社会认知理论视角下区域刻板印象的形成机制研究——基于深度访谈和扎根理论的数据分析
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摘要
区域刻板印象会影响区域间人、财、物的交流。梳理相关文献发现,区域认知资源是影响区域刻板印象形成的主要因素,但是少有学者探索区域认知环境再确认在区域刻板印象形成中扮演的重要角色。笔者基于社会认知理论构建区域认知资源、区域认知环境再确认影响下的区域刻板印象形成模型,通过对229名受访者的深度访谈,对访谈中形成的24 954条语句进行扎根理论分析,探索区域认知资源、认知表征以及认知环境再确认在区域刻板印象形成中所起的作用。研究发现:区域认知资源只是影响了人们区域认知表征的形式。但由于缺乏固定性和明确性,认知表征形式只是区域刻板印象的胚芽;区域认知表征形式只有在人们以社会性学习或社会性强化的方式对认知环境反复再确认后才能形成区域刻板印象。因此,笔者认为:改善区域认知资源不是消除区域刻板印象的唯一路径,创造良好的认知环境,让人们每一次的社会性学习和社会性强化都能获得认知环境的积极确认也是一条重要路径。
Negative Regional stereotypes can affect the normal communication of people,money and goods between regions,and even affect the coordinated development between regions. Previous literatures has found that regional cognitive resources are the main factors influencing the formation of regional stereotypes,but few have explored the important role of regional cognitive environment in the formation of regional stereotypes. Based on social cognitive theory,the authors construct the regional stereotype model under the combined influence of regional cognitive resources and regional cognitive environment recofirmation,to explore the relationship in the formation of stereotypes among the cognitive resources,cognitive representation and cognitive environment reconfirmation,through the in-depth interview with 229 respondents and grounded theory analysis of the 24 954 statements. The study find that the regional cognitive resources only affect cognitive representation forms,which only is the early expression form of regional stereotypes due to the lack of content stability and fixed orientation. Regional stereotypes can only be formed when the cognitive environment is reconfirmed through social learning and social reinforcement. The result shows that improving regional cognitive resources may not be the only and the most important way to eliminate regional stereotypes. Creating a good cognitive environment,reinforcement of the cognitive environment throng social learning and social reinforcement is also an important way.
Negative Regional stereotypes can affect the normal communication of people,money and goods between regions,and even affect the coordinated development between regions. Previous literatures has found that regional cognitive resources are the main factors influencing the formation of regional stereotypes,but few have explored the important role of regional cognitive environment in the formation of regional stereotypes. Based on social cognitive theory,the authors construct the regional stereotype model under the combined influence of regional cognitive resources and regional cognitive environment recofirmation,to explore the relationship in the formation of stereotypes among the cognitive resources,cognitive representation and cognitive environment reconfirmation,through the in-depth interview with 229 respondents and grounded theory analysis of the 24 954 statements. The study find that the regional cognitive resources only affect cognitive representation forms,which only is the early expression form of regional stereotypes due to the lack of content stability and fixed orientation. Regional stereotypes can only be formed when the cognitive environment is reconfirmed through social learning and social reinforcement. The result shows that improving regional cognitive resources may not be the only and the most important way to eliminate regional stereotypes. Creating a good cognitive environment,reinforcement of the cognitive environment throng social learning and social reinforcement is also an important way.
引文
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[25]Fries-BrittI S,Griffin K.The Black Box:How High-Achieving Blacks Resist Stereotypes about Black Americans[J].Journal of College Student Development,2007,48(5):509-524.
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[30]Dehaene S,Bossini S,Giraux P.The Mental Representation of Parity and Number Magnitude[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,1993,122(3):371-378.
[31]Devine P G.Stereotypes and Prejudice:Their Automatic and Controlled Components[J].Journal of Personality and social Psychology,1989,56(1):5-11.
[32]Schaller M,Boyd C,Yohannes J,et al.The Prejudiced Personality Revisited:Personal Need for Structure and Formation of Erroneous Group Stereotypes[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1995,68(3):544-557.
[33]汪涛,周玲,周南,牟宇鹏,谢志鹏.来源国形象是如何形成的?---基于美、印消费者评价和合理性理论视角的扎根研究[J].管理世界,2012,(3):113-126.
[34]陈向明.社会科学中的定性研究方法[J].中国社会科学,1996,(6):93-102.
[35]Charmaz K.Constructing Grounded Theory:A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis[M].Vienna:Pine Forge Press,2006.
[2]Rogers K H,Wood D.Accuracy of United States Regional Personality Stereotypes[J].Journal of Research in Personality,2010,44(6):704-713.
[3]杨一翁,孙国辉,童泽林.消费者敌意、善意和矛盾态度对消费者出国旅游意向的影响机制:文化接近性的调节作用[J].中央财经大学学报,2018(6):94-105.
[4]王祯,杨丽娴.刻板印象提升与刻板印象促进[J].心理科学进展,2018,26(7):1264-1271.
