中国森林破碎化多尺度评价
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摘要
基于2010年50 m空间分辨率森林分布图,我们利用森林破碎化模型制作了中国森林6个不同破碎化类型(内部森林、孔洞森林、边缘森林、斑块森林、过渡森林和未确定森林)的空间分布图。然后结合2010年中国行政区划图,对比分析了不同尺度行政区域的森林破碎化情况。结果表明:在国家尺度上,斑块森林的比例最大(49.05%),内部森林的比例最小(3.40%);在区域尺度上,东北地区森林破碎化程度最低,西南地区森林破碎化程度次之,华北平原、华中地区、山东半岛、黄淮海平原的森林破碎化程度最高;在省级尺度上,上海市森林破碎化程度最高,天津市次之,云南省及黑龙江省森林破碎化程度较低;在县级尺度上,陕西省所属的县森林破碎化程度最低。由此可知,总体上我国森林破碎化情况较为严重,但不同森林破碎化类型的空间分布存在较大差异。本研究可为各级林业部门管理森林资源以及优化林业生产和森林空间格局中提供数据支持,提高森林的生态系统服务功能和生物多样性保护功能。
We used the forest fragmentation model to assess forest fragmentation in China based on a 50-m forest cover map in 2010.Six different fragmentation types including interior forest,perforated forest,edge forest,patch forest,transitional forest and undetermined were obtained.We reported the forest fragmentation status in different administration scales(by country,province,and county) based on Chinese administration boundary map of 2010,At the national scale,the patch forest accounted for the largest proportion(49.05%),while the interior forest was the smallest(3.40%).At the regional scale,Northeast China had the lowest forest fragmentation,while Southwest China had moderate forest fragmentation.The highest forest fragmentation areas were mainly distributed in the North China Plain,Central China,Shandong Peninsula and the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.At the provincial scale,the highest forest fragmentation was located in Shanghai and Tianjin,and the lowest forest fragmentation was located in Yunnan Province and Heilongjiang Province.At the county scale,the lowest forest fragmentation was located in counties in Shaanxi Province.Overall,our results have clearly shown that forest fragmentation occurs extensively and varies substantially over China in 2010.Our study will provide data support for the forestry administrative sector to conduct better forest management and to optimize forestry production and forest spatial patterns,which can improve forest ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation.
We used the forest fragmentation model to assess forest fragmentation in China based on a 50-m forest cover map in 2010.Six different fragmentation types including interior forest,perforated forest,edge forest,patch forest,transitional forest and undetermined were obtained.We reported the forest fragmentation status in different administration scales(by country,province,and county) based on Chinese administration boundary map of 2010,At the national scale,the patch forest accounted for the largest proportion(49.05%),while the interior forest was the smallest(3.40%).At the regional scale,Northeast China had the lowest forest fragmentation,while Southwest China had moderate forest fragmentation.The highest forest fragmentation areas were mainly distributed in the North China Plain,Central China,Shandong Peninsula and the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.At the provincial scale,the highest forest fragmentation was located in Shanghai and Tianjin,and the lowest forest fragmentation was located in Yunnan Province and Heilongjiang Province.At the county scale,the lowest forest fragmentation was located in counties in Shaanxi Province.Overall,our results have clearly shown that forest fragmentation occurs extensively and varies substantially over China in 2010.Our study will provide data support for the forestry administrative sector to conduct better forest management and to optimize forestry production and forest spatial patterns,which can improve forest ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation.
引文
Achard F,Hansen MC(2012)Global Forest Monitoring from Earth Observation.CRC Press,Boca Raton.
Andrén H(1994)Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds and mammals in landscapes with different proportions of suitable habitat:a review.Oikos,71,355-366.
Baur B,Erhardt A(1995)Habitat fragmentation and habitat alterations:principal threats to most animal and plant species.GAIA-Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society,4,221-226.
Bonan GB(2008)Forests and climate change:forcings,feedbacks,and the climate benefits of forests.Science,320,1444-1449.
Chen LD,Liu XH,Fu BJ(1999)Evaluation on giant panda habitat fragmentation in Wolong Nature Reserve.Acta Ecologica Sinica,19,291-297.(in Chinese with English abstract)[陈利顶,刘雪华,傅伯杰(1999)卧龙自然保护区大熊猫生境破碎化研究.生态学报,19,291-297.]
