Seabed domes with circular depressions in the North Yellow Sea
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摘要
Numerous isolated shallow seabed domes with depressions were discovered in the North Yellow Sea in a high-resolution multibeam echosounder survey. Twelve domes were located within a 11 km by 17 km survey area. The domes in this area were between 0.1 m and 1.0 m high with diameters ranging from 250 to 1 700 m. They were surrounded by corresponding depressions and displayed characteristic shapes ranging from circular to elliptical. The acoustic anomalies displayed on the high resolution sub-bottom profile images demonstrated that shallow gas accumulated just beneath these domes, suggesting that the migration and accumulation of the shallow gas caused the formation of these features. Accumulation atop the seabed domes and erosion within the depressions, as indicated by the lithological features of the sediment cores, suggested that seabed bottom currents also played a role in the formation and evolution of these features. In addition, the simultaneous decrease in the chlorite and sulfate content in core d pore water samples confirmed the presence of submarine fresh/brackish groundwater, which is of interest for hydrological budgets and may be a significant component of the regional hydrologic balance. Our findings suggested that shallow gas accumulation and migration are likely coupled to localized groundwater discharge at this domed site.
Numerous isolated shallow seabed domes with depressions were discovered in the North Yellow Sea in a high-resolution multibeam echosounder survey. Twelve domes were located within a 11 km by 17 km survey area. The domes in this area were between 0.1 m and 1.0 m high with diameters ranging from 250 to 1 700 m. They were surrounded by corresponding depressions and displayed characteristic shapes ranging from circular to elliptical. The acoustic anomalies displayed on the high resolution sub-bottom profile images demonstrated that shallow gas accumulated just beneath these domes, suggesting that the migration and accumulation of the shallow gas caused the formation of these features. Accumulation atop the seabed domes and erosion within the depressions, as indicated by the lithological features of the sediment cores, suggested that seabed bottom currents also played a role in the formation and evolution of these features. In addition, the simultaneous decrease in the chlorite and sulfate content in core d pore water samples confirmed the presence of submarine fresh/brackish groundwater, which is of interest for hydrological budgets and may be a significant component of the regional hydrologic balance. Our findings suggested that shallow gas accumulation and migration are likely coupled to localized groundwater discharge at this domed site.
Numerous isolated shallow seabed domes with depressions were discovered in the North Yellow Sea in a high-resolution multibeam echosounder survey. Twelve domes were located within a 11 km by 17 km survey area. The domes in this area were between 0.1 m and 1.0 m high with diameters ranging from 250 to 1 700 m. They were surrounded by corresponding depressions and displayed characteristic shapes ranging from circular to elliptical. The acoustic anomalies displayed on the high resolution sub-bottom profile images demonstrated that shallow gas accumulated just beneath these domes, suggesting that the migration and accumulation of the shallow gas caused the formation of these features. Accumulation atop the seabed domes and erosion within the depressions, as indicated by the lithological features of the sediment cores, suggested that seabed bottom currents also played a role in the formation and evolution of these features. In addition, the simultaneous decrease in the chlorite and sulfate content in core d pore water samples confirmed the presence of submarine fresh/brackish groundwater, which is of interest for hydrological budgets and may be a significant component of the regional hydrologic balance. Our findings suggested that shallow gas accumulation and migration are likely coupled to localized groundwater discharge at this domed site.
引文
Ataie-Ashtiani B,Seyedabbasi M A.2006.Eff ects of seawater intrusion interface on the fl ux of contaminant from coastal aquifers into the coastal water:results of seven years of continuous work on modeling of ground water discharge into the coastal zone.In:Proceedings of the 8th International Coastal Symposium(ICS 2004).ICS,Itajai,Brazil.p.1 654-1 657.
Bao X W,Li N,Wu D X.2010.Observed characteristics of the North Yellow Sea water masses in summer.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,28(1):160-170.
Barry M A,Boudreau B P,Johnson B D.2012.Gas domes in soft cohesive sediments.Geology,40(4):379-382.
