R,Gorman W S,Holbrook M J,et al.2002.Migration of methane gas through thehydrate stability zone in a low-flux hydrate province.Geology,30(4):327-330.
Guan J A,Fan S S,Liang D Q,et al.2009.Methane hydrate growth velocity in seepage system of Qiongdongnan Basin,South China Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),52(3):765-775.
He J X,Su P B,Lu Z Q,et al.2015.Prediction of gas sources of natural gas hydrate in the Qiongdongnan Basin,northern South China Sea,and its migration,accumulation and reservoir formation pattern.Natural Gas Industry(in Chinese),35(8):19-29.
Hovland M,Judd A G.1988.Seabed Pockmarks and Seepages:Impact on Geology,Biology and the Marine Environment.London:Graham and Trotman,294.
Hsu S K,Wang S Y,Liao Y C,et al.2013.Tide-modulated gas emissions and tremors off SW Taiwan.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,369-370:98-107.
Huang B J.2002.Genetic types and migration-accumulation dynamics of natural gases in the Ying-Qiong Basin,the South China Sea[Ph.D thesis](in Chinese).Guangzhou:Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Judd A,Hovland M.2007.Seabed Fluid Flow:The Impact on Geology,Biology and the Marine Environment.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,475.
Karisiddaiah S M,Veerayya M,Vora K H,et al.1993.Gascharged sediments on the inner continental shelf off western India.Marine Geology,110(1-2):143-152.
Kastner M,Bartlett D,MacDonald I,et al.2005.CH4fluxes across the seafloor at three distinct gas hydrate fields:impacts on ocean and atmosphere chemistry.∥Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Gas Hydrates(ICGH5).Trondheim,Norway.
Leifer I,MacDonald I.2003.Dynamics of the gas flux from shallow gas hydrate deposits:interaction between oily hydrate bubbles and the oceanic environment.Earth Planetary Science Letter,210(3-4):411-424.
Leven J,Middleton M.2007.Near-surface seismic expression of gas chimneys in the Perth Basin.∥ASEG Extended Abstracts.ASEG.
Liu X L,Flemings P B.2006.Passing gas through the hydrate stability zone at southern Hydrate Ridge,offshore Oregon.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,241(1-2):211-226.
Logan G A,Jones A T,Kennard J M,et al.2010.Australian offshore natural hydrocarbon seepage studies,a review and reevaluation.Marine and Petroleum Geology,27(1):26-45.
Ma L W,Gu H M,Li Z J,et al.2015.Simulation of carbonate fracture-cavern reservoir reflection characteristics with forward modeling.OGP(in Chinese),50(2):290-297.
Ma X C,Luan Z D,Zhang X,et al.2017.Near-bottom topography measurement using ROV and its application in a deep-sea hydrothermal field in the Manus Basin.Acta Oceanologica Sinica(in Chinese),39(3):76-84.
Milkov A V.2004.Global estimates of hydrate-bound gas in marine sediments:how much is really out there?.Earth Sci.Rev.,66(3-4):183-197.
Ruppel C,Dicken G R,Castellini D G,et al.2005.Heat and salt inhibition of gas hydrateformation in the northern Gulf of Mexico.Geophys.Res.Lett.,32:L04605,doi:10.1029/2004GL021909.
Schroot B M,Klaver G T,Schüttenhelm R T E.2005.Surface and subsurface expressions of gas seepage to the seabed-examples from the Southern North Sea.Marine and Petroleum Geology,22(4):499-515.
Solomon E A,Kastner M,Robertson G,et al.2005.Insights into the dynamics of in situ gas hydrate formation and dissociation at the Bush Hill gas hydrate field,Gull of Mexico.∥Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Gas Hydrates(ICGH5).Trondheim,Norway.
Taylor D I.1992.Nearshore shallow gas around the U.K.coast.Continental Shelf Research,12(10):1135-1144.
