青海省人与藏棕熊冲突现状、特点与解决对策
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摘要
人与野生动物冲突会造成重大经济损失,甚至造成人员伤亡,不利于野生动物的保护。藏棕熊主要分布于我国西部地区,与当地居民的冲突具有与大型食肉动物冲突的典型特点。2012-2015年我们对青海省人与藏棕熊冲突172起案件进行了统计分析,同时采用分层访谈法对86户牧民做了人与藏棕熊冲突调查,以期了解该省人与藏棕熊冲突现状,掌握冲突发生的特点和规律,探讨冲突发生的内在原因。研究结果显示:(1)全省人与藏棕熊冲突案件集中发生在玉树州和海西州,其中玉树州治多县和曲麻莱县冲突最为严重;(2)每年6-9月为冲突高发期,藏棕熊冬睡期的2月及11月也有发生;(3)藏棕熊伤害类型主要表现为损毁房屋构件、取食房屋内储存的粮食以及造成人身伤亡;(4)大部分受访者认为当地人与藏棕熊冲突事件严重,政府应以货币的形式对野生动物伤害给予适当补偿;(5)目前牧民普遍采取的防熊措施效果并不理想。我们建议加强牧民游牧期间对房屋巡护、加固工作,建议撤户并村,妥善安置过冬食物与饲料,积极开展野生动物伤害补偿工作;同时建议进一步加强对藏棕熊的科学研究,为缓解人熊冲突提供科学理论依据。
Human-wildlife conflicts can cause great financial losses and casualties to humans,and also are not beneficial for the protection of wild animals. Tibetan brown bears mainly occur in Western China. Their interactions with local inhabitants reflect typical characteristics of conflicts between large carnivores and humans. We analyzed a total of 172 cases of human-Tibetan brown bear conflict in Qinghai Province from 2012 to 2015. We also interviewed 86 local herdsmen,aiming to understand the current situation of human-Tibetan brown bear conflict,grasp the traits and rules of conflicts,and discuss the internal reasons of them. Our results showed that( 1) within Qinghai Province,the conflicts mainly happened in Yushu and Haixi Autonomous Prefectures,and were more severe in Zhiduo and Qumalai Counties of Yushu Autonomous Prefecture;( 2) the conflicts primarily happened during the period of June and September every year,while there were also a few cases during the bear hibernation period between February and November;( 3) typical damages by Tibetan brown bear sincluded destroying houses,eating stored crops,and causing personal casualties;( 4) the majority of the interviewees considered the conflicts to be serious,and the government should give appropriate compensation( e. g. money);( 5) it was widely acknowledged by the interviewees that bear prevention measures were not sufficient to prevent damages. We suggest that the herders could pay more attention to consolidating and patroling their house during nomadic days. The scattered families are expected to merge together and arrange appropriate food and fodder for winter. The compensation standards ofdamages caused by wild life should be carried out actively. Meanwhile,we also call for further research on Tibetan brown bears so as to obtain enough scientific evidence to alleviate the conflicts between humans and Tibetan brown bears.
Human-wildlife conflicts can cause great financial losses and casualties to humans,and also are not beneficial for the protection of wild animals. Tibetan brown bears mainly occur in Western China. Their interactions with local inhabitants reflect typical characteristics of conflicts between large carnivores and humans. We analyzed a total of 172 cases of human-Tibetan brown bear conflict in Qinghai Province from 2012 to 2015. We also interviewed 86 local herdsmen,aiming to understand the current situation of human-Tibetan brown bear conflict,grasp the traits and rules of conflicts,and discuss the internal reasons of them. Our results showed that( 1) within Qinghai Province,the conflicts mainly happened in Yushu and Haixi Autonomous Prefectures,and were more severe in Zhiduo and Qumalai Counties of Yushu Autonomous Prefecture;( 2) the conflicts primarily happened during the period of June and September every year,while there were also a few cases during the bear hibernation period between February and November;( 3) typical damages by Tibetan brown bear sincluded destroying houses,eating stored crops,and causing personal casualties;( 4) the majority of the interviewees considered the conflicts to be serious,and the government should give appropriate compensation( e. g. money);( 5) it was widely acknowledged by the interviewees that bear prevention measures were not sufficient to prevent damages. We suggest that the herders could pay more attention to consolidating and patroling their house during nomadic days. The scattered families are expected to merge together and arrange appropriate food and fodder for winter. The compensation standards ofdamages caused by wild life should be carried out actively. Meanwhile,we also call for further research on Tibetan brown bears so as to obtain enough scientific evidence to alleviate the conflicts between humans and Tibetan brown bears.