Bayrakci G,Scalabrin C,DupréS,Leblond I,Tary J B,Lanteri N,Augustin J M,Berger L,Cros E,Ogor A,Tsabaris C,Lescanne M,Géli L.2014.Acoustic monitoring of gas emissions from the seafl oor.Part II:a case study from the Sea of Marmara.Marine Geophysical Research,35(3):211-229.
Borowski W S,Paull C K,Ussler III W.1999.Global and local variations of interstitial sulfate gradients in deep-water,continental margin sediments:sensitivity to underlying methane and gas hydrates.Marine Geology,159(1-4):131-154.
Boudreau B P.2012.The physics of bubbles in surfi cial,soft,cohesive sediments.Marine and Petroleum Geology,38(1):1-18.
Cathles L M,Su Z,Chen D F.2010.The physics of gas chimney and pockmark formation,with implications for assessment of seafl oor hazards and gas sequestration.Marine and Petroleum Geology,27(1):82-91.
Chen S S,Sun Q L,Lu K,Hovland M,Li R H,Luo P.2017.Anomalous depressions in the northern Yellow Sea Basin:evidences for their evolution processes.M arine and Petroleum Geology,84:179-194.
Chun J H,Ryu B J,Son B K,Kim J H,Lee J Y,Bahk J J,Kim H J,Woo K S,Nehza O.2011.Sediment mounds and other sedimentary features related to hydrate occurrences in a columnar seismic blanking zone of the Ulleung Basin,East Sea,Korea.Marine and Petroleum Geology,28(10):1 787-1 800.
Cohen D,Person M,Wang P,Gable C W,Hutchinson D,Marksamer A,Dugan B,Kooi H,Groen K,Lizarralde D,Evans R L,Day-Lewis F D,Lane Jr J W.2010.Origin and extent of fresh paleowaters on the Atlantic continental shelf,USA.Groundwater,48(1):143-158.
Duarte H,Pinheiro L M,Teixeira F C,Monteiro J H.2007.High-resolution seismic imaging of gas accumulations and seepage in the sediments of the Ria de Aveiro barrier lagoon(Portugal).Geo-Marine Letters,27(2-4):115-126.
Fengqi G.1986.The relation between formation of peat in seaside area of Bohai Sea and North Yellow Sea and sea level fl uctuation since the late WURM-Glaciation.Scientia Geographica Sinica,1:007.
García-Gil S.2003.A natural laboratory for shallow gas:the Rías Baixas(NW Spain).Geo-Marine Letters,23(3-4):215-229.
Gong J M,Wen Z H,Chen J W,Dai C S.2000.Geologic characteristics and hydrocarbon-generating potential of Mesozoic strata in the North Yellow Sea Basin.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,20(2):69-78.
Hasiotis T,Papatheodorou G,Kastanos N,Ferentinos G.1996.A pockmark fi eld in the Patras Gulf(Greece)and its activation during the 14/7/93 seismic event.Marine Geology,130(3-4):333-344.
JanéG,Maestro A,Ercilla G,López-Martínez J,De Andrés JR,Casas D,González-Aller D,Catalán-Morollón M.2010.Occurrence of pockmarks on the Ortegal Spur continental margin,Northwestern Iberian Peninsula.Marine and Petroleum Geology,27(7):1 551-1 564.
Judd A G,Hovland M.2007.Seabed Fluid Flow:the Impact on Geology,Biology,and the Marine Environment.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.493p.
Kim D,Park B K,Shin I C.1998.Paleoenvironmental changes of the Yellow Sea during the Late Quaternary.GeoMarine Letters,18(3):189-194.
Kim G,Ryu J W,Yang H S,Yun S T.2005.Submarine groundwater discharge(SGD)into the Yellow Sea revealed by 228 Ra and 226 Ra isotopes:implications for global silicate fl uxes.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,237(1-2):156-166.
Koch S,Berndt C,Bialas J,Haeckel M,Crutchley G,Papenberg C,Klaeschen D,Greinert J.2015.Gascontrolled seafl oor doming.Geology,43(7):571-574,https://doi.org/10.1130/G36596.1.
