空间环境水回收系统的除钙方法研究
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摘要
目的探讨空间环境水回收系统中卫生废水钙离子的有效消除方法。方法通过模拟空间环境中卫生废水的工作状态,证实硫酸钙颗粒结晶沉淀的存在。采用离子交换和沉淀过滤两种可行方法,从分析钙容量和年补给量的角度,研究比较前述两种方法的除钙效果。结果离子交换方法的钙容量为1.35mmol/g,相应的年补给量为22.00kg;沉淀过滤方法的钙容量为0.78 mmol/g,相应的年补给量为38.22kg。结论离子交换是一种消除钙离子的高效方法,适合应用于当前的空间环境的水回收系统。
Objective To investigate effective methods for eliminating calcium ion in sanitary wastewater in water recycling system in space environment.Methods The work conditions of sanitary wastewater in space environment were simulated and the calcium sulfate particles were confirmed to be crystallized and precipitated.The ion exchange and precipitation-filtering methods were employed and their calcium elimination effects were investigated and compared by analyzing the calcium capacity and annual supply amount.Results The test results showed that for ion exchange,the calcium capacity was 1.35 mmol/g and the annual supply amount was 22.00 kg while the calcium capacity was 0.78 mmol/g and annual supply amount was 38.22 kg for the precipitation-filtering method.ConclusionIon exchange is an efficient approach in eliminating calcium ion,and is suitable for the application in current water recycling system in space environment.
Objective To investigate effective methods for eliminating calcium ion in sanitary wastewater in water recycling system in space environment.Methods The work conditions of sanitary wastewater in space environment were simulated and the calcium sulfate particles were confirmed to be crystallized and precipitated.The ion exchange and precipitation-filtering methods were employed and their calcium elimination effects were investigated and compared by analyzing the calcium capacity and annual supply amount.Results The test results showed that for ion exchange,the calcium capacity was 1.35 mmol/g and the annual supply amount was 22.00 kg while the calcium capacity was 0.78 mmol/g and annual supply amount was 38.22 kg for the precipitation-filtering method.ConclusionIon exchange is an efficient approach in eliminating calcium ion,and is suitable for the application in current water recycling system in space environment.
引文
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[2]刘伟波,陈金盾,邓一兵.航天医学工程助推中国空间站建设[J].航天医学与医学工程,2018,31(2):90-96.Liu WB,Chen JD,Deng YB.Support and promotion of space medico-engineering in construction of China’s space station[J].Space Medicine&Medical Engineering,2018,31(2):90-96.
[3]郭双生,董文平.我国受控生态生命保障技术研究进展与未来发展方向分析[J].航天医学与医学工程,2018,31(2):112-120.Guo SS,Dong WP.Analyses on current status and future developing direction of controlled ecological life support techniques in China[J].Space Medicine&Medical Engineering,2018,31(2):112-120.
[4] Jordan M,Laurie P,Robyn C,et al.National aeronautics and space administration(NASA)environmental control and life support(ECLS)integrated roadmap development[R].AIAA-2012-3444,San Diego,California,AIAA,2012.
[5] Imelda S,Shelley B,Jessie B,et al.Environmental controls and life support system(ECLSS)design for a multimission space exploration vehicle(MMSEV)[R].AIAA2013-3428,Vail,Colorado,AIAA,2013.
[6]吴志强,高峰,邓一兵,等.空间站再生生保关键技术研究[J].航天医学与医学工程,2018,31(2):105-111.Wu ZQ,Gao F,Deng YB,et al.Key technology review of research on regenerative environmental control and life support system for space station[J].Space Medicine&Medical Eng ineering,2018,31(2):105-111.
[7] Elysse GS,John H,Michael F.The Utilization of urine processing for the advancement of life support technologies[R].ARC-E-DAA-TN16362,NASA Report,2014.
[8] Holder DW,Hutchens CF.Development status of the international space station urine processor assembly[R].SAE Paper 2003-01-2690,NASA Report,2003.
[9] Barry T,Garr JD,Meghan E.International space station water balance operations[R].JSC-CN-23995,NASA Report,2011.
[10] Broyan JL,Pickering KD,Adam NM,et al.Evaluation of technologies to prevent precipitation during water recovery from urine[R].JSC-CN-25233,NASA Report,2011.
[11] Anderson M,Gatens R,Ikeda T,et al.Life support and environmental monitoring international system maturation team considerations[R].ICES-2016-447,Vienna,Austria,AIAA,2016.
[12] Rambaut PC,Leach CS,Whedon GD.A study of metabolic balance in crewmembers of Skylab IV[J].Acta Astronautica,1979,6(10):1313-1322.
[13] Mitchell JL,Broyan JL,Pickering KD,et al.Ion exchange technology development in support of the urine processor assembly precipitation prevention project for the international space station[R].JSC-CN-26133,NASA Report,2012.
[14] Juli M,Jame B,Kare P.Ion exchange technology development in support of the urine processor assembly[R].MSC-25338-1,NASA Tech Briefs,2013.
[15]胡洁,杨玉敏,臧红霞,等.脱盐废水中钙镁离子脱除技术的研究[J].安徽化工,2017,43(1):26-29.Hu J,Yang YM,Zang HX,et al.Study on the technology of removing calcium and magnesium ions in wastewater desalination[J].Anhui Chemical Industry,2017,43(1):26-29.
[16]黎新,孙长顺,赵建军,等.分步沉淀法去除稀土废水中钙镁的研究[J].水处理技术,2016,42(7):88-92.Li X,Sun CX,Zhao JJ,et al.Study on removal of calcium and magnesium in rare earth wastewater by stepwise precipitation[J].Technology of Water Treatment,2016,24(7):88-92.
[17]陈侠,詹志斌,陈丽芳,等.纳滤作为反渗透海水淡化预处理的研究[J].膜科学与技术,2013,33(5):59-62+72.Chen X,Zhan ZB,Chen LF,et al.Research on nanofiltration pretreatment of reverse-osmosis sea water desalination[J].Membrane Science and Technology,2013,33(5):59-62+72.
[18] Dean M,Christopher C.Comparison of four strong acids on the precipitation potential of gypsum in brines during distillation of pretreated,augmented urine[R].JSC-CN-26099,NASA Report,2012.
[19] Moll A,Adam N,Chambers A,et al.Urine pretreatment history and perspective in NASA human spaceflight[R].JSC-CN-32347,NASA Report,2015.
[20]李春霞,赵成坚,祝迎春.基于K2Cr2O7/H2SO4体系的尿预处理剂对尿液的影响[J].航天医学与医学工程,2016,29(2):133-136.Li CX,Zhao CJ,Zhu YC.Effects of K2Cr2O7/H2SO4based urine pretreatment reagent on urine[J].Space Medicine&Medical Engineering,2016,29(2):133-136.
[21] Carter L,Pruitt J,Brown CA,et al.Status of ISS water management and recovery[R].ICES-2015-073,Bellevue,Washington,AIAA,2015.
[22] Pruitt JM,Carter L,Bagdigian RM,et al.Upgrades to the ISS water recovery system[R].ICES-2015-133,Bellevue,Washington,AIAA,2015.
[23] Chen Y,Wu QS,Ding YP.Stepwise assembly of nanoparticles,tubes,rods and wires in reverse micelle systems[J].European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry,2010,2007(31):4906-4910.