引文
Alexander J,Chen P J,Damerell P,Wang Y K,Hughes J,Shi K,Riordan P.2015.Human wildlife conflict involving large carnivores in Qilianshan,China and the minimal paw-print of snow leopards.Biological Conservation,187:1-9.
Aryal A,Brunton D,Ji W,Barraclough R K,Raubenheimer D.2014.Human-carnivore conflict:ecological and economical sustainability of predation on livestock by snow leopard and other carnivores in the Himalaya.Sustainability Science,9(3):321-329.
Bagchi S,Mishra C.2006.Living with large carnivores:predation on livestock by the snow leopard(Uncia uncia).Journal of Zoology,268(3):217-224.
CanE,D’Cruze N,Garshelis D L,Beecham J,Macdonald D W.2014.Resolving human-bear conflict:a global survey of countries,experts,and key factors.Conservation Letters,7(6):501-513.
Cai J,Jiang Z G.2006.Human-large mammals conflicts:a new challenge of wildlife conservation.Acta Theriologica Sinica,26(2):183-190.(in Chinese)
Chen P J,Gao Y F,Lee A T L,Cering L,Shi K,Clark S G.2016.Human-carnivore coexistence in Qomolangma(Mt.Everest)Nature Reserve,China:Patterns and compensation.Biological Conservation,197:18-26.
Dalton R.2004.Wildlife attacks hinder conservation efforts.Nature,427(6973):254.
Dickman A J.2010.Complexities of conflict:the importance of considering social factors for effectively resolving human-wildlife conflict.Animal Conservation,13(5):458-466.
Dorresteijn I,Hanspach J,Kecskés A,LatkováH,Mezey Z,Sugár S,Wehrden H V,Fischer J.2014.Human-carnivore coexistence in a traditional rural landscape.Landscape Ecology,29(7):1145-1155.
Gong H L.2010.The research and development countermeasures of the utilization of characteristic breeds resources in Qinghai Province.Animal and Veterinary Qinghai,40:26-27.(in Chinese)
Goodrich J M.2010.Human-tiger conflict:a review and call for comprehensive plans.Integrative Zoology,5(4):300-312.
Kahler J S,Gore M L.2015.Local perceptions of risk associated with poaching of wildlife implicated in human-wildlife conflicts in Namibia.Biological Conservation,30:49-58.
Karanth K K,Gopalaswamy A M,Prasad P K,Dasgupta S.2013.Patterns of human-wildlife conflicts and compensation:insights from Western Ghats protected areas.Biological Conservation,166(5):175-185.
Li J,Yin H,Wang D,Jiagong Z,Lu Z.2013a.Human-snow leopard conflicts in the Sanjiangyuan Region of the Tibetan Plateau.Biological Conservation,166(10):118-123.
Li X,Buzzard P,Chen Y,Jiang X.2013b.Patterns of livestock predation by carnivores:human-wildlife conflict in northwest Yunnan,China.Environmental Management,52(6):1334-1340.
Liu X Y,Long R J,Sheng Z H.2012.Interactive mechanism of service function of alpine rangeland ecosystems in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Acta Ecologica Sinica,32(24):7688-7697.(in Chinese)
Massei G,Cowan D.2014.Fertility control to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts:a review.Wildlife Research,41(1):1-21.
Ma L Q,Hu J C,Zhai Q L.1994.Chinese Bear.Chengdu:Sichuan Science and Techology Press.(in Chinese)
Miller J R B.2015.Mapping attack hotspots to mitigate human-carnivore conflict:approaches and applications of spatial predation risk modeling.Biodiversity and Conservation,24(12):2887-2911.