Dong JW,Xiao XM,Sheldon S,Biradar C,Zhang GL,Duong ND,Hazarika M,Wikantika K,Takeuhci W,Moore III B(2014)A 50-m forest cover map in Southeast Asia from ALOS/PALSAR and its application on forest fragmentation assessment.PLo S ONE,9,e85801.
Fang JY,Guo ZD,Hu HF,Kato T,Muraoka H,Son Y(2014)Forest biomass carbon sinks in East Asia,with special reference to the relative contributions of forest expansion and forest growth.Global Change Biology,20,2019-2030.
Fang X,Tang DS,Yang L,Jin WF(2008)Landscape pattern of the experimental forest farm run by Hunan Forestry Academy and its fragmentation analysis.Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,28(4),107-112.(in Chinese with English abstract)[方晰,唐代生,杨乐,金文芬(2008)湖南省林科院试验林场森林植被景观格局及破碎化分析.中南林业科技大学学报,28(4),107-112.]
Groombridge B,Jenkins MD(2002)World Atlas of Biodiversity.University of California Press,Oakland.
Laurance WF,Lovejoy TE,Vasconcelos HL,Bruna EM,Didham RK,Stouffer PC,Gascon C,Bierregaard RO,Laurance SG,Sampaio E(2002)Ecosystem decay of Amazonian forest fragments:a 22-year investigation.Conservation Biology,16,605-618.
Li JC,Liu YF,Li MS(2014)Assessing changes in landscape pattern and forest fragmentation based on landscape mosaic model-a case study from the Purple Mountains of Nanjing.Journal of Northwest Forestry University,29,226-231.(in Chinese with English abstract)[李金臣,刘云峰,李明诗(2014)基于景观镶嵌模型的景观格局变化及森林破碎化分析--以南京市紫金山风景区为例.西北林学院学报,29,226-231.]
Li MS,Ming L,Fan MM,Shen WJ,Sun L(2012)Spatio-temporal patterns and managerial implications of forest fragmentation derived from three national parks in the western United States.Journal of Northeast Forestry University,40(3),103-107.(in Chinese with English abstract)[李明诗,明莉,樊鸣鸣,沈文娟,孙力(2012)美国西部国有森林破碎化模式及其管理含义.东北林业大学学报,40(3),103-107.]
Li YM,Li DM(1994)The effect of human activities on large and middle mammals on the Zhoushan Island-analysis on the cause of their endangerment.Chinese Biodiversity,2,187-192.(in Chinese with English abstract)[李义明,李典谟(1994)人为活动对舟山群岛大中型兽的影响--大中型兽受威胁原因分析.生物多样性,2,187-192.]
Liu JF,Xiao WF,Jiang ZP,Feng X,Li XY(2005)A study on the influence of landscape fragmentation on biodiversity.Forest Research,18,222-226.(in Chinese with English abstract)[刘建锋,肖文发,江泽平,冯霞,李秀英(2005)景观破碎化对生物多样性的影响.林业科学研究,18,222-226.]
O’Neill RV,Gardner RH,Turner MG(1992)A hierarchical neutral model for landscape analysis.Landscape Ecology,7,55-61.
Pan YD,Birdsey RA,Fang JY,Houghton R,Kauppi PE,Kurz WA,Phillips OL,Shvidenko A,Lewis SL,Canadell JG,Ciais P,Jackson RB,Pacala SW,Mc Guire AD,Piao SL,Rautiainen A,Sitch S,Hayes D(2011)A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests.Science,333,988-993.
Pongratz J,Reick CH,Raddatz T,Claussen M(2010)Biogeophysical versus biogeochemical climate response to historical anthropogenic land cover change.Geophysical Research Letters,37,L08702.
Qin YW,Xiao XM,Dong JW,Zhang GL,Shimada M,Liu JY,Li CG,Kou WL,Moore B(2015)Forest cover maps of China in 2010 from multiple approaches and data sources:PALSAR,Landsat,MODIS,FRA,and NFI.ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,109,1-16.
Qin YW,Dong JW,Xiao XM(2015)Difference and uncertainty of forest coverage estimation in China.Biodiversity Science,23,830-834.(in Chinese)[秦元伟,董金玮,肖向明(2015)中国森林覆盖度产品的差异性及不确定性分析.生物多样性,23,830-834.]
Ren Y,Wang DR(2012)Temporal and spatial variations of urban forest fragmentation in Xiamen.Journal of Fujian College of Forestry,32,213-219.(in Chinese with English abstract)[任引,王大睿(2012)厦门城市森林景观破碎化时空演变特征分析.福建林学院学报,32,213-219.]
