人工鱼礁对防城港海域小型岩礁性鱼类诱集效果研究
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摘要
为探究人工鱼礁聚鱼效果,于2017年2月、4月、9月和11月主要通过声学探测技术,对防城港海域渔业资源密度、空间分布与大小组成进行了调查研究。结果显示,防城港人工鱼礁区及其临近海域4次调查共捕获各类游泳生物和底栖无脊椎动物201种,包括鱼类126种、蟹类32种、虾类20种、虾蛄类11种和头足类12种。双因素方差分析结果表明,调查海域渔业资源密度在时空层面上均存在显著性差异(P<0.001),且交互作用显著(P<0.001)。2月调查海域人工鱼礁区渔业资源密度(547745ind/n mile~2)约为其周边海域(203990ind/n mile~2)的2.68倍,表现出明显的聚鱼效果。其中,二长棘鲷(Parargyrops edita)、多齿蛇鲻(Saurida tumbil)、花斑蛇鲻(Saurida undosquamis)等岩礁性底层鱼类为该季度主要优势种类。各航次人工鱼礁区小型个体所占比重较高,其平均目标强度(TS)分别为–55.6 dB(2月)、–54.5 dB(4月)、–53.6 dB(9月)和–52.2 dB(11月),随个体生长其平均TS呈稳步增大的变化趋势。在垂直方向上,2月和4月航次人工鱼礁区90%以上回波单体主要分布在9～16m中下水层。上述研究结果表明,人工鱼礁建设对防城港海域小型岩礁性鱼类表现出明显的向底层诱集的效果,该结果能为海洋牧场生态效应系统评价提供重要支撑。
Fishery resources density, spatial distribution, and size composition were studied in February, April,September, and November 2017, primarily based on an acoustic method to explore the fish gathering effect of artificial reefs in Fangchenggang Gulf. A total of 201 nekton and benthic invertebrate species(including 126 fish species, 32 crab species, 20 decapod species, 11 squilloidea species, and 12 cephalopoda species) were collected in artificial reefs(and areas adjacent to the reefs) in the Fangchenggang Gulf. The results of a two-way ANOVA showed that the spatial and temporal differences in fishery resource density in the investigated area are significant(P<0.001). The interaction between seasons and regions is also significant(P<0.001). The fishery resource density of the artificial reefs area(547745 ind/n mile~2) was nearly 2.7-times greater than that of the surrounding area(203990 ind/n mile~2), showing an obvious fish gathering effect of artificial reefs in February. The types of fish were mainly benthic and rockfishes such as Parargyrops edita, Saurida tumbil, and S. undosquamis. Small size individuals accounted for a large percentage in the artificial reef area and their average target strengths(TS) were–55.6 dB(in February), –54.5 dB(in April), –53.6 dB(in September), and –52.2 dB(in December), respectively,which displayed a gradually increasing trend of TS values with the individual growth. In the vertical direction,more than 90% of single echo detections were distributed in the middle and deeper layers(9～16 m) of the artificial reef area in the February and April investigations. In conclusion, the construction of artificial reefs in Fangchenggang Gulf revealed an obvious downward gathering effect on the small size rockfishes, which supports the need for systematic evaluation of the ecological effect of marine ranching.
Fishery resources density, spatial distribution, and size composition were studied in February, April,September, and November 2017, primarily based on an acoustic method to explore the fish gathering effect of artificial reefs in Fangchenggang Gulf. A total of 201 nekton and benthic invertebrate species(including 126 fish species, 32 crab species, 20 decapod species, 11 squilloidea species, and 12 cephalopoda species) were collected in artificial reefs(and areas adjacent to the reefs) in the Fangchenggang Gulf. The results of a two-way ANOVA showed that the spatial and temporal differences in fishery resource density in the investigated area are significant(P<0.001). The interaction between seasons and regions is also significant(P<0.001). The fishery resource density of the artificial reefs area(547745 ind/n mile~2) was nearly 2.7-times greater than that of the surrounding area(203990 ind/n mile~2), showing an obvious fish gathering effect of artificial reefs in February. The types of fish were mainly benthic and rockfishes such as Parargyrops edita, Saurida tumbil, and S. undosquamis. Small size individuals accounted for a large percentage in the artificial reef area and their average target strengths(TS) were–55.6 dB(in February), –54.5 dB(in April), –53.6 dB(in September), and –52.2 dB(in December), respectively,which displayed a gradually increasing trend of TS values with the individual growth. In the vertical direction,more than 90% of single echo detections were distributed in the middle and deeper layers(9～16 m) of the artificial reef area in the February and April investigations. In conclusion, the construction of artificial reefs in Fangchenggang Gulf revealed an obvious downward gathering effect on the small size rockfishes, which supports the need for systematic evaluation of the ecological effect of marine ranching.