Okello M M,Kiringe J W,Warinwa F.2014.Human-carnivore conflicts in private conservancy lands of elerai and oltiyiani in Amboseli Area,Kenya.Natural Resources,05(8):375-391.
Pettigrew M,Xie Y,Kang A,Rao M,Goodrich J,Liu T,Berger J.2012.Human-carnivore conflict in China:a review of current approaches with recommendations for improved management.Integrative Zoology,07(2):210-226.
Sapkota S,Aryal A,Baral S R,Hayward M W,Raubenheimer D.2014.Economic analysis of electric fencing for mitigating humanwildlife conflict in Nepal.Journal of Resources and Ecology,5:237-243.
Shen J Y,Cui G F.2015.Current status of human-wildlife conflict and its prevention-control measures in China and Overseas.World Forestry Research,28(1):43-49.(in Chinese)
Suryawanshi K R,Bhatia S,Bhatnagar Y V,Redpath S,Mishra C.2014.Multiscale factors affecting human attitudes toward snow leopards and wolves.Conservation Biology,28(6):1657-1666.
Thirgood S,Redpath S.2008.Hen harriers and red grouse:science,politics and human-wildlife conflict.Journal of Applied Ecology,45(5):1550-1554.
Thorn M,Green M,Dalerum F,Bateman P W,Scott D M.2012.What drives human-carnivore conflict in the North West Province of South Africa?Biological Conservation,150(1):23-32.
Tiger S,Karl V.2008.Human-wildlife conflict in the Kingdom of Bhutan:Patterns of livestock predation by large mammalian carnivores.Biological Conservation,141(5):1272-1282.
Worthy F R,Foggin J M.2008.Conflicts between local villagers and Tibetan brown bears threaten conservation of bears in a remote region of the Tibetan Plateau.Human-Wildlife Conflicts,2(2):200-205.
Wu G S.2009.Brown bear and its potential threat in Kekexili Region of Tibet.Acta Ecologiae Animalis Domastiei,30(6):117-119.(in Chinese)
Xu A C,Jiang Z G,Li C W,Cai P.2010.Food habits and hunting patterns of Tibetan brown bear during warm seasons in Kekexili region on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Zoological Research,31(6):670-674.(in Chinese)
Zhang Y L.2013.Wildlife accident characteristics and solving approach in Lijiang.Forest Inventory and Planning,38(5):100-103.(in Chinese)
Zhao H D,Cidanzhuoga,Zhao X Y,Kang G L.2014.Human-wildlife conflict in the Chang Tang Region of Tibet.Tibet Science and Technology,2:10-13.(in Chinese)
Zheng J.2004.Wildlife of Qinghai Resources and Management.Xining:Qinghai People Publishing.(in Chinese)
马逸清,胡锦矗,翟庆龙.1994.中国的熊类.成都:四川科学技术出版社.
刘兴元,龙瑞军,尚占环.2012.青藏高原高寒草地生态系统服务功能的互作机制.生态学报,32(24):7688-7697.
沈洁滢,崔国发.2015.国内外野生动物肇事现状及其防控措施.世界林业研究,28(1):43-49.
张映兰.2013.丽江市野生动物肇事特点及解决途径.林业调查规划,38(5):100-103.
吴国生.2009.可可西里地区的藏棕熊与其面临的潜在威胁.家畜生态学报,30(6):117-119.
郑杰.2004.青海野生动物资源与管理.西宁:青海人民出版社.
赵怀东,次旦卓嘎,赵晓艳,康蔼黎.2014.羌塘国家级自然保护区社区防护措施对减缓人-熊冲突的作用.西藏科技,2:10-13.
徐爱春,蒋志刚,李春旺,蔡平.2010.可可西里暖季藏棕熊食性及采食行为模式.动物学研究,31(6):670-674.
蔡静,蒋志刚.2006.人与大型兽类的冲突:野生动物保护所面临的新挑战.兽类学报,26(2):183-190.
