基于水分特性的采煤沉陷地充填复垦黄河泥沙容重优选
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摘要
为探究黄河泥沙容重与水分运动特征参数的关系,优选黄河泥沙充填复垦的最佳容重设计,运用土壤的概念和性质进行类比研究。根据不同容重条件下饱和含水率与饱和导水率的实测值、van Genuchten模型中进气吸力相关参数?和经验参数m的模拟值,分别建立经验模型,相关系数0.992~0.995(P<0.01),决定系数0.938~0.990,理论值与实测值相对误差均控制在10.77%以内。研究结果:1)饱和含水率与饱和导水率均随黄河泥沙容重的增大而减小;2)黄河泥沙中非毛管孔隙度占比高,渗透初期非饱和导水率大,在低吸力段迅速失水;3)黄河泥沙容重为1.5 g/cm3毛管孔隙度最大,更有利于土壤有效水分的保持。在黄河泥沙充填复垦采煤沉陷地的实践过程中对黄河泥沙充填层进行合理的机械压实,使容重控制为1.5 g/cm3,能够在一定程度上提高黄河泥沙的持水性,实现黄河泥沙充填复垦耕地生产力水平的提高。
Coal mining has caused large areas of arable land to collapse and accumulate water and these areas cannot be cultivated. Since these areasare located on banks of the Yellow River, using the sediment from the Yellow River as filling for mining subsidence land, which could not only dredge the Yellow River but also solve the problem of lack of filling materials. However, sediment form the Yellow River is sandy in texture with limited capacity to retain water and nutrients. Related researches showed that bulk density mainly affecting soil water characteristic. In order to study the relationship between the bulk density of sediments from the Yellow River and its water movement parameters and select the best bulk densityto fill mining subsidence land, an experiment was conducted in thelab with 8 different bulk densities under identical conditions. The saturated water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity of the Yellow River sediment were measured under different bulk densities. Using the Rosetta module built-in the HYDRUS-1 D softwarebased on the model of Van Genuchtento simulatereciprocal of air entryvalue ? and experiencedparameter m, and meanwhile, generation of corresponding water characteristic curves under different bulk densities. Based on the analysis of measured values and simulated results, the empirical models between the bulk density of Yellow River sediment and saturated water content, saturated hydraulic conductivity and model parameters(?, m) were established, respectively. The correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.99(P<0.01), and the determination coefficients were all greater than 0.93, and the relative error between the measured and simulated value were all less than 10.77%. Results showed that thematric potential was 0 in saturated condition, and the sediment water characteristics of the Yellow River were mainly determined by porosity. The saturated water content and thesaturated hydraulic conductivity both tended to decrease with the increase of the bulk density of the Yellow River sediments. While ?b(bulk density)≥1.5 g/cm3, the decreasing trend of saturated hydraulic conductivity becomes smooth with the increase of bulk density. Water characteristics of the Yellow River sediment were not only related to porosity, but also related to soil suction under the non-saturation state.The value of the reciprocal of air entryvalueαwas the lowest when ?b =1.5 g/cm3, and water loss is the slowest, therefore, the Yellow River sediment holding capacity was the best under this bulk density. The simulation test of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity also obtained the best bulk density is 1.5 g/cm3. The main mechanism of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was high as non-capillary porositywas in a higher rate, in the early stage of permeability and the sediment of the Yellow River showed rapid water loss with low soil suction. When the bulk densitywas greater than 1.5 g/cm3, the macro-pore was difficult to continue to compress with the improvement of the compactness. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivitydecreases trend became slowly with the bulk density progressively increased. In conlusion, the capillary porosity was thebiggestwhen the bulk density of Yellow River sediment was1.5 g/cm3, which was more conducive to the retention of effective soil moisture. Therefore, the water retention capability of the Yellow River sediment can be improved by proper mechanical compaction control till the bulk density was 1.5 g/cm3 in the practice of filling mining subsidence land.