Lecher A L,Kessler J,Sparrow K,Kodovska G T F,Dimova N,Murray J,Tulaczyk S,Paytan A.2015.Methane transport through submarine groundwater discharge to the North Pacifi c and Arctic Ocean at two Alaskan sites.Limnology and Oceanography,61(S1):S344-S355,https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10118.
Lee S H,Chough S K.2002.Distribution and origin of shallow gas in deep-sea sediments of the Ulleung Basin,East Sea(Sea of Japan).Geo-Marine Letter s,22(4):204-209.
Li T G,Chang F M,Xu X K.2010.Younger Dryas Event and formation of peat layers in the northern Yellow Sea.Earth Science Frontiers,17(1):322-330.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu M H,Wu S Y,Wang Y J,Gao J X.1986.Late Quaternary sea level changes in the Yellow Sea.Quaternaria Sinica,7(2):68-73.
Liu X Y,Chen Y L,Lu B,Wen W,Dong L F.2013.Geographic features of the micro ring depreesions to the south of Changshan Archipelago at the north Yellow Sea.Journal of Marine Sciences,31(1):59-65.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu X,Gao S.2005.Interpreting the late quaternary shallow seismic record of the Western Part of the North Yellow Sea.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,25(3):61-68.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Mathys M,Thie?en O,Theilen F,Schmidt M.2005.Seismic characterisation of gas-rich near surface sediments in the Arkona Basin,Baltic Sea.Marine Geophysical Researches,26(2-4):207-224.
Mazumdar A,Peketi A,Dewangan P,Badesab F,Ramprasad T,Ramana M V,Patil D J,Dayal A.2009.Shallow gas charged sediments off the Indian west coast:genesis and distribution.Marine Geology,267(1-2):71-85.
Moore W S.1999.The subterranean estuary:a reaction zone of ground water and sea water.Marine Chemistry,65(1-2):111-125.
Moore W S.2010.The eff ect of submarine groundwater discharge on the ocean.Annual Review of Marine Science,2:59-88.
Papatheodorou G,Hasiotis T,Ferentinos G.1993.Gas-charged sediments in the Aegean and Ionian Seas,Greece.Marine Geology,112(1-4):171-184.
Paull C K,Normark W R,Ussler III W,Caress D W,Keaten R.2008.Association among active seafl oor deformation,mound formation,and gas hydrate growth and accumulation within the seafl oor of the Santa Monica Basin,off shore California.Marine Geology,250(3-4):258-275,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.01.011.
Paull C K,Ussler III W,Dallimore S R,Blasco S M,Lorenson T D,Melling H,Medioli B E,Nixon F M,McLaughlin FA.2007.Origin of pingo-like features on the Beaufort Sea shelf and their possible relationship to decomposing methane gas hydrates.Geophysical Research Letters,34(1):L01603,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027977.
Paytan A,Shellenbarger G G,Street J H,Gonneea M E,Davis K,Young M B,Moore W S.2006.Submarine groundwater discharge:an important source of new inorganic nitrogen to coral reef ecosystems.Limnology and Oceanography,51(1):343-348.
Person M,Dugan B,Swenson J B,Urbano L,Stott C,Taylor J,Willett M.2003.Pleistocene hydrogeology of the Atlantic continental shelf,New England.Geological Society of America Bulletin,115(11):1 324-1 343.
Plassen L,Vorren T O.2003.Fluid fl ow features in fjord-fi ll deposits,Ullsfjorden,North Norway.Norwegian Journal of Geology,83(1):37-42.
Polemio M,Pambuku A,Limoni P P,Petrucci O.2011.Carbonate coastal aquifer of Vlora bay and groundwater submarine discharge(southwestern Albania).Journal of Coastal Research,(58):26-34.