德乾恒美,林治佳.2015.青海省2015年畜牧业生产形势分析.青海畜牧业,4:33-34.
龚海兰.2010.青海省特色畜种资源开发利用情况的调查及发展对策.青海畜牧兽医杂志,40:26-27.
盛和林,大泰司纪之,陆厚基.1999.中国野生哺乳动物.北京:中国林业出版社.
Aryal A,Brunton D,Ji W,Barraclough R K,Raubenheimer D.2014.Human-carnivore conflict:ecological and economical sustainability of predation on livestock by snow leopard and other carnivores in the Himalaya.Sustainability Science,9(3):321-329.
Bagchi S,Mishra C.2006.Living with large carnivores:predation on livestock by the snow leopard(Uncia uncia).Journal of Zoology,268(3):217-224.
CanE,D’Cruze N,Garshelis D L,Beecham J,Macdonald D W.2014.Resolving human-bear conflict:a global survey of countries,experts,and key factors.Conservation Letters,7(6):501-513.
Cai J,Jiang Z G.2006.Human-large mammals conflicts:a new challenge of wildlife conservation.Acta Theriologica Sinica,26(2):183-190.(in Chinese)
Chen P J,Gao Y F,Lee A T L,Cering L,Shi K,Clark S G.2016.Human-carnivore coexistence in Qomolangma(Mt.Everest)Nature Reserve,China:Patterns and compensation.Biological Conservation,197:18-26.
Dalton R.2004.Wildlife attacks hinder conservation efforts.Nature,427(6973):254.
Dickman A J.2010.Complexities of conflict:the importance of considering social factors for effectively resolving human-wildlife conflict.Animal Conservation,13(5):458-466.
Dorresteijn I,Hanspach J,Kecskés A,LatkováH,Mezey Z,Sugár S,Wehrden H V,Fischer J.2014.Human-carnivore coexistence in a traditional rural landscape.Landscape Ecology,29(7):1145-1155.
Gong H L.2010.The research and development countermeasures of the utilization of characteristic breeds resources in Qinghai Province.Animal and Veterinary Qinghai,40:26-27.(in Chinese)
Goodrich J M.2010.Human-tiger conflict:a review and call for comprehensive plans.Integrative Zoology,5(4):300-312.
Kahler J S,Gore M L.2015.Local perceptions of risk associated with poaching of wildlife implicated in human-wildlife conflicts in Namibia.Biological Conservation,30:49-58.
Karanth K K,Gopalaswamy A M,Prasad P K,Dasgupta S.2013.Patterns of human-wildlife conflicts and compensation:insights from Western Ghats protected areas.Biological Conservation,166(5):175-185.
Li J,Yin H,Wang D,Jiagong Z,Lu Z.2013a.Human-snow leopard conflicts in the Sanjiangyuan Region of the Tibetan Plateau.Biological Conservation,166(10):118-123.
Li X,Buzzard P,Chen Y,Jiang X.2013b.Patterns of livestock predation by carnivores:human-wildlife conflict in northwest Yunnan,China.Environmental Management,52(6):1334-1340.
Liu X Y,Long R J,Sheng Z H.2012.Interactive mechanism of service function of alpine rangeland ecosystems in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Acta Ecologica Sinica,32(24):7688-7697.(in Chinese)
Massei G,Cowan D.2014.Fertility control to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts:a review.Wildlife Research,41(1):1-21.
Ma L Q,Hu J C,Zhai Q L.1994.Chinese Bear.Chengdu:Sichuan Science and Techology Press.(in Chinese)
Miller J R B.2015.Mapping attack hotspots to mitigate human-carnivore conflict:approaches and applications of spatial predation risk modeling.Biodiversity and Conservation,24(12):2887-2911.
Okello M M,Kiringe J W,Warinwa F.2014.Human-carnivore conflicts in private conservancy lands of elerai and oltiyiani in Amboseli Area,Kenya.Natural Resources,05(8):375-391.
