两组词汇“枇杷”与“琵琶”、“枇杷”与“卢橘”史料考析
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摘要
中国是枇杷原产地,有两千多年的枇杷记载历史;产生了若干重要的枇杷词汇,影响着世界枇杷的传播。因此,考析"枇杷"与"琵琶"、"枇杷"与"卢橘"这两组重要词汇的词源关系,将为枇杷的史实提供更可靠的证据。笔者借助音乐界、音韵学界、语言文字学界对于乐器"琵琶"源流查考的丰富研究成果,利用现代网络技术"阅读器"浏览浩如烟海的史料,对两对词组"枇杷"和"琵琶"、"枇杷"和"卢橘"的词源关系进行考析。重点辨析了枇杷叶"其形如琵琶,故名之"和"卢橘为枇杷的别称"这两个观点。资料表明,枇杷一词早于琵琶出现两三百年,枇杷名不是来源于琵琶;卢橘是芸香科的一种植物,用其指代枇杷的别称是一种误解。因此,枇杷叶"其形如琵琶,故名之"和"卢橘为枇杷的别称"这两个观点属于谬误,应予摒弃。
China is the origin region of loquat(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.). The history of loquat cultivation has been recorded for more than 2000 years, which has produced a number of important loquat words and influenced the spread of loquat in the world. Therefore, a textual study of the etymological relationship between loquat and"Pipa"(Lute instrument), loquat and"Luju"will provide more reliable evidence for the historical facts of loquat. With the help of the rich research achievements of music, phonology and Linguistics circles on the origin and development of the musical instrument"Pipa", and with the help of modern network technology"reader"to browse the vast sea of information, the etymological relationship between the two pairs of phrases"loquat"and"Pipa","loquat"and"Luju"was studied in this paper. The two viewpoints of loquat leaf"its shape is like Pipa, so it is named"and"Luju"is another name of loquat were analyzed. The data showed that the word loquat appeared two or three hundred years earlier than Pipa, The word"loquat"refers to the fruit plant loquat, which was planted earlier before the completion of the"Historical Records", and is called"loquat", which is recorded in Sima Qian's"Historical Records", which is the earliest record of loquat so far. However, the word"pipa"has not been found in the"Historical Records". The Wei and Jin Dynasties, two or three hundred years after this, may appear. Therefore, Kou Zongyu said that loquat leaf"its shape is like a pipa, so the name"is not correct, has been circulated for more than 1 000 years, can no longer be"misleading"should be abandoned. As for how to express the origin of loquat name in the future, professionals can discuss whether it can be expressed as follows: loquat originated in China, began to grow in BC,"Records of History"clearly recorded"loquat". In some necessary occasions, it may be added that the word loquat refers to fruit plants, much earlier than"pipa"refers to musical instruments. From the Northern Song dynasty to the present, many literatures quote Kou Zongyu's"Materia Medica Yanyi"as saying: loquat leaf"its shape is like a pipa, so it is called"belongs to"to falsehood. Another key word, Luju", it is not a loquat, may be one kind of Rutaceae plant, and it was a misunderstanding to use it to refer to the other name of loquat. As for why Su Shi insisted that Lu Orange was a loquat nickname in the Song dynasty, the reasons are not clear. However, because of his fame and influence, many people follow Su Shi and regard Lu Orange as a loquat nickname, or common name. So in the latter half of the nineteenth century, when the British introduced loquat from Guangzhou to Kew Gardens, the loquat was also transliterated as"Luju"and later evolved into loquat. How to express loquat alias in the future,professionals can also discuss whether it can be expressed as follows: loquat, once alias Luju, has been used since the Song dynasty, until the nineteenth century when Britain introduced loquat from China,there are also misuse Luju refers to loquat, known as loquat, now find out, historical records. The word"Luju", which first appeared in China, does not mean loquat. In short, the two viewpoints of loquat leaf are fallacious and should be abandoned.