引文
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[17]Chen Z Z,Qiu Y S.Stock variation of Parargyrops edita Tanaka in Beibu Gulf[J].South China Fisheries Science,2005,1(3):26-31.[陈作志,邱永松.北部湾二长棘鲷的资源变动[J].南方水产,2005,1(3):26-31.]
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[19]Wang X H,Qiu Y S,Du F Y,et al.Spatio-temporal variability of fish diversity and dominant species in the Beibu Gulf[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2011,18(2):427-436.[王雪辉,邱永松,杜飞雁,等.北部湾鱼类多样性及优势种的时空变化[J].中国水产科学,2011,18(2):427-436.]
[20]Currey L M,Heupel M R,Simpfendorfer C A,et al.Sedentary or mobile?Variability in space and depth use of an exploited coral reef fish[J].Marine Biology,2014,161(9):2155-2166.
[21]Williams-Grove L J,Szedlmayer S T.Depth preferences and three-dimensional movements of red snapper,Lutjanus campechanus,on an artificial reef in the northern Gulf of Mexico[J].Fisheries Research,2017,190:61-70.
[22]Chen P M.A survey on catch in artificial reef area of Zhongshan City[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2005,24(3):73-80.[陈丕茂.中山人工鱼礁区渔获物调查[J].热带海洋学报,2005,24(3):73-80.]
[23]Gallaway B J,Szedlmayer S T,Gazey W J.A life history review for red snapper in the Gulf of Mexico with an evaluation of the importance of offshore petroleum platforms and other artificial reefs[J].Reviews in Fisheries Science,2009,17(1):48-67.
[24]Scalabrin C,Marfia C,Boucher J.How much fish is hidden in the surface and bottom acoustic blind zones?[J].ICESJournal of Marine Science,2009,66(6):1355-1363.
[25]Toresen R.Absorption of acoustic energy in dense herring schools studied by the attenuation in the bottom echo signal[J].Fisheries Research,1991,10(3-4):317-327.
[26]?íha M,J?za T,PrchalováM,et al.The size selectivity of the main body of a sampling pelagic pair trawl in freshwater reservoirs during the night[J].Fisheries Research,2012,127-128(9):56-60.
[27]Dra?tík V,Kube?ka J.Fish avoidance of acoustic survey boat in shallow waters[J].Fisheries Research,2005,72(2):219-228.
[28]Zhao X Y,Wang Y,Dai F Q.Depth-dependent target strength of anchovy(Engraulis japonicus)measured in situ[J].ICES Journal of Marine Science,2008,65(6):882-888.
[29]Gastauer S,F?ssler S M M,Couperus B,et al.Target strength and vertical distribution of smelt(Osmerus eperlanus)in the Ijsselmeer based on stationary 200 kHz echosounder recordings[J].Fisheries Research,2013,148:100-105.
[30]Zeng L,Chen G B,Yu J.Acoustic assessment of fishery resources and spatial distribution in Nan’ao Island area[J].South China Fisheries Science,2018,14(2):26-35.[曾雷,陈国宝,于杰.南澳岛海域渔业资源声学评估与空间分布[J].南方水产科学,2018,14(2):26-35.]
[31]De Robertis A,Taylor K.In situ target strength measurements of the scyphomedusa Chrysaora melanaster[J].Fisheries Research,2014,153:18-23.
[32]Li B,Chen G B,Zeng L,et al.Modeling study on the target strength of Sillago sihama[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2018,25(2):403-412.[李斌,陈国宝,曾雷,等.多鳞鱚目标强度的模型法研究[J].中国水产科学,2018,25(2):403-412.]