Pettigrew M,Xie Y,Kang A,Rao M,Goodrich J,Liu T,Berger J.2012.Human-carnivore conflict in China:a review of current approaches with recommendations for improved management.Integrative Zoology,07(2):210-226.
Sapkota S,Aryal A,Baral S R,Hayward M W,Raubenheimer D.2014.Economic analysis of electric fencing for mitigating humanwildlife conflict in Nepal.Journal of Resources and Ecology,5:237-243.
Shen J Y,Cui G F.2015.Current status of human-wildlife conflict and its prevention-control measures in China and Overseas.World Forestry Research,28(1):43-49.(in Chinese)
Suryawanshi K R,Bhatia S,Bhatnagar Y V,Redpath S,Mishra C.2014.Multiscale factors affecting human attitudes toward snow leopards and wolves.Conservation Biology,28(6):1657-1666.
Thirgood S,Redpath S.2008.Hen harriers and red grouse:science,politics and human-wildlife conflict.Journal of Applied Ecology,45(5):1550-1554.
Thorn M,Green M,Dalerum F,Bateman P W,Scott D M.2012.What drives human-carnivore conflict in the North West Province of South Africa?Biological Conservation,150(1):23-32.
Tiger S,Karl V.2008.Human-wildlife conflict in the Kingdom of Bhutan:Patterns of livestock predation by large mammalian carnivores.Biological Conservation,141(5):1272-1282.
Worthy F R,Foggin J M.2008.Conflicts between local villagers and Tibetan brown bears threaten conservation of bears in a remote region of the Tibetan Plateau.Human-Wildlife Conflicts,2(2):200-205.
Wu G S.2009.Brown bear and its potential threat in Kekexili Region of Tibet.Acta Ecologiae Animalis Domastiei,30(6):117-119.(in Chinese)
Xu A C,Jiang Z G,Li C W,Cai P.2010.Food habits and hunting patterns of Tibetan brown bear during warm seasons in Kekexili region on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Zoological Research,31(6):670-674.(in Chinese)
Zhang Y L.2013.Wildlife accident characteristics and solving approach in Lijiang.Forest Inventory and Planning,38(5):100-103.(in Chinese)
Zhao H D,Cidanzhuoga,Zhao X Y,Kang G L.2014.Human-wildlife conflict in the Chang Tang Region of Tibet.Tibet Science and Technology,2:10-13.(in Chinese)
Zheng J.2004.Wildlife of Qinghai Resources and Management.Xining:Qinghai People Publishing.(in Chinese)
马逸清,胡锦矗,翟庆龙.1994.中国的熊类.成都:四川科学技术出版社.
刘兴元,龙瑞军,尚占环.2012.青藏高原高寒草地生态系统服务功能的互作机制.生态学报,32(24):7688-7697.
沈洁滢,崔国发.2015.国内外野生动物肇事现状及其防控措施.世界林业研究,28(1):43-49.
张映兰.2013.丽江市野生动物肇事特点及解决途径.林业调查规划,38(5):100-103.
吴国生.2009.可可西里地区的藏棕熊与其面临的潜在威胁.家畜生态学报,30(6):117-119.
郑杰.2004.青海野生动物资源与管理.西宁:青海人民出版社.
赵怀东,次旦卓嘎,赵晓艳,康蔼黎.2014.羌塘国家级自然保护区社区防护措施对减缓人-熊冲突的作用.西藏科技,2:10-13.
徐爱春,蒋志刚,李春旺,蔡平.2010.可可西里暖季藏棕熊食性及采食行为模式.动物学研究,31(6):670-674.
蔡静,蒋志刚.2006.人与大型兽类的冲突:野生动物保护所面临的新挑战.兽类学报,26(2):183-190.
德乾恒美,林治佳.2015.青海省2015年畜牧业生产形势分析.青海畜牧业,4:33-34.
龚海兰.2010.青海省特色畜种资源开发利用情况的调查及发展对策.青海畜牧兽医杂志,40:26-27.
盛和林,大泰司纪之,陆厚基.1999.中国野生哺乳动物.北京:中国林业出版社.