China is the origin region of loquat(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.). The history of loquat cultivation has been recorded for more than 2000 years, which has produced a number of important loquat words and influenced the spread of loquat in the world. Therefore, a textual study of the etymological relationship between loquat and"Pipa"(Lute instrument), loquat and"Luju"will provide more reliable evidence for the historical facts of loquat. With the help of the rich research achievements of music, phonology and Linguistics circles on the origin and development of the musical instrument"Pipa", and with the help of modern network technology"reader"to browse the vast sea of information, the etymological relationship between the two pairs of phrases"loquat"and"Pipa","loquat"and"Luju"was studied in this paper. The two viewpoints of loquat leaf"its shape is like Pipa, so it is named"and"Luju"is another name of loquat were analyzed. The data showed that the word loquat appeared two or three hundred years earlier than Pipa, The word"loquat"refers to the fruit plant loquat, which was planted earlier before the completion of the"Historical Records", and is called"loquat", which is recorded in Sima Qian's"Historical Records", which is the earliest record of loquat so far. However, the word"pipa"has not been found in the"Historical Records". The Wei and Jin Dynasties, two or three hundred years after this, may appear. Therefore, Kou Zongyu said that loquat leaf"its shape is like a pipa, so the name"is not correct, has been circulated for more than 1 000 years, can no longer be"misleading"should be abandoned. As for how to express the origin of loquat name in the future, professionals can discuss whether it can be expressed as follows: loquat originated in China, began to grow in BC,"Records of History"clearly recorded"loquat". In some necessary occasions, it may be added that the word loquat refers to fruit plants, much earlier than"pipa"refers to musical instruments. From the Northern Song dynasty to the present, many literatures quote Kou Zongyu's"Materia Medica Yanyi"as saying: loquat leaf"its shape is like a pipa, so it is called"belongs to"to falsehood. Another key word, Luju", it is not a loquat, may be one kind of Rutaceae plant, and it was a misunderstanding to use it to refer to the other name of loquat. As for why Su Shi insisted that Lu Orange was a loquat nickname in the Song dynasty, the reasons are not clear. However, because of his fame and influence, many people follow Su Shi and regard Lu Orange as a loquat nickname, or common name. So in the latter half of the nineteenth century, when the British introduced loquat from Guangzhou to Kew Gardens, the loquat was also transliterated as"Luju"and later evolved into loquat. How to express loquat alias in the future,professionals can also discuss whether it can be expressed as follows: loquat, once alias Luju, has been used since the Song dynasty, until the nineteenth century when Britain introduced loquat from China,there are also misuse Luju refers to loquat, known as loquat, now find out, historical records. The word"Luju", which first appeared in China, does not mean loquat. In short, the two viewpoints of loquat leaf are fallacious and should be abandoned.
引文
[1] LIN S Q,SHARPE R H,JUNICK J. Loquat:Botany and Horticulture[J]. Horticultural Reviews,1999,23:233-276.
[2] LIN S Q. Loquat,in:encyclopedia of fruits and nuts(eds by Jules Janick and Robert E. Paull)[M]. CABI,2008:643-651.
[3] VILANOVA S,BADENES M L,MARTINEZ-VALERO J,LLACER G.Analysis of loquat germplasm(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.)by RAPD molecular markers[J]. Euphytica,2001,121(1):25-29
[4] NESUMI H. Loquat. In:Horticulture in Japan. Edited by The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science[M]. Shoukadoh Publication,2006:85-95.
[5]章恢志主编.中国果树志·枇杷[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1996.ZHANG Huizhi. Flora of fruit tree in China·loquat[M]. Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,1996.
[6]寇宗奭.1116.《本草衍义》[M].【北宋】,卷十八:101-108.KOU Zongshi. 1116. Amplification on canon of materia medica[M].[Earlier Song Dynasty](960-1127),Vol.18:101-108.
[7]苏轼.苏东坡全集[M].北京:中华书局,1986:卷七十五.SU Shi. Complete works of Su Dongpo[M]. Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1986:Vol.75.
[8]王振刚.枇杷史略[J].果树学报,1988,5(2):86-88.WANG Zhengang. A brief history of loquat[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,1988,5(2):86-88.
[9]林顺权.枇杷[M]//热带亚热带果树栽培学(黄辉白主编).北京:高等教育出版社,2003.LIN Shunquan. Loquat[M]//Tropical and subtropical fruit cultivation(edited by HUANG Huibai). Beijing:Higher Education Press,2003.
[10]李健正.古代丝绸之路与中国琵琶(上)[J].西安音乐学院学报(交响),1993(3):6-8.LI Jianzheng. Relationship between of ancient Silk Road and Chinese Pipa(Lute instrument)(upper)[J]. Journal of Xi'an Conservatory of Music(Symphony),1993(3):6-8.
[11]韩淑德,张之年.中国琵琶史稿(增补本)[M].上海:上海音乐学院出版社,2010.HAN Shude,ZHANG Zhinian. The history of Chinese Pipa(Lute instrument)(Supplement)[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Conservatory of Music Press,2010.
[12]中国民族管弦乐学会.华乐大典·琵琶卷[M].上海:上海音乐出版社,2016.Chinese National Orchestra Society. Hua Le Da Dian Pipa(Lute instrument)Volume[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Music Publishing House,2016.