Ribon R,Simon JE,Mattos GT(2003)Bird extinctions in Atlantic forest fragments of the Vicosa region,southeastern Brazil.Conservation Biology,17,1827-1839.
Riitters KH,Wickham JD,O’Neill RV,Jones KB,Smith ER(2000)Global-scale patterns of forest fragmentation.Conservation Ecology,4,1924-1925.
Riitters KH,Wickham JD,O’Neill RV,Jones KB,Smith ER,Coulston JW,Wade TG,Smith JH(2002)Fragmentation of Continental United States Forests.Ecosystems,5,815-822.
Robbins C,Dawson D,Dowell B(1989)Habitat area requirements of breeding forest birds of the middle Atlantic States.Wildlife Monographs,103,1-34.
Shen WJ,Xu T,Li MS(2013)Spatio-temporal changes in forest fragmentation,disturbance patterns over the three giant forested regions of China.Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Science Edition),37(4),75-79.(in Chinese with English abstract)[沈文娟,徐婷,李明诗(2013)中国三大林区森林破碎化及干扰模式变动分析.南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),37(4),75-79.]
Shi JJ,Xia CZ,Yan EP,Dang YF(2015)Study on the evolution of forest fragmentation and driving forces in Yunyang County based on Multi Mate remote sensing.Forest Resources Management,(4),59-68.(in Chinese with English abstract)[史京京,夏朝宗,严恩萍,党永峰(2015)基于多期遥感的云阳县域森林景观破碎化演变与驱动力研究.林业资源管理,(4),59-68.]
Stauffer D(1985)Introduction to Percolation Theory.Taylor and Francis,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania.
Sun F,Chen MX,Mao LJ,Li MS(2011)Assessment of provincial-scale forest fragmentation in Chinese mainland.Journal of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University(Natural Science Edition),39(1),43-51.(in Chinese with English abstract)[孙飞,陈敏学,毛丽君,李明诗(2011)中国大陆省级尺度森林破碎化特征评价.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),39(1),43-51.]
Suo AN,Xiong YC,Wang TM,Kou XJ,Ge JP(2007)Effect of deforestation on watershed hydrological process in Ziwuling on the Loess Plateau.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,43(6),13-19.(in Chinese with English abstract)[索安宁,熊友才,王天明,寇晓军,葛剑平(2007)黄土高原子午岭森林破碎化对流域水文过程的影响.林业科学,43(6),13-19.]
Wang ZB,Wang DX,Ren GX(2011)Analysis of forest landscape pattern and fragmentation of Qinling Caiziping forest region.Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),39(12),95-100.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王志彬,王得祥,任广鑫(2011)秦岭菜子坪林区森林景观格局及破碎化分析.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),39(12),95-100.]
Yang GJ,Xiao DN(2003)Forest landscape pattern and fragmentation:a case study on Xishui Natural Reserve in Qilian Mountain.Chinese Journal of Ecology,22(5),56-61.(in Chinese with English abstract)[杨国靖,肖笃宁(2003)森林景观格局分析及破碎化评价--以祁连山西水自然保护区为例.生态学杂志,22(5),56-61.]
Zhang YX,Yan EP,Xia CZ,Dang YF(2013)Study on evolution of forest landscape fragmentation of Three Gorges Reservoir Area based on multi-remote sensing images.Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,33(7),1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)[张煜星,严恩萍,夏朝宗,党永峰(2013)基于多期遥感的三峡库区森林景观破碎化演变研究.中南林业科技大学学报,33(7),1-7.]
Zhao AJ,Hu TX,Lai CH,Song XB(2006)Comparative study on fragmentation of forest landscapes in different regions.Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University,24(2),187-193.(in Chinese with English abstract)[赵安玖,胡庭兴,赖长鸿,宋小波(2006)区域森林景观破碎化对比分析.四川农业大学学报,24(2),187-193.]
(1)孙力(2014)基于Globcover数据的安徽省森林景观格局及森林破碎化动态分析.硕士学位论文,南京林业大学,南京.
Andrén H(1994)Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds and mammals in landscapes with different proportions of suitable habitat:a review.Oikos,71,355-366.
Baur B,Erhardt A(1995)Habitat fragmentation and habitat alterations:principal threats to most animal and plant species.GAIA-Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society,4,221-226.
Bonan GB(2008)Forests and climate change:forcings,feedbacks,and the climate benefits of forests.Science,320,1444-1449.