Portnov A,Smith A J,Mienert J,Cherkashov G,Rekant P,Semenov P,Serov P,Vanshtein B.2013.Off shore permafrost decay and massive seabed methane escape in water depths>20 m at the South Kara Sea shelf.Geophysical Research Letters,40(15):3 962-3 967.
Post V E A,Groen J,Kooi H,Person M,Ge S M,Edmunds WM.2013.Off shore fresh groundwater reserves as a global phenomenon.Nature,504(7478):71-78,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12858.
Ramírez-Pérez A M,De Blas E,García-Gil S.2015.Redox processes in pore water of anoxic sediments with shallow gas.Science of the Total Environment,538:317-326.
Savini A,Malinverno E,Etiope G,Tessarolo C,Corselli C.2009.Shallow seep-related seafl oor features along the Malta plateau(Sicily channel-Mediterranean Sea):morphologies and geo-environmental control of their distribution.Marine and Petroleum Geology,26(9):1 831-1 848.
Slomp C P,Van Cappellen P.2004.Nutrient inputs to the coastal ocean through submarine groundwater discharge:controls and potential impact.Journal of Hydrology,295(1-4):64-86.
Taniguchi M,Burnett W C,Dulaiova H,Siringan F,Foronda J,Wattayakorn G,Rungsupa S,Kontar E A,Ishitobi T.2008.Groundwater discharge as an important land-sea pathway into Manila Bay,Philippines.Journal of Coastal Research,24(1A):15-24.
Thamdrup B,Rosselló-Mora R,Amann R.2000.Microbial manganese and sulfate reduction in Black Sea shelf sediments.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,66(7):2 888-2 897.
Thoma M I.2014.Modeling Near Surface,Gas-Induced Seafl oor Deformation Using Thin Plate Mechanics in the Thunder Horse Oil Field,Gulf of Mexico and Ninilchik Field,Cook Inlet Basin,Alaska.Louisiana State University,Baton Rouge.99p.
Tian Z X,Zhang X H,Xiao G L,Meng X J.2007.The north edge fracture of the North Yellow Sea Basin and its characters.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,27(2):59-63.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Tóth Z,Spie?V,Jensen J B.2014.Seismo-acoustic signatures of shallow free gas in the Bornholm Basin,Baltic Sea.Continental Shelf Research,88:228-239.
Tsunogai U,Ishibashi J,Wakita H,Gamo T,Masuzawa T,Nakatsuka T,Nojiri Y,Nakamura T.1996.Fresh water seepage and pore water recycling on the seafl oor:Sagami Trough subduction zone,Japan.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,138(1-4):157-168.
Ussler III W,Paull C K,Boucher J,Friederich G E,Thomas DJ.2003.Submarine pockmarks:a case study from Belfast Bay,Maine.Marine Geology,202(3-4):175-192.
Wang J T,Wang P.1980.Relationship between sea-level changes and climatic fl uctuations in East China since late pleistocene.Acta Geographica Sinica,35(4):299-312.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Weber T C,Mayer L,Jerram K,Beaudoin J,Rzhanov Y,Lovalvo D.2014.Acoustic estimates of methane gas fl ux from the seabed in a 6000 km 2 region in the Northern Gulf of Mexico.Geoche mistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,15(5):1 911-1 925.
Yang S Y,Jung H S,Lim D I,Li C X.2003.A review on the provenance discrimination of sediments in the Yellow Sea.Earth-Science Reviews,63(1-2):93-120.
Yuan F,Bennell J D,Davis A M.1992.Acoustic and physical characteristics of gassy sediments in the western Irish Sea.Continental Shelf Research,12(10):1 121-1 134.
Zhao T H,Zhang X H,Wang X T,Meng X J.2009.Acoustic detection of seabed hydrocarbon seepage in the north depression of South Yellow Sea Basin.Petroleum Exploration and Development,36(2):195-199.
Zheng G Y.1991.Quaternary Geology of Yellow Sea in China.Science Press,Beijing.181p.(in Chinese)
Bao X W,Li N,Wu D X.2010.Observed characteristics of the North Yellow Sea water masses in summer.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,28(1):160-170.