Coal mining has caused large areas of arable land to collapse and accumulate water and these areas cannot be cultivated. Since these areasare located on banks of the Yellow River, using the sediment from the Yellow River as filling for mining subsidence land, which could not only dredge the Yellow River but also solve the problem of lack of filling materials. However, sediment form the Yellow River is sandy in texture with limited capacity to retain water and nutrients. Related researches showed that bulk density mainly affecting soil water characteristic. In order to study the relationship between the bulk density of sediments from the Yellow River and its water movement parameters and select the best bulk densityto fill mining subsidence land, an experiment was conducted in thelab with 8 different bulk densities under identical conditions. The saturated water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity of the Yellow River sediment were measured under different bulk densities. Using the Rosetta module built-in the HYDRUS-1 D softwarebased on the model of Van Genuchtento simulatereciprocal of air entryvalue ? and experiencedparameter m, and meanwhile, generation of corresponding water characteristic curves under different bulk densities. Based on the analysis of measured values and simulated results, the empirical models between the bulk density of Yellow River sediment and saturated water content, saturated hydraulic conductivity and model parameters(?, m) were established, respectively. The correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.99(P<0.01), and the determination coefficients were all greater than 0.93, and the relative error between the measured and simulated value were all less than 10.77%. Results showed that thematric potential was 0 in saturated condition, and the sediment water characteristics of the Yellow River were mainly determined by porosity. The saturated water content and thesaturated hydraulic conductivity both tended to decrease with the increase of the bulk density of the Yellow River sediments. While ?b(bulk density)≥1.5 g/cm3, the decreasing trend of saturated hydraulic conductivity becomes smooth with the increase of bulk density. Water characteristics of the Yellow River sediment were not only related to porosity, but also related to soil suction under the non-saturation state.The value of the reciprocal of air entryvalueαwas the lowest when ?b =1.5 g/cm3, and water loss is the slowest, therefore, the Yellow River sediment holding capacity was the best under this bulk density. The simulation test of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity also obtained the best bulk density is 1.5 g/cm3. The main mechanism of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was high as non-capillary porositywas in a higher rate, in the early stage of permeability and the sediment of the Yellow River showed rapid water loss with low soil suction. When the bulk densitywas greater than 1.5 g/cm3, the macro-pore was difficult to continue to compress with the improvement of the compactness. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivitydecreases trend became slowly with the bulk density progressively increased. In conlusion, the capillary porosity was thebiggestwhen the bulk density of Yellow River sediment was1.5 g/cm3, which was more conducive to the retention of effective soil moisture. Therefore, the water retention capability of the Yellow River sediment can be improved by proper mechanical compaction control till the bulk density was 1.5 g/cm3 in the practice of filling mining subsidence land.
引文
[1]胡振琪.土地复垦与生态重建[M].北京:中国矿业大学出版社,2008.
[2]徐良骥,黄璨,章如芹,等.煤矸石充填复垦地理化特性与重金属分布特征[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(5):211-219.Xu Liangji,Huang Can,Zhang Ruqin,et al.Physical and chemical properties and distribution characteristics of heavy metals in reclaimed land filled with coal gangue[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(5):211-219.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]胡振琪,戚家忠,司继涛.不同复垦时间的粉煤灰充填复垦土壤重金属污染与评价[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(2):214-218.Hu Zhenqi,Qi Jiazhong,Si Jitao.Contamination and assessment of heavy metals in fly ash reclaimed soil[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2003,19(2):214-218.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]邹朝阳,时洪超,孙国庆.湖泥充填技术在采煤沉陷区复垦中的应用[J].中国煤炭,2009,35(12):105-106,122.Zou Zhaoyang,Shi Hongchao,Sun Guoqing.Application of lake mud stowing technology in the reclamation of subsided areas caused by coal mining[J].China Coal,2009,35(12):105-106,122.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]王培俊,胡振琪,邵芳,等.黄河泥沙作为采煤沉陷地充填复垦材料的可行性分析[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(6):1133-1139.Wang Peijun,Hu Zhenqi,Shao Fang,et al.Feasibility analysis of Yellow River sediment used as the filling reclamation material of mining subsidence land[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(6):1133-1139.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]胡振琪,王培俊,邵芳.引黄河泥沙充填复垦采煤沉陷地技术的试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(3):288-295.Hu Zhenqi,Wang Peijun,Shao Fang.Technique for filling reclamation of mining subsidence land with Yellow River sediment[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(3):288-295.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]Ramulu I,Ramachandrappa B K,Sankar G R M,et al.Assessment of changes in soil infiltration,water-holding capacity,bulk density and fertility parameters under different tree-and crop-based systems in semiarid alfisols[J].Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis,2017,48(5):477-500.