Chen LD,Liu XH,Fu BJ(1999)Evaluation on giant panda habitat fragmentation in Wolong Nature Reserve.Acta Ecologica Sinica,19,291-297.(in Chinese with English abstract)[陈利顶,刘雪华,傅伯杰(1999)卧龙自然保护区大熊猫生境破碎化研究.生态学报,19,291-297.]
Dong JW,Xiao XM,Sheldon S,Biradar C,Zhang GL,Duong ND,Hazarika M,Wikantika K,Takeuhci W,Moore III B(2014)A 50-m forest cover map in Southeast Asia from ALOS/PALSAR and its application on forest fragmentation assessment.PLo S ONE,9,e85801.
Fang JY,Guo ZD,Hu HF,Kato T,Muraoka H,Son Y(2014)Forest biomass carbon sinks in East Asia,with special reference to the relative contributions of forest expansion and forest growth.Global Change Biology,20,2019-2030.
Fang X,Tang DS,Yang L,Jin WF(2008)Landscape pattern of the experimental forest farm run by Hunan Forestry Academy and its fragmentation analysis.Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,28(4),107-112.(in Chinese with English abstract)[方晰,唐代生,杨乐,金文芬(2008)湖南省林科院试验林场森林植被景观格局及破碎化分析.中南林业科技大学学报,28(4),107-112.]
Groombridge B,Jenkins MD(2002)World Atlas of Biodiversity.University of California Press,Oakland.
Laurance WF,Lovejoy TE,Vasconcelos HL,Bruna EM,Didham RK,Stouffer PC,Gascon C,Bierregaard RO,Laurance SG,Sampaio E(2002)Ecosystem decay of Amazonian forest fragments:a 22-year investigation.Conservation Biology,16,605-618.
Li JC,Liu YF,Li MS(2014)Assessing changes in landscape pattern and forest fragmentation based on landscape mosaic model-a case study from the Purple Mountains of Nanjing.Journal of Northwest Forestry University,29,226-231.(in Chinese with English abstract)[李金臣,刘云峰,李明诗(2014)基于景观镶嵌模型的景观格局变化及森林破碎化分析--以南京市紫金山风景区为例.西北林学院学报,29,226-231.]
Li MS,Ming L,Fan MM,Shen WJ,Sun L(2012)Spatio-temporal patterns and managerial implications of forest fragmentation derived from three national parks in the western United States.Journal of Northeast Forestry University,40(3),103-107.(in Chinese with English abstract)[李明诗,明莉,樊鸣鸣,沈文娟,孙力(2012)美国西部国有森林破碎化模式及其管理含义.东北林业大学学报,40(3),103-107.]
Li YM,Li DM(1994)The effect of human activities on large and middle mammals on the Zhoushan Island-analysis on the cause of their endangerment.Chinese Biodiversity,2,187-192.(in Chinese with English abstract)[李义明,李典谟(1994)人为活动对舟山群岛大中型兽的影响--大中型兽受威胁原因分析.生物多样性,2,187-192.]
Liu JF,Xiao WF,Jiang ZP,Feng X,Li XY(2005)A study on the influence of landscape fragmentation on biodiversity.Forest Research,18,222-226.(in Chinese with English abstract)[刘建锋,肖文发,江泽平,冯霞,李秀英(2005)景观破碎化对生物多样性的影响.林业科学研究,18,222-226.]
O’Neill RV,Gardner RH,Turner MG(1992)A hierarchical neutral model for landscape analysis.Landscape Ecology,7,55-61.
Pan YD,Birdsey RA,Fang JY,Houghton R,Kauppi PE,Kurz WA,Phillips OL,Shvidenko A,Lewis SL,Canadell JG,Ciais P,Jackson RB,Pacala SW,Mc Guire AD,Piao SL,Rautiainen A,Sitch S,Hayes D(2011)A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests.Science,333,988-993.
Pongratz J,Reick CH,Raddatz T,Claussen M(2010)Biogeophysical versus biogeochemical climate response to historical anthropogenic land cover change.Geophysical Research Letters,37,L08702.
Qin YW,Xiao XM,Dong JW,Zhang GL,Shimada M,Liu JY,Li CG,Kou WL,Moore B(2015)Forest cover maps of China in 2010 from multiple approaches and data sources:PALSAR,Landsat,MODIS,FRA,and NFI.ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,109,1-16.