Torres M E,Wallmann K,Tréhu A M,et al.2004.Gas hydrate growth,methane transport,and chloride enrichment at the southern summit of Hydrate Ridge,Cascadia margin off Oregon.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,226(1-2):225-241.
Tréhu A M,Flemings P B,Bang N L,et al.2004.Feeding methane vents and gas hydrate depositsat south Hydrate Ridge.Geophysical Research Letters,31:L23310,doi:10.1029/2004GL021286.
Vielstadte L,Karstens J,Haeckel M,et al.2015.Quantification of methane emissions at abandoned gas wells in the Central North Sea.Marine and Petroleum Geology,68:848-860.
Wang X J,Wu S G,Wang D W,et al.2010.The role of polygonal faults in fluid migration and gas hydrate reservoir forming in Southeast Hainan Basin.OGP(in Chinese),45(1):122-128.
Wenau S,Spiess V,Pape T,et al.2015a.Cold seeps at the salt front in the Lower Congo Basin I:Current methane accumulation and active seepage.Marine and Petroleum Geology,67:894-908.
Wenau S,Spiess V,Pape T,et al.2015b.Cold seeps at the salt front in the Lower Congo Basin II:The impact of spatial and temporal evolution of salt-tectonics on hydrocarbon seepage.Marine and Petroleum Geology,67:880-893.
Wood W T,Hart P E,Hutchinson D R,et al.2008.Gas and gas hydrate distribution around seafloor seeps in Mississippi Canyon,Northern Gulf of Mexico,using multi-resolution seismic imagery.Marine and Petroleum Geology,25(9):952-959.
Wu S G,Sun Q L,Wu T Y,et al.2009.Polygonal fault and oil-gas accumulation in deep-water area of Qiongdongnan Basin.Acta Petrolei Sinica(in Chinese),30(1):22-26,32.
拜阳,宋海斌,关永贤等.2014.利用反射地震和多波束资料研究南海西北部麻坑的结构特征与成因.地球物理学报,57(7):2208-2222,doi:10.6038/cjg20140716.
陈多福,李绪宣,夏斌.2004.南海琼东南盆地天然气水合物稳定域分布特征及资源预测.地球物理学报,47(3):483-489.
陈江欣,关永贤,宋海斌等.2015.麻坑、泥火山在南海北部与西部陆缘的分布特征和地质意义.地球物理学报,58(3):919-938,doi:10.6038/cjg20150319.
陈江欣,拜阳,关永贤等.2016.海底边界层异常(地震海洋学)反射地震特征的地球物理分析.地球物理学报,59(6):2148-2161,doi:10.6038/cjg20160620.
陈江欣,宋海斌,关永贤等.2017.海底冷泉的地震海洋学初探.地球物理学报,60(2):604-616,doi:10.6038/cjg20170215.
关进安,樊栓狮,梁德青等.2009.南海琼东南盆地渗漏系统甲烷水合物生长速度.地球物理学报,52(3):765-775.
何家雄,苏丕波,卢振权等.2015.南海北部琼东南盆地天然气水合物气源及运聚成藏模式预测.地质勘探,35(8):19-29.
黄保家.2002.莺琼盆地天然气成因类型及成藏动力学研究[博士论文].广州:中国科学院广州地球化学研究所.
马灵伟,顾汉明,李宗杰等.2015.正演模拟碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层反射特征.石油地球物理勘探,50(2):290-297.
马小川,栾振东,张鑫等.2017.基于ROV的近海底地形测量及其在马努斯盆地热液区的应用.海洋学报,39(3):76-84.
王秀娟,吴时国,王大伟等.2010.琼东南盆地多边形断层在流体运移和天然气水合物成藏中的作用.石油地球物理勘探,45(1):122-128.
吴时国,孙启良,吴拓宇等.2009.琼东南盆地深水区多边形断层的发现及其油气意义.石油学报,30(1):22-26,32.