[8]吕殿青,邵明安,刘春平.容重对土壤饱和水分运动参数的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(3):154-157.LüDianqing,Shao Mingan,Liu Chunping.Effect of bulk density on soil saturated water movement parameters[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.2006,20(3):154-157.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]吕殿青,邵明安,潘云.容重变化与土壤水分特征的依赖关系研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(3):209-212,216.LüDianqing,Shao Mingan,Pan Yun.Dependent relationship between bulk density changes and soil water characteristics[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.2009,23(3):209-212,216.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]佘冬立,郑加兴,刘营营,等.围垦年限和土壤容重对海涂土壤水分运动参数的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(2):120-125.She Dongli,Zheng Jiaxing,Liu Yingying,et al.Effects of land reclamation time and soil bulk density on soil hydraulic parameters in coastal reclamation region[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(2):120-125.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Sobczuk H A,Walczak R T.Bulk density dependence parameterization of water potential-moisture characteristics of soil[J].Polish Journal of Soil Science,1996,29(2):81-85.
[12]Richard G,Cousin I,Sillon J F,et al.Effect of compaction on the porosity of a silty soil:influence on unsaturated hydraulic properties[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2001,52(1):49-58.
[13]王恩姮,赵雨森,陈祥伟.前期含水率对机械压实土壤结构特征的影响[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(1):159-163.Wang Enheng,Zhao Yusen,Chen Xiang wei.Effect of antecedent moisture content onsoil structure compacted by machinery[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(1):159-163.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]李梅,张学雷.不同土体构型的土壤肥力评价及与容重关系分析[J].土壤通报,2011,42(6):1420-1427.Li Mei,Zhang Xuelei.Evaluation of soil fertility and its relationship with soil bulk densityin different soil profile texture patterns[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2011,42(6):1420-1427.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]IUSS Working Group WRB.Word reference base for soil resources 2006[M].FAO,Rome,2006.
[16]Carter M R.Soil quality for sustainable land management[J].Agronomy Journal,2002,94(1):38-47.
[17]Simms P H,Yanful E K.Measurement and estimation of pore shrinkage and pore distribution in a clayey till during soil-water characteristic curve tests[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2001,38(4):741-754.
[18]van Genuchten M T V.A closed from equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1980,44(44):892-898.
[19]刘贤赵,李嘉竹,张振华.土壤持水曲线van Genuchten模型求参的一种新方法[J].土壤学报,2007,44(6):1135-1138.Liu Xianzhao,Li Jiazhu,Zhang Zhenhua.A new method to estimating parameters of Van Genuchten model for soil water retention[J].Acta Pedologicasinica,2007,44(6):1135-1138.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]楼骏.农田水利学[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005.
[21]依艳丽.土壤物理研究方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2010.
[22]雷志栋,杨诗秀.土壤水动力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1988.
[23]邵明安,王全九,黄明斌.土壤物理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社.
[24]邵芳,胡振琪,王培俊,等.基于黄河泥沙充填复垦采煤沉陷地覆土材料的优选[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(增刊2):352-358.Shao Fang,Hu Zhenqi,Wang Peijun,et al.Selection of alternative soil for filling reclamation with Yellow River sediment in coal-mining subsidence areas[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(Supp.2):352-358.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]郑健,王燕,蔡焕杰,等.植物混掺土壤水分特征曲线及拟合模型分析[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(5):107-112.Zhen Jian,Wang Yan,Cai Huanjie,et al.Soil-water characteristic curves of soil with plant additive and analyses of the fitting models[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machiner,2014,45(5):107-112.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]Mualem Y.A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media[J].Water Resource Resources,1976,12(3):513-522.
[27]黄昌勇,徐建明.土壤学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2010.
[2]徐良骥,黄璨,章如芹,等.煤矸石充填复垦地理化特性与重金属分布特征[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(5):211-219.Xu Liangji,Huang Can,Zhang Ruqin,et al.Physical and chemical properties and distribution characteristics of heavy metals in reclaimed land filled with coal gangue[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(5):211-219.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]胡振琪,戚家忠,司继涛.不同复垦时间的粉煤灰充填复垦土壤重金属污染与评价[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(2):214-218.Hu Zhenqi,Qi Jiazhong,Si Jitao.Contamination and assessment of heavy metals in fly ash reclaimed soil[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2003,19(2):214-218.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]邹朝阳,时洪超,孙国庆.湖泥充填技术在采煤沉陷区复垦中的应用[J].中国煤炭,2009,35(12):105-106,122.Zou Zhaoyang,Shi Hongchao,Sun Guoqing.Application of lake mud stowing technology in the reclamation of subsided areas caused by coal mining[J].China Coal,2009,35(12):105-106,122.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]王培俊,胡振琪,邵芳,等.黄河泥沙作为采煤沉陷地充填复垦材料的可行性分析[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(6):1133-1139.Wang Peijun,Hu Zhenqi,Shao Fang,et al.Feasibility analysis of Yellow River sediment used as the filling reclamation material of mining subsidence land[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(6):1133-1139.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]胡振琪,王培俊,邵芳.引黄河泥沙充填复垦采煤沉陷地技术的试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(3):288-295.Hu Zhenqi,Wang Peijun,Shao Fang.Technique for filling reclamation of mining subsidence land with Yellow River sediment[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(3):288-295.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]Ramulu I,Ramachandrappa B K,Sankar G R M,et al.Assessment of changes in soil infiltration,water-holding capacity,bulk density and fertility parameters under different tree-and crop-based systems in semiarid alfisols[J].Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis,2017,48(5):477-500.