Qin YW,Dong JW,Xiao XM(2015)Difference and uncertainty of forest coverage estimation in China.Biodiversity Science,23,830-834.(in Chinese)[秦元伟,董金玮,肖向明(2015)中国森林覆盖度产品的差异性及不确定性分析.生物多样性,23,830-834.]
Ren Y,Wang DR(2012)Temporal and spatial variations of urban forest fragmentation in Xiamen.Journal of Fujian College of Forestry,32,213-219.(in Chinese with English abstract)[任引,王大睿(2012)厦门城市森林景观破碎化时空演变特征分析.福建林学院学报,32,213-219.]
Ribon R,Simon JE,Mattos GT(2003)Bird extinctions in Atlantic forest fragments of the Vicosa region,southeastern Brazil.Conservation Biology,17,1827-1839.
Riitters KH,Wickham JD,O’Neill RV,Jones KB,Smith ER(2000)Global-scale patterns of forest fragmentation.Conservation Ecology,4,1924-1925.
Riitters KH,Wickham JD,O’Neill RV,Jones KB,Smith ER,Coulston JW,Wade TG,Smith JH(2002)Fragmentation of Continental United States Forests.Ecosystems,5,815-822.
Robbins C,Dawson D,Dowell B(1989)Habitat area requirements of breeding forest birds of the middle Atlantic States.Wildlife Monographs,103,1-34.
Shen WJ,Xu T,Li MS(2013)Spatio-temporal changes in forest fragmentation,disturbance patterns over the three giant forested regions of China.Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Science Edition),37(4),75-79.(in Chinese with English abstract)[沈文娟,徐婷,李明诗(2013)中国三大林区森林破碎化及干扰模式变动分析.南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),37(4),75-79.]
Shi JJ,Xia CZ,Yan EP,Dang YF(2015)Study on the evolution of forest fragmentation and driving forces in Yunyang County based on Multi Mate remote sensing.Forest Resources Management,(4),59-68.(in Chinese with English abstract)[史京京,夏朝宗,严恩萍,党永峰(2015)基于多期遥感的云阳县域森林景观破碎化演变与驱动力研究.林业资源管理,(4),59-68.]
Stauffer D(1985)Introduction to Percolation Theory.Taylor and Francis,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania.
Sun F,Chen MX,Mao LJ,Li MS(2011)Assessment of provincial-scale forest fragmentation in Chinese mainland.Journal of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University(Natural Science Edition),39(1),43-51.(in Chinese with English abstract)[孙飞,陈敏学,毛丽君,李明诗(2011)中国大陆省级尺度森林破碎化特征评价.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),39(1),43-51.]
Suo AN,Xiong YC,Wang TM,Kou XJ,Ge JP(2007)Effect of deforestation on watershed hydrological process in Ziwuling on the Loess Plateau.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,43(6),13-19.(in Chinese with English abstract)[索安宁,熊友才,王天明,寇晓军,葛剑平(2007)黄土高原子午岭森林破碎化对流域水文过程的影响.林业科学,43(6),13-19.]
Wang ZB,Wang DX,Ren GX(2011)Analysis of forest landscape pattern and fragmentation of Qinling Caiziping forest region.Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),39(12),95-100.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王志彬,王得祥,任广鑫(2011)秦岭菜子坪林区森林景观格局及破碎化分析.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),39(12),95-100.]
Yang GJ,Xiao DN(2003)Forest landscape pattern and fragmentation:a case study on Xishui Natural Reserve in Qilian Mountain.Chinese Journal of Ecology,22(5),56-61.(in Chinese with English abstract)[杨国靖,肖笃宁(2003)森林景观格局分析及破碎化评价--以祁连山西水自然保护区为例.生态学杂志,22(5),56-61.]
Zhang YX,Yan EP,Xia CZ,Dang YF(2013)Study on evolution of forest landscape fragmentation of Three Gorges Reservoir Area based on multi-remote sensing images.Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,33(7),1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)[张煜星,严恩萍,夏朝宗,党永峰(2013)基于多期遥感的三峡库区森林景观破碎化演变研究.中南林业科技大学学报,33(7),1-7.]
Zhao AJ,Hu TX,Lai CH,Song XB(2006)Comparative study on fragmentation of forest landscapes in different regions.Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University,24(2),187-193.(in Chinese with English abstract)[赵安玖,胡庭兴,赖长鸿,宋小波(2006)区域森林景观破碎化对比分析.四川农业大学学报,24(2),187-193.]
(1)孙力(2014)基于Globcover数据的安徽省森林景观格局及森林破碎化动态分析.硕士学位论文,南京林业大学,南京.