福尔摩沙海脊冷泉区海底表征规模及其分布规律
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摘要
福尔摩沙海脊冷泉系统是我国南海北部陆坡最活跃的冷泉系统之一,也是我国冷泉系统研究的重要场所。通过综合利用水深数据以及连续3年的近海底影像资料,对该冷泉区的海底表征表现形式、规模和分布特征等做了描述。该冷泉系统发育了形态各异的自生碳酸盐岩、繁茂的化能自养生物群落、活动的流体喷口等特征性的海底冷泉系统表征。分析表明,自生碳酸盐岩的广泛发育与出露于海底导致了该区异常的地形特征。研究区内生物群落的分布主要受控于海底流体逸出海底的位置及其活跃程度,因此主要沿裂隙等海底流体优势通道发育。这些优势通道的发育能够有效疏导和汇聚露体运移至海底以维持化能自养生物群落,而化能自养生物群落对甲烷等有效成分的消耗促进了海底流体向海底运移。简言之,冷泉系统的海底表征是海底流体的重要产物,而海底表征亦可反作用于海底流体,主要影响其运移路径和有效通量。
The Formosa Ridge cold seep system is one of the most active cold seep sites located at the passive continental margin of the South China Sea.Based on the bathymetric data and video data collected by the multibeam echo sounder system and high-definition cameras mounted on the Remotely Operated Vehicle,the seabed topographic features of the cold seep site and the surficial features of the cold seep system were described.The main surficial features of the cold seep system include authigenic carbonate crusts,chemosynthetic communities,and gas plumes.The development of carbonate structures with various morphological features caused the anomalous seabed topographic features of the cold seep site.The distribution of the chemosynthetic communities was controlled by the positions of seabed fluids venting or emission through the seabed,which correlate well with the fissures or fractures developed within the authigenic carbonate crust.However,not all fissures and fractures could serve as favorable conduits for the migration of seabed fluids.To some degree,the surficial features of the cold seep system could effectively influence the migration conduits of the seabed fluid flows.
The Formosa Ridge cold seep system is one of the most active cold seep sites located at the passive continental margin of the South China Sea.Based on the bathymetric data and video data collected by the multibeam echo sounder system and high-definition cameras mounted on the Remotely Operated Vehicle,the seabed topographic features of the cold seep site and the surficial features of the cold seep system were described.The main surficial features of the cold seep system include authigenic carbonate crusts,chemosynthetic communities,and gas plumes.The development of carbonate structures with various morphological features caused the anomalous seabed topographic features of the cold seep site.The distribution of the chemosynthetic communities was controlled by the positions of seabed fluids venting or emission through the seabed,which correlate well with the fissures or fractures developed within the authigenic carbonate crust.However,not all fissures and fractures could serve as favorable conduits for the migration of seabed fluids.To some degree,the surficial features of the cold seep system could effectively influence the migration conduits of the seabed fluid flows.
引文
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[13]Lin S,Lim Y,Liu C S.Formosa ridge,a cold seep with densely populated chemosynthetic community in the passive margin,Southwest of Taiwan[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2007,71(15):A582-A582Suppl.http:∥ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/246246/211309
[14]Feng D,Cheng M,Kiel S,et al.Using Bathymodiolus tissue stable carbon,nitrogen and sulfur isotopes to infer biogeochemical process at a cold seep in the South China Sea[J].Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,2015,104:52-59.
[15]Wang X J,Liu B,Qian J,et al.Geophysical evidence for gas hydrate accumulation related to methane seepage in the Taixinan Basin,South China Sea[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2017.https:∥doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.11.011
[16]Chen L,Chi W C,Wu S K,et al.Two dimensional fluid flow models at two gas hydrate sites offshore southwestern Taiwan[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2014,92:245-253.
[17]森田澄人,町山栄章,徐垣,等.台湾南西沖,海底マウンド分布域の流体循環[J].地学雑誌,2009,118(3):424-434.
[18]Naehr T H,Eichhubl P,Orphan V J,et al.Authigenic carbonate formation at hydrocarbon seeps in continental margin sediments:a comparative study[J].Deep Sea Research PartⅡ:Topical Studies in Oceanography,2007,54(11-13):1268-1291.
