不同氮水平下有机碳对蕹菜碳氮代谢及生长的影响
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摘要
碳是植物必需的首要营养元素,但在植物营养、平衡施肥等理论和技术层面上长期被忽略,碳营养已成为影响作物高产优质的短板。本研究分别在三个氮水平下,研究了外源喷施两种不含氮的有机碳对蕹菜鲜重、干重、分枝数、碳氮代谢及营养品质指标的影响。结果表明,在不同氮水平下喷施有机碳有促进蕹菜生长的作用,效果因不同的氮水平及有机碳源而异。中氮(100 mg kg~(-1))水平下,以丙三醇的效果最好,其鲜重、干重、全碳含量及全氮含量与CK相比均有显著提高,增幅分别为12.88%、15.48%、7.05%和8.33%,且铁(Fe)含量与CK相比也显著提高,增幅高达16.2%,亚硝酸盐及钾(K)含量显著降低。高氮(120 mg kg~(-1))水平下,以α-酮戊二酸的效果最好,其鲜重、干重、全碳及全氮与CK相比均差异显著,增幅分别为17.97%、20.91%、7.97%和9.56%,蕹菜中的锌(Zn)与CK相比也显著提高,增幅高达16.18%,亚硝酸盐及K含量显著降低。在试验的三种氮水平下,有机碳处理可使蕹菜叶片中水溶性碳占全碳的百分比(WC/TC)及水溶性氮占全氮的百分比(WN/TN)下降,表明外源有机碳可促进蕹菜碳氮的合成代谢,从而促进生长,改善品质。研究结果提供了一条通过施肥补碳调控碳氮平衡实现蔬菜高产优质的新途径。
Carbon is the number one of the 17 essential nutrient elements,but over the past 100 years,little has been reported about carbon fertilizer products produced by the chemical fertilizer industry. It is usually believed that the carbon nutrient plants absorb comes from the air in the form of carbon dioxide,which as a matter of fact meets only 1/5 of the demand of a plant. Therefore,plants are always in the state of"hunger for carbon". Organic carbon used as fertilizer can eliminate plants' hunger for carbon that is caused by depending mainly on carbon dioxide in the air as carbon source. Water Spinach was cultivated in solutions different in nitrogen level in a batch system in this research. Effects of two kinds of nitrogenfree organic C(α-ketoglutarate and Glycerol)on fresh weight,dry weight,number of branches,carbon and nitrogen metabolism(expressed as water soluble N/ total N or water soluble C/ total C)and nutrition quality indices(Zinc,Iron and Nitrites)of the water spinaches were analyzed. Results show that foliar spray of organic carbon promoted growth of the Water Spinach regardless of nitrogen level in the solution. However,the effect varied with nitrogen level and source of organic carbon. The effect of foliar spray of Glycerol was the best on the water spinaches growing in the solution moderate in nitrogen level(100 mg kg~(-1)),raising the fresh weight,dry weight,total carbon and total nitrogen of the plants 12.88%,15.48%,7.05% and 8.33% higher than that in CK,respectively. Besides it also increased Fe content in the plant by 16.20% while decreasing Nitrite significantly,which indicates that nutrition quality of the plants was greatly improved. K content in the plant was found decreased significantly,which implies that the spray may help reduce luxury absorption of K in the soil. The effects of foliar spray of α-ketoglutarate was the best on the water spinach growing in the solution high in nitrogen level(120 mg kg~(-1)),increasing the fresh weight,dry weight,total carbon and total nitrogen by 17.97%,20.91%;7.97% and 9.56% and the content of Zn,a nutritional quality indicator,by 16.18%,too,while decreasing Nitrite content significantly,which indicates that the plants were greatly improved in nutrition quality. K content was also found decreased in the plants,implying that the spray may help reduce luxury K absorption from the soil. In the experiment,the spray of organic carbon fertilizer,either Glycerol or α-ketoglutarate,lowered WC/TC and WM/TN in leaves of the water spinach,regardless of N content in the solution,which indicates that extraneous organic carbon can promote synthesis and metabolism of carbon and nitrogen in the plants,thus stimulating growth and improving nutritional quality of the Water Spinach.The findings in this study demonstrate that it is organic C,rather than organic N,that raises crop yield and improves quality of the crop. Meanwhile crop yield is found to be related by a certain degree to SN/TN and SC/TC in the plant,which show that these parameters can be used as important physiological indicators for high-yield-oriented fertilization. Currently high yield of a crop is restricted by the crop's dependence mainly on the air for carbon supply,or hunger for carbon. It is,therefore,quite obvious that how to solve the problem of"Hunger for carbon"is the key to high yield agriculture. This studyhas found that organic carbon fertilizers may help satisfy crops' hunger for carbon. So it is feasible to use organic C to balance fertilization,rather than just using NPK in balanced fertilization. Further research in this aspect is of important significance to balanced fertilization and has some profound academic meaning for further developing theories of modern plant nutrition.