[2]Li N N,Chen G B,Yu J,et al.Assessment of biomass in artificial reef area of Yangmeikeng in Daya Bay using acoustic method[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2011,35(11):1640-1649.[李娜娜,陈国宝,于杰,等.大亚湾杨梅坑人工鱼礁水域生物资源量声学评估[J].水产学报,2011,35(11):1640-1649.]
[3]Tang W Y,Tang Y L,Sheng H X,et al.Ecosystem health assesment of artificial reef area in Xigang,Weihai[J].Periodical of Ocean University of China,2018,48(3):55-64.[唐伟尧,唐衍力,盛化香,等.威海西港人工鱼礁区生态系统健康评价[J].中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版),2018,48(3):55-64.]
[4]Ajemian M J,Wetz J J,Shipley L B,et al.Rapid assessment of fish communities on submerged oil and gas platform reefs using remotely operated vehicles[J].Fisheries Research,2015,167:143-155.
[5]Edgar G J,Barrett N S,Morton A J.Biases associated with the use of underwater visual census techniques to quantify the density and size-structure of fish populations[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,2004,308(2):269-290.
[6]Chen G B,Li Y Z,Zhao X Y,et al.Acoustic assessment of commercial fish resources in the northern waters of South China Sea[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2005,12(4):445-451.[陈国宝,李永振,赵宪勇,等.南海北部海域重要经济鱼类资源声学评估[J].中国水产科学,2005,12(4):445-451.]
[7]Tan X C,Shi J Q,Zhang H,et al.Hydroacoustic assessment of fish resources in the Lake Qinghai with EY60 echosounder[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2009,21(6):865-872.[谭细畅,史建全,张宏,等.EY60回声探测仪在青海湖鱼类资源量评估中的应用[J].湖泊科学,2009,21(6):865-872.]
[8]Zhou L,Zeng L,Fu D H,et al.Fish density increases from the upper to lower parts of the Pearl River Delta,China,and is influenced by tide,chlorophyll-a,water transparency,and water depth[J].Aquatic Ecology,2016,50(1):59-74.
[9]Zhang J,Jiang Y E,Chen Z Z,et al.Preliminary study on the nautical area scattering coefficient and distribution of mesopelagic fish species in the central-southern part of the South China Sea[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2017,24(1):120-135.[张俊,江艳娥,陈作志,等.南海中南部中层鱼资源声学积分值及时空分布初探[J].中国水产科学,2017,24(1):120-135.]
[10]Acolas M L,Anras M L B,Véron V,et al.An assessment of the upstream migration and reproductive behaviour of allis shad(Alosa alosa L.)using acoustic tracking[J].ICES Journal of Marine Science,2004,61(8):1291-1304.
[11]Wang Z C,Chen G B,Zeng L.Study of fish behavior using acoustic fish tags and wireless tracker[J].South China Fisheries Science,2018,14(2):51-59.[王志超,陈国宝,曾雷.基于声学标志和无线跟踪方法的鱼类行为研究[J].南方水产科学,2018,14(2):51-59.]
[12]Simrad.Simrad ER60 scientific echo sounder software reference manual[Z].Norway:Simrad Maritime as Kongsberg,2008:19-31.
[13]Aglen A.Random errors of acoustic fish abundance estimates in relation to the survey grid density applied[R].Rome:FAO Fisheries Report,1983:293-298.
[14]Parker-Stetter S L,Rudstam L G,Sullivan P J,et al.Standard operating procedures for fisheries acoustic surveys in the Great Lakes[J].Great Lakes Fishery Commission,Special Publication,2009:103-146.
[15]Higginbottom I,Wood S,Schneider P.Hydroacoustic Data Processing for Standard Stock Assessment Using Echoview:Technical Manual[M].Australia:Myriax Software Pty Ltd Publication,2008:1-108.
[16]Li B,Chen G B,Yu J,et al.The acoustic survey of fisheries resources for various seasons in the mouth of Lingshui Bay of Hainan Island[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2018,42(4):544-556.[李斌,陈国宝,于杰,等.海南陵水湾口海域不同季节鱼类资源声学探查[J].水产学报,2018,42(4):544-556.]