[13]胡雪颖.古籍文献中“琵琶”及其相关语汇混用现象考析[J].重庆第二师范学院学报,2014,27(4):44-61.HU Xueyin. Analysis of mix-used“Pipa”(Lute instrument)and their Chinese characters in ancient books[J].Journal of Chngqing University of Education,2014,27(4):44-61.
[14]刘新文.批把与元白诗、元杂剧[J].北京联合大学学报(人文社会科学版),2007,5(3):26-31.LIU Xinwen. Pipa and poems by Yuan and Bai and Yuan Zaju Operas[J]. Journal of Beijing Union University(Humanties and Social Sciences),2007,5(3):26-31.
[15]司马迁.史记[M].卷二十四,乐书第二;卷一百一十七,司马相如列传;卷一百二十三,大宛列传.公元前104-79.中华书局,1959.SIMA Qian. Shiji(Historical Records)[M].Vol.24. Yue Shu second; Vol.117. Biography of Sima Xiangru; Vol.123. Collected biographies of Dawan(an ancient state). 104-79 BC. Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1959.
[16]葛洪著【晋】集注.刘歆原撰《西京杂记》[M].卷一.GE Hong notes[Jin Dynasty]. LIU Xin Edit. Xijing miscellaneous notes[M]. Vol.1.
[17]郭义恭【西晋】《广志》[M].(三世纪)卷下第6页.GUO Yigong[Xi Jin Dynasty] Guang Zhi[M].(Third Century)Volume 6 page.
[18]刘熙.释名[M].(影印丛书集成初编本).北京:中华书局,1985:107.LIU Xi. Annotation[M].(First edition of photocopy series). Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1985:107.
[19]庞勉.库车,从龟兹来[N].南方周末(副刊),2018-08-16:C25.PANG Mian. Kuche. From the Qiuci(an ancient state)[N].Southern Weekend(Supplement),2018-08-16:C25.
[20]耕耘.枇杷文化品趣[J].养生月刊,2014(4):358-359.GENG Yun. Loquat culture interest[J]. Health Preservation Monthly,2014(4):358-359.
[21]李昉.太平御览[M].卷四十一.北京:中华书局.LI Fang. Tai Ping Yu Lan(Taiping Imperial Encyclopaedia)[M].Vol.41. Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company.
[22]张应斌.博罗与骆越的起源[J].惠州学院学报(社会科学版),2013,33(1):5-10.ZHANG Ying-bin. The origin of Boro and Luoyue[J]. Journal of Huizhou University(Social Sciences),2013,33(1):5-10.
[23]李时珍【明】.《本草纲目》. 1578[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1982:1796-1798.LI Shizhen[Ming Dynasty]. Compendium of Materia Medica.1578[M]. Beijing:People’s Health Publishing House,1982:1797-1798.
[24]李耕拓.“卢橘”是“枇杷”吗?[J].现代语文(教学研究版),2003(17):15.LI Gengtuo.“Luju”is“loquat”?[J]. Modern languages(Teaching Research Edition),2003(17):15.
[25]甘廉生,唐小浪.广东柑橘志[M].广州:广东科学技术出版社,2013:57-107.GAN Liansheng,TAN Xiaolang. Flora of Guangdong Citrus[M].Guangdong Science and Technology Press,2013:57-107.
*吴耕民. 1995.江南珍果(杨梅、枇杷、无花果).浙江农业大学园艺系编。
[2] LIN S Q. Loquat,in:encyclopedia of fruits and nuts(eds by Jules Janick and Robert E. Paull)[M]. CABI,2008:643-651.
[3] VILANOVA S,BADENES M L,MARTINEZ-VALERO J,LLACER G.Analysis of loquat germplasm(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.)by RAPD molecular markers[J]. Euphytica,2001,121(1):25-29
[4] NESUMI H. Loquat. In:Horticulture in Japan. Edited by The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science[M]. Shoukadoh Publication,2006:85-95.
[5]章恢志主编.中国果树志·枇杷[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1996.ZHANG Huizhi. Flora of fruit tree in China·loquat[M]. Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,1996.
[6]寇宗奭.1116.《本草衍义》[M].【北宋】,卷十八:101-108.KOU Zongshi. 1116. Amplification on canon of materia medica[M].[Earlier Song Dynasty](960-1127),Vol.18:101-108.
[7]苏轼.苏东坡全集[M].北京:中华书局,1986:卷七十五.SU Shi. Complete works of Su Dongpo[M]. Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1986:Vol.75.
[8]王振刚.枇杷史略[J].果树学报,1988,5(2):86-88.WANG Zhengang. A brief history of loquat[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,1988,5(2):86-88.