[5]李航宇,陆爱桃,郑爽,蔡思敏,胡慧清.社会复杂性信念、地位知觉和区域刻板印象的关系:基于粤港刻板印象的研究[J].人力资源管理,2014(10):65-67.
[6]Bandura A.Social Cognitive Theory[J].Handbook of Social Psychological Theories,2011,20(6):349-373.
[7]Bandura A.Human Agency in Social Cognitive Theory[J].American Psychologist,1989,44(9):1175-1183.
[8]Duckitt J.A Dual-Process Cognitive-Motivational Theory of Ideology and Prejudice[M].Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,2001,33(2):41-43.
[9]Ikuta T,Yukawa K,Hamasaki H.Regional Branding Measures in Japan-Efforts in 12 Major Prefectural and City Governments[J].Place Branding and Public Diplomacy,2007,3(2):131-143.
[10]Eskjaer M.The Regional Dimension:How Regional Media Systems Condition Global Climate-Change Communication[J].Journal of International and Intercultural Communication,2013,6(1):61-81.
[11]张忠国,陈翔宇.基于四面体模型的多维度城市形象研究[J].城市问题,2008,31(9):24-28.
[12]孙江华,严威.中国省级区域传播形象的统计测度及分析[J].中国软科学,2009,12(4):80-86.
[13]Crouch G I,Ritchie J R B.Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process to Tourism Choice and Decision Making:A Review and Illustration Applied to Destination Competitiveness[J].Tourism Analysis,2005,10(1):17-25.
[14]Smith E E,Kosslyn S M.认知心理学:心智与大脑[M].王乃戈,罗跃嘉,等译.北京:教育科学出版社,2016.
[15]Tanaka J W,Curran T.A Neural Basis for Expert Object Recognition[J].Psychological Science,2001,12(1):43-47.
[16]王沛.刻板印象与内隐推理的实验研究[J].心理科学,2002,25(6):709-715.
[17]Bordalo P,Coffman K,Gennaioli N,et al.Stereotypes[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,2016,131(4):1753-1794.
[18]温芳芳,佐斌.熟悉性对刻板印象的影响[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2008,16(5):489-493.
[19]Schmid P C,Amodio D M.Power Effects on Implicit Prejudice and Stereotyping:The Role of Intergroup Face Processing[J].Social Neuroscience,2017,12(2):218-231.
[20]Font X,Garay L,Jones S.A Social Cognitive Theory of Sustainability Empathy[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2016,58(4):65-80.
[21]Pezzelle S,Bernardi R,Piazza M.Probing the Mental Representation of Quantifiers[J].Cognition,2018,181:117-126.
[22]Schack T,Essig K,Frank C,et al.Mental Representation and Motor Imagery Training[J].Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,2014,8(1):328-342.
[23]Kizony R,Zeilig G,Krasovsky T,et al.Using Virtual Reality Simulation to Study Navigation in a Complex Environment as a Functional-Cognitive Task:A Pilot Study[J].Journal of Vestibular Research,2017,27(1):39-47.
[24]Bandura A.Social Cognitive Theory:An Argentic Perspective[J].Annual Review of Psychology,2001,52(1):1-26.
[25]Fries-BrittI S,Griffin K.The Black Box:How High-Achieving Blacks Resist Stereotypes about Black Americans[J].Journal of College Student Development,2007,48(5):509-524.
[26]Rubin H J.质性访谈方法:聆听与提问的艺术[M].卢晖临,等译,重庆:重庆大学出版社,2010.
[27]Corbin M J.质性研究的基础:形成扎根理论的程序和方法[M].朱光明,译,重庆:重庆大学出版社,2015.
[28]Pandit N R.The Creation of Theory:A Recent Application of the Grounded Theory Method[J].The Qualitative Report,1996,2(4):1-15.
[29]Charmaz K.建构扎根理论---质性研究实践指南[M].边国英,译,重庆:重庆大学出版社,2009.
[30]Dehaene S,Bossini S,Giraux P.The Mental Representation of Parity and Number Magnitude[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,1993,122(3):371-378.
[31]Devine P G.Stereotypes and Prejudice:Their Automatic and Controlled Components[J].Journal of Personality and social Psychology,1989,56(1):5-11.
[32]Schaller M,Boyd C,Yohannes J,et al.The Prejudiced Personality Revisited:Personal Need for Structure and Formation of Erroneous Group Stereotypes[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1995,68(3):544-557.
[33]汪涛,周玲,周南,牟宇鹏,谢志鹏.来源国形象是如何形成的?---基于美、印消费者评价和合理性理论视角的扎根研究[J].管理世界,2012,(3):113-126.
[34]陈向明.社会科学中的定性研究方法[J].中国社会科学,1996,(6):93-102.
[35]Charmaz K.Constructing Grounded Theory:A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis[M].Vienna:Pine Forge Press,2006.