Barry M A,Boudreau B P,Johnson B D.2012.Gas domes in soft cohesive sediments.Geology,40(4):379-382.
Bayrakci G,Scalabrin C,DupréS,Leblond I,Tary J B,Lanteri N,Augustin J M,Berger L,Cros E,Ogor A,Tsabaris C,Lescanne M,Géli L.2014.Acoustic monitoring of gas emissions from the seafl oor.Part II:a case study from the Sea of Marmara.Marine Geophysical Research,35(3):211-229.
Borowski W S,Paull C K,Ussler III W.1999.Global and local variations of interstitial sulfate gradients in deep-water,continental margin sediments:sensitivity to underlying methane and gas hydrates.Marine Geology,159(1-4):131-154.
Boudreau B P.2012.The physics of bubbles in surfi cial,soft,cohesive sediments.Marine and Petroleum Geology,38(1):1-18.
Cathles L M,Su Z,Chen D F.2010.The physics of gas chimney and pockmark formation,with implications for assessment of seafl oor hazards and gas sequestration.Marine and Petroleum Geology,27(1):82-91.
Chen S S,Sun Q L,Lu K,Hovland M,Li R H,Luo P.2017.Anomalous depressions in the northern Yellow Sea Basin:evidences for their evolution processes.M arine and Petroleum Geology,84:179-194.
Chun J H,Ryu B J,Son B K,Kim J H,Lee J Y,Bahk J J,Kim H J,Woo K S,Nehza O.2011.Sediment mounds and other sedimentary features related to hydrate occurrences in a columnar seismic blanking zone of the Ulleung Basin,East Sea,Korea.Marine and Petroleum Geology,28(10):1 787-1 800.
Cohen D,Person M,Wang P,Gable C W,Hutchinson D,Marksamer A,Dugan B,Kooi H,Groen K,Lizarralde D,Evans R L,Day-Lewis F D,Lane Jr J W.2010.Origin and extent of fresh paleowaters on the Atlantic continental shelf,USA.Groundwater,48(1):143-158.
Duarte H,Pinheiro L M,Teixeira F C,Monteiro J H.2007.High-resolution seismic imaging of gas accumulations and seepage in the sediments of the Ria de Aveiro barrier lagoon(Portugal).Geo-Marine Letters,27(2-4):115-126.
Fengqi G.1986.The relation between formation of peat in seaside area of Bohai Sea and North Yellow Sea and sea level fl uctuation since the late WURM-Glaciation.Scientia Geographica Sinica,1:007.
García-Gil S.2003.A natural laboratory for shallow gas:the Rías Baixas(NW Spain).Geo-Marine Letters,23(3-4):215-229.
Gong J M,Wen Z H,Chen J W,Dai C S.2000.Geologic characteristics and hydrocarbon-generating potential of Mesozoic strata in the North Yellow Sea Basin.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,20(2):69-78.
Hasiotis T,Papatheodorou G,Kastanos N,Ferentinos G.1996.A pockmark fi eld in the Patras Gulf(Greece)and its activation during the 14/7/93 seismic event.Marine Geology,130(3-4):333-344.
JanéG,Maestro A,Ercilla G,López-Martínez J,De Andrés JR,Casas D,González-Aller D,Catalán-Morollón M.2010.Occurrence of pockmarks on the Ortegal Spur continental margin,Northwestern Iberian Peninsula.Marine and Petroleum Geology,27(7):1 551-1 564.
Judd A G,Hovland M.2007.Seabed Fluid Flow:the Impact on Geology,Biology,and the Marine Environment.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.493p.
Kim D,Park B K,Shin I C.1998.Paleoenvironmental changes of the Yellow Sea during the Late Quaternary.GeoMarine Letters,18(3):189-194.
Kim G,Ryu J W,Yang H S,Yun S T.2005.Submarine groundwater discharge(SGD)into the Yellow Sea revealed by 228 Ra and 226 Ra isotopes:implications for global silicate fl uxes.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,237(1-2):156-166.