[8]吕殿青,邵明安,刘春平.容重对土壤饱和水分运动参数的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(3):154-157.LüDianqing,Shao Mingan,Liu Chunping.Effect of bulk density on soil saturated water movement parameters[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.2006,20(3):154-157.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]吕殿青,邵明安,潘云.容重变化与土壤水分特征的依赖关系研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(3):209-212,216.LüDianqing,Shao Mingan,Pan Yun.Dependent relationship between bulk density changes and soil water characteristics[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.2009,23(3):209-212,216.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]佘冬立,郑加兴,刘营营,等.围垦年限和土壤容重对海涂土壤水分运动参数的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(2):120-125.She Dongli,Zheng Jiaxing,Liu Yingying,et al.Effects of land reclamation time and soil bulk density on soil hydraulic parameters in coastal reclamation region[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(2):120-125.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Sobczuk H A,Walczak R T.Bulk density dependence parameterization of water potential-moisture characteristics of soil[J].Polish Journal of Soil Science,1996,29(2):81-85.
[12]Richard G,Cousin I,Sillon J F,et al.Effect of compaction on the porosity of a silty soil:influence on unsaturated hydraulic properties[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2001,52(1):49-58.
[13]王恩姮,赵雨森,陈祥伟.前期含水率对机械压实土壤结构特征的影响[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(1):159-163.Wang Enheng,Zhao Yusen,Chen Xiang wei.Effect of antecedent moisture content onsoil structure compacted by machinery[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(1):159-163.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]李梅,张学雷.不同土体构型的土壤肥力评价及与容重关系分析[J].土壤通报,2011,42(6):1420-1427.Li Mei,Zhang Xuelei.Evaluation of soil fertility and its relationship with soil bulk densityin different soil profile texture patterns[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2011,42(6):1420-1427.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]IUSS Working Group WRB.Word reference base for soil resources 2006[M].FAO,Rome,2006.
[16]Carter M R.Soil quality for sustainable land management[J].Agronomy Journal,2002,94(1):38-47.
[17]Simms P H,Yanful E K.Measurement and estimation of pore shrinkage and pore distribution in a clayey till during soil-water characteristic curve tests[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2001,38(4):741-754.
[18]van Genuchten M T V.A closed from equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1980,44(44):892-898.
[19]刘贤赵,李嘉竹,张振华.土壤持水曲线van Genuchten模型求参的一种新方法[J].土壤学报,2007,44(6):1135-1138.Liu Xianzhao,Li Jiazhu,Zhang Zhenhua.A new method to estimating parameters of Van Genuchten model for soil water retention[J].Acta Pedologicasinica,2007,44(6):1135-1138.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]楼骏.农田水利学[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005.
[21]依艳丽.土壤物理研究方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2010.
[22]雷志栋,杨诗秀.土壤水动力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1988.
[23]邵明安,王全九,黄明斌.土壤物理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社.
[24]邵芳,胡振琪,王培俊,等.基于黄河泥沙充填复垦采煤沉陷地覆土材料的优选[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(增刊2):352-358.Shao Fang,Hu Zhenqi,Wang Peijun,et al.Selection of alternative soil for filling reclamation with Yellow River sediment in coal-mining subsidence areas[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(Supp.2):352-358.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]郑健,王燕,蔡焕杰,等.植物混掺土壤水分特征曲线及拟合模型分析[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(5):107-112.Zhen Jian,Wang Yan,Cai Huanjie,et al.Soil-water characteristic curves of soil with plant additive and analyses of the fitting models[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machiner,2014,45(5):107-112.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]Mualem Y.A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media[J].Water Resource Resources,1976,12(3):513-522.
[27]黄昌勇,徐建明.土壤学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2010.