Carbon is the number one of the 17 essential nutrient elements,but over the past 100 years,little has been reported about carbon fertilizer products produced by the chemical fertilizer industry. It is usually believed that the carbon nutrient plants absorb comes from the air in the form of carbon dioxide,which as a matter of fact meets only 1/5 of the demand of a plant. Therefore,plants are always in the state of"hunger for carbon". Organic carbon used as fertilizer can eliminate plants' hunger for carbon that is caused by depending mainly on carbon dioxide in the air as carbon source. Water Spinach was cultivated in solutions different in nitrogen level in a batch system in this research. Effects of two kinds of nitrogenfree organic C(α-ketoglutarate and Glycerol)on fresh weight,dry weight,number of branches,carbon and nitrogen metabolism(expressed as water soluble N/ total N or water soluble C/ total C)and nutrition quality indices(Zinc,Iron and Nitrites)of the water spinaches were analyzed. Results show that foliar spray of organic carbon promoted growth of the Water Spinach regardless of nitrogen level in the solution. However,the effect varied with nitrogen level and source of organic carbon. The effect of foliar spray of Glycerol was the best on the water spinaches growing in the solution moderate in nitrogen level(100 mg kg~(-1)),raising the fresh weight,dry weight,total carbon and total nitrogen of the plants 12.88%,15.48%,7.05% and 8.33% higher than that in CK,respectively. Besides it also increased Fe content in the plant by 16.20% while decreasing Nitrite significantly,which indicates that nutrition quality of the plants was greatly improved. K content in the plant was found decreased significantly,which implies that the spray may help reduce luxury absorption of K in the soil. The effects of foliar spray of α-ketoglutarate was the best on the water spinach growing in the solution high in nitrogen level(120 mg kg~(-1)),increasing the fresh weight,dry weight,total carbon and total nitrogen by 17.97%,20.91%;7.97% and 9.56% and the content of Zn,a nutritional quality indicator,by 16.18%,too,while decreasing Nitrite content significantly,which indicates that the plants were greatly improved in nutrition quality. K content was also found decreased in the plants,implying that the spray may help reduce luxury K absorption from the soil. In the experiment,the spray of organic carbon fertilizer,either Glycerol or α-ketoglutarate,lowered WC/TC and WM/TN in leaves of the water spinach,regardless of N content in the solution,which indicates that extraneous organic carbon can promote synthesis and metabolism of carbon and nitrogen in the plants,thus stimulating growth and improving nutritional quality of the Water Spinach.The findings in this study demonstrate that it is organic C,rather than organic N,that raises crop yield and improves quality of the crop. Meanwhile crop yield is found to be related by a certain degree to SN/TN and SC/TC in the plant,which show that these parameters can be used as important physiological indicators for high-yield-oriented fertilization. Currently high yield of a crop is restricted by the crop's dependence mainly on the air for carbon supply,or hunger for carbon. It is,therefore,quite obvious that how to solve the problem of"Hunger for carbon"is the key to high yield agriculture. This studyhas found that organic carbon fertilizers may help satisfy crops' hunger for carbon. So it is feasible to use organic C to balance fertilization,rather than just using NPK in balanced fertilization. Further research in this aspect is of important significance to balanced fertilization and has some profound academic meaning for further developing theories of modern plant nutrition.