[17]Chen Z Z,Qiu Y S.Stock variation of Parargyrops edita Tanaka in Beibu Gulf[J].South China Fisheries Science,2005,1(3):26-31.[陈作志,邱永松.北部湾二长棘鲷的资源变动[J].南方水产,2005,1(3):26-31.]
[18]Zhang J,Chen P M,Fang L C,et al.Background acoustic estimation of fisheries resources in marine ranching area of Zhelin Bay-Nan’ao Island in the South China Sea[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2015,39(8):1187-1198.[张俊,陈丕茂,房立晨,等.南海柘林湾-南澳岛海洋牧场渔业资源本底声学评估[J].水产学报,2015,39(8):1187-1198.]
[19]Wang X H,Qiu Y S,Du F Y,et al.Spatio-temporal variability of fish diversity and dominant species in the Beibu Gulf[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2011,18(2):427-436.[王雪辉,邱永松,杜飞雁,等.北部湾鱼类多样性及优势种的时空变化[J].中国水产科学,2011,18(2):427-436.]
[20]Currey L M,Heupel M R,Simpfendorfer C A,et al.Sedentary or mobile?Variability in space and depth use of an exploited coral reef fish[J].Marine Biology,2014,161(9):2155-2166.
[21]Williams-Grove L J,Szedlmayer S T.Depth preferences and three-dimensional movements of red snapper,Lutjanus campechanus,on an artificial reef in the northern Gulf of Mexico[J].Fisheries Research,2017,190:61-70.
[22]Chen P M.A survey on catch in artificial reef area of Zhongshan City[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2005,24(3):73-80.[陈丕茂.中山人工鱼礁区渔获物调查[J].热带海洋学报,2005,24(3):73-80.]
[23]Gallaway B J,Szedlmayer S T,Gazey W J.A life history review for red snapper in the Gulf of Mexico with an evaluation of the importance of offshore petroleum platforms and other artificial reefs[J].Reviews in Fisheries Science,2009,17(1):48-67.
[24]Scalabrin C,Marfia C,Boucher J.How much fish is hidden in the surface and bottom acoustic blind zones?[J].ICESJournal of Marine Science,2009,66(6):1355-1363.
[25]Toresen R.Absorption of acoustic energy in dense herring schools studied by the attenuation in the bottom echo signal[J].Fisheries Research,1991,10(3-4):317-327.
[26]?íha M,J?za T,PrchalováM,et al.The size selectivity of the main body of a sampling pelagic pair trawl in freshwater reservoirs during the night[J].Fisheries Research,2012,127-128(9):56-60.
[27]Dra?tík V,Kube?ka J.Fish avoidance of acoustic survey boat in shallow waters[J].Fisheries Research,2005,72(2):219-228.
[28]Zhao X Y,Wang Y,Dai F Q.Depth-dependent target strength of anchovy(Engraulis japonicus)measured in situ[J].ICES Journal of Marine Science,2008,65(6):882-888.
[29]Gastauer S,F?ssler S M M,Couperus B,et al.Target strength and vertical distribution of smelt(Osmerus eperlanus)in the Ijsselmeer based on stationary 200 kHz echosounder recordings[J].Fisheries Research,2013,148:100-105.
[30]Zeng L,Chen G B,Yu J.Acoustic assessment of fishery resources and spatial distribution in Nan’ao Island area[J].South China Fisheries Science,2018,14(2):26-35.[曾雷,陈国宝,于杰.南澳岛海域渔业资源声学评估与空间分布[J].南方水产科学,2018,14(2):26-35.]
[31]De Robertis A,Taylor K.In situ target strength measurements of the scyphomedusa Chrysaora melanaster[J].Fisheries Research,2014,153:18-23.
[32]Li B,Chen G B,Zeng L,et al.Modeling study on the target strength of Sillago sihama[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2018,25(2):403-412.[李斌,陈国宝,曾雷,等.多鳞鱚目标强度的模型法研究[J].中国水产科学,2018,25(2):403-412.]