[9]林顺权.枇杷[M]//热带亚热带果树栽培学(黄辉白主编).北京:高等教育出版社,2003.LIN Shunquan. Loquat[M]//Tropical and subtropical fruit cultivation(edited by HUANG Huibai). Beijing:Higher Education Press,2003.
[10]李健正.古代丝绸之路与中国琵琶(上)[J].西安音乐学院学报(交响),1993(3):6-8.LI Jianzheng. Relationship between of ancient Silk Road and Chinese Pipa(Lute instrument)(upper)[J]. Journal of Xi'an Conservatory of Music(Symphony),1993(3):6-8.
[11]韩淑德,张之年.中国琵琶史稿(增补本)[M].上海:上海音乐学院出版社,2010.HAN Shude,ZHANG Zhinian. The history of Chinese Pipa(Lute instrument)(Supplement)[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Conservatory of Music Press,2010.
[12]中国民族管弦乐学会.华乐大典·琵琶卷[M].上海:上海音乐出版社,2016.Chinese National Orchestra Society. Hua Le Da Dian Pipa(Lute instrument)Volume[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Music Publishing House,2016.
[13]胡雪颖.古籍文献中“琵琶”及其相关语汇混用现象考析[J].重庆第二师范学院学报,2014,27(4):44-61.HU Xueyin. Analysis of mix-used“Pipa”(Lute instrument)and their Chinese characters in ancient books[J].Journal of Chngqing University of Education,2014,27(4):44-61.
[14]刘新文.批把与元白诗、元杂剧[J].北京联合大学学报(人文社会科学版),2007,5(3):26-31.LIU Xinwen. Pipa and poems by Yuan and Bai and Yuan Zaju Operas[J]. Journal of Beijing Union University(Humanties and Social Sciences),2007,5(3):26-31.
[15]司马迁.史记[M].卷二十四,乐书第二;卷一百一十七,司马相如列传;卷一百二十三,大宛列传.公元前104-79.中华书局,1959.SIMA Qian. Shiji(Historical Records)[M].Vol.24. Yue Shu second; Vol.117. Biography of Sima Xiangru; Vol.123. Collected biographies of Dawan(an ancient state). 104-79 BC. Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1959.
[16]葛洪著【晋】集注.刘歆原撰《西京杂记》[M].卷一.GE Hong notes[Jin Dynasty]. LIU Xin Edit. Xijing miscellaneous notes[M]. Vol.1.
[17]郭义恭【西晋】《广志》[M].(三世纪)卷下第6页.GUO Yigong[Xi Jin Dynasty] Guang Zhi[M].(Third Century)Volume 6 page.
[18]刘熙.释名[M].(影印丛书集成初编本).北京:中华书局,1985:107.LIU Xi. Annotation[M].(First edition of photocopy series). Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1985:107.
[19]庞勉.库车,从龟兹来[N].南方周末(副刊),2018-08-16:C25.PANG Mian. Kuche. From the Qiuci(an ancient state)[N].Southern Weekend(Supplement),2018-08-16:C25.
[20]耕耘.枇杷文化品趣[J].养生月刊,2014(4):358-359.GENG Yun. Loquat culture interest[J]. Health Preservation Monthly,2014(4):358-359.
[21]李昉.太平御览[M].卷四十一.北京:中华书局.LI Fang. Tai Ping Yu Lan(Taiping Imperial Encyclopaedia)[M].Vol.41. Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company.
[22]张应斌.博罗与骆越的起源[J].惠州学院学报(社会科学版),2013,33(1):5-10.ZHANG Ying-bin. The origin of Boro and Luoyue[J]. Journal of Huizhou University(Social Sciences),2013,33(1):5-10.
[23]李时珍【明】.《本草纲目》. 1578[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1982:1796-1798.LI Shizhen[Ming Dynasty]. Compendium of Materia Medica.1578[M]. Beijing:People’s Health Publishing House,1982:1797-1798.
[24]李耕拓.“卢橘”是“枇杷”吗?[J].现代语文(教学研究版),2003(17):15.LI Gengtuo.“Luju”is“loquat”?[J]. Modern languages(Teaching Research Edition),2003(17):15.
[25]甘廉生,唐小浪.广东柑橘志[M].广州:广东科学技术出版社,2013:57-107.GAN Liansheng,TAN Xiaolang. Flora of Guangdong Citrus[M].Guangdong Science and Technology Press,2013:57-107.
*吴耕民. 1995.江南珍果(杨梅、枇杷、无花果).浙江农业大学园艺系编。