[19]Paull C K,Schlining B,UsslerⅢW,et al.Distribution of chemosynthetic biological communities in Monterey Bay,California[J].Geology,2005,33(2):85-88.
[2]Klaucke I,Weinrebe W,Petersen C J,et al.Temporal variability of gas seeps offshore New Zealand:Multi-frequency geoacoustic imaging of the Wairarapa area,Hikurangi margin[J].Marine Geology,2010,272(1):49-58.
[3]孙治雷,魏合龙,王利波,等.海底冷泉系统的碳循环问题及探测[J].应用海洋学学报,2016,35(3):442-450.
[4]Talukder A R.Review of submarine cold seep plumbing systems:leakage to seepage and venting[J].Terra Nova,2012,24(4):255-272.
[5]Joye S B,Boetius A,Orcutt B N,et al.The anaerobic oxidation of methane and sulfate reduction in sediments from Gulf of Mexico cold seeps[J].Chemical Geology,2004,205(3/4):219-238.
[6]Boetius A,Elvert M,Samarkin V,et al.Molecular biogeochemistry of sulfate reduction,methanogenesis and the anaerobic oxidation of methane at Gulf of Mexico cold seeps[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2005,69(17):4267-4281.
[7]Birgel D,Feng D,Roberts H H,et al.Changing redox conditions at cold seeps as revealed by authigenic carbonates from Alaminos Canyon,northern Gulf of Mexico[J].Chemical Geology,2011,285(1-4):82-96.
[8]Karaca D,Hensen C,Wallmann K.Controls on authigenic carbonate precipitation at cold seeps along the convergent margin off Costa Rica[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,2010,11(8).https:∥doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003062
[9]Hideaki M,Saulwood L,Char-Shine L,et al.Discovery of"hydrothermal"chemosynthetic community in a cold seep environment,Formosa Ridge:preliminary results from NT07-05Cruise,off southwestern Taiwan[C]∥日本地質学会学術大会講演要旨第114年学術大会(2007札幌).一般社団法人日本地質学会,2007:192-192.
[10]Sun Y,Liang Q,Sun J,et al.The mitochondrial genome of the deep-sea tubeworm Paraescarpia echinospica(Siboglinidae,Annelida)and its phylogenetic implications[J].Mitochondrial DNA Part B,2018,3(1):131-132.
[11]Tsai Y,Chi W,Liu C,et al.Two-Dimensional Heat Transfer Modeling of the Formosa Ridge Offshore SW Taiwan:Implication for Fluid Migrating Paths of a Cold Seep Site[C]∥AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts.2011,1:1542.
[12]Liu C S,Morita S,Liao Y H,et al.High-resolution seismic images of the Formosa Ridge off Southwestern Taiwan where“hydrothermal”chemosynthetic community is present at a cold seep site[C]∥Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Gas Hydrates(ICGH 2008),Vancouver,British Columbia,Canada.2008.
[13]Lin S,Lim Y,Liu C S.Formosa ridge,a cold seep with densely populated chemosynthetic community in the passive margin,Southwest of Taiwan[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2007,71(15):A582-A582Suppl.http:∥ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/246246/211309
[14]Feng D,Cheng M,Kiel S,et al.Using Bathymodiolus tissue stable carbon,nitrogen and sulfur isotopes to infer biogeochemical process at a cold seep in the South China Sea[J].Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,2015,104:52-59.
[15]Wang X J,Liu B,Qian J,et al.Geophysical evidence for gas hydrate accumulation related to methane seepage in the Taixinan Basin,South China Sea[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2017.https:∥doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.11.011
[16]Chen L,Chi W C,Wu S K,et al.Two dimensional fluid flow models at two gas hydrate sites offshore southwestern Taiwan[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2014,92:245-253.
[17]森田澄人,町山栄章,徐垣,等.台湾南西沖,海底マウンド分布域の流体循環[J].地学雑誌,2009,118(3):424-434.
[18]Naehr T H,Eichhubl P,Orphan V J,et al.Authigenic carbonate formation at hydrocarbon seeps in continental margin sediments:a comparative study[J].Deep Sea Research PartⅡ:Topical Studies in Oceanography,2007,54(11-13):1268-1291.
[19]Paull C K,Schlining B,UsslerⅢW,et al.Distribution of chemosynthetic biological communities in Monterey Bay,California[J].Geology,2005,33(2):85-88.