Koch S,Berndt C,Bialas J,Haeckel M,Crutchley G,Papenberg C,Klaeschen D,Greinert J.2015.Gascontrolled seafl oor doming.Geology,43(7):571-574,https://doi.org/10.1130/G36596.1.
Lecher A L,Kessler J,Sparrow K,Kodovska G T F,Dimova N,Murray J,Tulaczyk S,Paytan A.2015.Methane transport through submarine groundwater discharge to the North Pacifi c and Arctic Ocean at two Alaskan sites.Limnology and Oceanography,61(S1):S344-S355,https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10118.
Lee S H,Chough S K.2002.Distribution and origin of shallow gas in deep-sea sediments of the Ulleung Basin,East Sea(Sea of Japan).Geo-Marine Letter s,22(4):204-209.
Li T G,Chang F M,Xu X K.2010.Younger Dryas Event and formation of peat layers in the northern Yellow Sea.Earth Science Frontiers,17(1):322-330.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu M H,Wu S Y,Wang Y J,Gao J X.1986.Late Quaternary sea level changes in the Yellow Sea.Quaternaria Sinica,7(2):68-73.
Liu X Y,Chen Y L,Lu B,Wen W,Dong L F.2013.Geographic features of the micro ring depreesions to the south of Changshan Archipelago at the north Yellow Sea.Journal of Marine Sciences,31(1):59-65.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu X,Gao S.2005.Interpreting the late quaternary shallow seismic record of the Western Part of the North Yellow Sea.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,25(3):61-68.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Mathys M,Thie?en O,Theilen F,Schmidt M.2005.Seismic characterisation of gas-rich near surface sediments in the Arkona Basin,Baltic Sea.Marine Geophysical Researches,26(2-4):207-224.
Mazumdar A,Peketi A,Dewangan P,Badesab F,Ramprasad T,Ramana M V,Patil D J,Dayal A.2009.Shallow gas charged sediments off the Indian west coast:genesis and distribution.Marine Geology,267(1-2):71-85.
Moore W S.1999.The subterranean estuary:a reaction zone of ground water and sea water.Marine Chemistry,65(1-2):111-125.
Moore W S.2010.The eff ect of submarine groundwater discharge on the ocean.Annual Review of Marine Science,2:59-88.
Papatheodorou G,Hasiotis T,Ferentinos G.1993.Gas-charged sediments in the Aegean and Ionian Seas,Greece.Marine Geology,112(1-4):171-184.
Paull C K,Normark W R,Ussler III W,Caress D W,Keaten R.2008.Association among active seafl oor deformation,mound formation,and gas hydrate growth and accumulation within the seafl oor of the Santa Monica Basin,off shore California.Marine Geology,250(3-4):258-275,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.01.011.
Paull C K,Ussler III W,Dallimore S R,Blasco S M,Lorenson T D,Melling H,Medioli B E,Nixon F M,McLaughlin FA.2007.Origin of pingo-like features on the Beaufort Sea shelf and their possible relationship to decomposing methane gas hydrates.Geophysical Research Letters,34(1):L01603,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027977.
Paytan A,Shellenbarger G G,Street J H,Gonneea M E,Davis K,Young M B,Moore W S.2006.Submarine groundwater discharge:an important source of new inorganic nitrogen to coral reef ecosystems.Limnology and Oceanography,51(1):343-348.
Person M,Dugan B,Swenson J B,Urbano L,Stott C,Taylor J,Willett M.2003.Pleistocene hydrogeology of the Atlantic continental shelf,New England.Geological Society of America Bulletin,115(11):1 324-1 343.
Plassen L,Vorren T O.2003.Fluid fl ow features in fjord-fi ll deposits,Ullsfjorden,North Norway.Norwegian Journal of Geology,83(1):37-42.
Polemio M,Pambuku A,Limoni P P,Petrucci O.2011.Carbonate coastal aquifer of Vlora bay and groundwater submarine discharge(southwestern Albania).Journal of Coastal Research,(58):26-34.