引文
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[2]廖宗文,毛小云,刘可星.有机碳肥对养分平衡的作用初探——试析植物营养中的碳短板.土壤学报,2014,51(3):656—659Liao Z W,Mao X Y,Liu K X.Effect of organic carbon fertilizer on nutrient balance—Analysis of carbon,a shortboard,in plant nutrition(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51(3):656—659
[3]郑帷婕,包维楷,辜彬,等.陆生高等植物碳含量及其特点.生态学杂志,2007,26(3):307—313Zheng W J,Bao W K,Gu B,et al.Carbon concentration and its characteristics in terrestrial higher plants(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Ecology,2007,26(3):307—313
[4]陈平平.大气二氧化碳浓度升高对植物的影响.生物学杂志,2002,37(3):20—22Chen P P.Effect of elevated atmospheric concentration of CO2 on plants(In Chinese).Botanical Journal,2002,37(3):20—22
[5]杨连新,李世峰,王余龙,等.开放式空气二氧化碳浓度增高对小麦产量形成的影响.应用生态学报,2007,18(1):75—80Yang L X,Li S F,Wang Y L,et al.Effects of free-air CO2enrichment(FACE)on yield formation of wheat(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(1):75—80
[6]李建伟,于立河,郭伟,等.外源糖和氮对春小麦花后物质生产的影响.麦类作物学报,2015,35(8):1127—1133Li J W,Yu L H,Guo W,et al.Effect of exogenous application of sugar and nitrogen on post-anthesis matter assimilation in spring wheat(In Chinese).Journal of Triticeae Crops,2015,35(8):1127—1133
[7]桂丕,廖宗文,汪立梅,等.弱光照条件下有机碳营养对水稻生长的影响.土壤通报,2015,46(4):936—939Gui P,Liao Z W,Wang L M,et al.Effects of organic carbon nutrition on rice growth under weak light conditions(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2015,46(4):936—939
[8]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000Lu R K.Analytical methods for soil and agro-chemistry(In Chinese).Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000
[9]杨廷梅.易利用碳的添加对厨余堆肥水溶性碳氮的影响.安徽农业科学,2012,40(9):5409—5412Yang T M.Effects of available carbon on water soluble carbon and water soluble nitrogen during composting of food wastes(In Chinese).Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2012,40(9):5409—5412
[10]史宏志,韩锦峰.烤烟碳氮代谢几个问题的探讨.烟草科技,1998(2):34—36Shi H Z,Han J F.Discussion on several issues of flue-cured carbon and nitrogen metabolism(In Chinese).Tobacco Technology,1998(2):34—36
[11]李志,史宏志,刘国顺,等.施氮量对皖南砂壤土烤烟碳氮代谢动态变化的影响.土壤,2010,42(1):8—13Li Z,Shi H Z,Liu G S,et al.Changes of carbon-nitrogen metabolism of flue-cured tobacco with sweet aroma in south Anhui under different fertilization rates(In Chinese).Soils,2010,42(1):8—13
[12]何欣,张攀伟,丁传雨,等.弱光照下硝铵比对小白菜氮吸收和碳氮分配的影响.土壤学报,2009,46(3):452—458He X,Zhang P W,Ding C Y,et al.Effects of nitrate/ammonium ratio on ntrate absoption and distribution of carbon and nitrogen in pakchoi growing under low light intensity(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2009,46(3):452—458
[13]申丽霞,王璞.玉米穗位叶碳氮代谢的关键指标测定.中国农学通报,2009,25(24):155—157Shen L X,Wang P.Determination of C-N metabolism indices in ear-leaf of maize(Zea mays L.)(In Chinese).Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2009,25(24):155—157
[14]王强,钟旭华,黄农荣,等.光、氮及其互作对作物碳氮代谢的影响研究进展.广东农业科学,2006(2):37—40Wang Q,Zhong X H,Huang N R,et al.Interactions of nitrogen with light in the photosynthetic traits and metabolism of carbon and nitrogen of crop(In Chinese).Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2006(2):37—40
[15]Uhart S A,Andrade F H.Nitrogen deficiency in maize:II.Carbon-nitrogen interaction effects on kernel number and grain yield.Crop Science,1995,35:1384—1389
[16]Zhao H J,Li P W,Li G M,et al.Studies on the carbon/nitrogen metabolism of rape.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,1994,27(6):1—7
[17]Pan W L,Camberato J J,Jackson W A,et al.Utilization of previously accumulated and concurrently absorbed nitrogen during reproductive growth in maize:Influence of prolificacy and nitrogen source.Plant Physiology,1986,82:247—253
[18]周卫霞,董朋飞,王秀萍,等.弱光胁迫对不同基因型玉米籽粒发育和碳氮代谢的影响.作物学报,2013,39(10):1826—1834Zhou W X,Dong P F,Wang X P,et al.Effects of lo-light stress on kernel setting and metabolism of carbon and nitrogen in different maize(Zea mays L.)genotypes(In Chinese).Acta Agronomica Sinica,2013,39(10):1826—1834
[19]云菲,刘国顺,史宏志.光氮互作对烟草气体交换和部分碳氮代谢酶活性及品质的影响.作物学报,2010,36(3):508—516Yun F,Liu G S,Shi H Z.Interaction effects of light intensity and nitrogen supply on gas exchange,some enzyme activities in carbon-nitrogen metabolism and quality in flue-cured tobacco(In Chinese).Acta Agronomica Sinica,2010,36(3):508—516
[20]贺军军,胡呤胜,林钊沫,等.不同施磷水平对橡胶幼苗营养根碳氮代谢的影响.土壤通报,2009,40(5):1123—1126He J J,Hu Y S,Lin Z M,et al.Carbon and nitrogen metaboly of rubber seedling roots at different phosphorous fertilizer levels(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2009,40(5):1123—1126
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