Portnov A,Smith A J,Mienert J,Cherkashov G,Rekant P,Semenov P,Serov P,Vanshtein B.2013.Off shore permafrost decay and massive seabed methane escape in water depths>20 m at the South Kara Sea shelf.Geophysical Research Letters,40(15):3 962-3 967.
Post V E A,Groen J,Kooi H,Person M,Ge S M,Edmunds WM.2013.Off shore fresh groundwater reserves as a global phenomenon.Nature,504(7478):71-78,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12858.
Ramírez-Pérez A M,De Blas E,García-Gil S.2015.Redox processes in pore water of anoxic sediments with shallow gas.Science of the Total Environment,538:317-326.
Savini A,Malinverno E,Etiope G,Tessarolo C,Corselli C.2009.Shallow seep-related seafl oor features along the Malta plateau(Sicily channel-Mediterranean Sea):morphologies and geo-environmental control of their distribution.Marine and Petroleum Geology,26(9):1 831-1 848.
Slomp C P,Van Cappellen P.2004.Nutrient inputs to the coastal ocean through submarine groundwater discharge:controls and potential impact.Journal of Hydrology,295(1-4):64-86.
Taniguchi M,Burnett W C,Dulaiova H,Siringan F,Foronda J,Wattayakorn G,Rungsupa S,Kontar E A,Ishitobi T.2008.Groundwater discharge as an important land-sea pathway into Manila Bay,Philippines.Journal of Coastal Research,24(1A):15-24.
Thamdrup B,Rosselló-Mora R,Amann R.2000.Microbial manganese and sulfate reduction in Black Sea shelf sediments.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,66(7):2 888-2 897.
Thoma M I.2014.Modeling Near Surface,Gas-Induced Seafl oor Deformation Using Thin Plate Mechanics in the Thunder Horse Oil Field,Gulf of Mexico and Ninilchik Field,Cook Inlet Basin,Alaska.Louisiana State University,Baton Rouge.99p.
Tian Z X,Zhang X H,Xiao G L,Meng X J.2007.The north edge fracture of the North Yellow Sea Basin and its characters.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,27(2):59-63.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Tóth Z,Spie?V,Jensen J B.2014.Seismo-acoustic signatures of shallow free gas in the Bornholm Basin,Baltic Sea.Continental Shelf Research,88:228-239.
Tsunogai U,Ishibashi J,Wakita H,Gamo T,Masuzawa T,Nakatsuka T,Nojiri Y,Nakamura T.1996.Fresh water seepage and pore water recycling on the seafl oor:Sagami Trough subduction zone,Japan.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,138(1-4):157-168.
Ussler III W,Paull C K,Boucher J,Friederich G E,Thomas DJ.2003.Submarine pockmarks:a case study from Belfast Bay,Maine.Marine Geology,202(3-4):175-192.
Wang J T,Wang P.1980.Relationship between sea-level changes and climatic fl uctuations in East China since late pleistocene.Acta Geographica Sinica,35(4):299-312.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Weber T C,Mayer L,Jerram K,Beaudoin J,Rzhanov Y,Lovalvo D.2014.Acoustic estimates of methane gas fl ux from the seabed in a 6000 km 2 region in the Northern Gulf of Mexico.Geoche mistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,15(5):1 911-1 925.
Yang S Y,Jung H S,Lim D I,Li C X.2003.A review on the provenance discrimination of sediments in the Yellow Sea.Earth-Science Reviews,63(1-2):93-120.
Yuan F,Bennell J D,Davis A M.1992.Acoustic and physical characteristics of gassy sediments in the western Irish Sea.Continental Shelf Research,12(10):1 121-1 134.
Zhao T H,Zhang X H,Wang X T,Meng X J.2009.Acoustic detection of seabed hydrocarbon seepage in the north depression of South Yellow Sea Basin.Petroleum Exploration and Development,36(2):195-199.
Zheng G Y.1991.Quaternary Geology of Yellow Sea in China.Science Press,Beijing.181p.(in Chinese)