植物品种权保护对生物育种行业的影响研究
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摘要
构建生物育种企业之间的博弈模型以及育种企业和农业生产者之间的博弈模型,分析生物育种企业的产品选择、定价与品种权许可等市场行为。研究表明,较高的植物品种权保护水平不利于品种多样化,有助于形成大型生物育种企业的市场垄断,并提高种子的市场价格;农业新品种种子价格由技术系数、投入品价格以及平均成本决定的规律揭示了发达国家技术领先的种业公司利用植物品种权保护机制操控发展中国家农业产业技术体系和产业链的现实。
Plant variety rights protection of breeding industry produced far-reaching influence. In this paper,game models about bio-breeding enterprises and agricultural producers are used to analyze the product selection,pricing mechanism and the licensing behavior of breeding enterprises. The research shows that a higher level of plant varieties protection is not conducive to the diversification of crop varieties,which will help to form a market monopoly of large scale biological breeding enterprises,and increase the market price of seeds. The study also shows that the seed price of agricultural new varieties is determined by the technical coefficient and the price of the inputs and the average cost,which revealed such a fact that technology-leading seed companies in developed countries use the plant varieties protection mechanism to control agricultural industry technology system and industrial chain in developing country.
Plant variety rights protection of breeding industry produced far-reaching influence. In this paper,game models about bio-breeding enterprises and agricultural producers are used to analyze the product selection,pricing mechanism and the licensing behavior of breeding enterprises. The research shows that a higher level of plant varieties protection is not conducive to the diversification of crop varieties,which will help to form a market monopoly of large scale biological breeding enterprises,and increase the market price of seeds. The study also shows that the seed price of agricultural new varieties is determined by the technical coefficient and the price of the inputs and the average cost,which revealed such a fact that technology-leading seed companies in developed countries use the plant varieties protection mechanism to control agricultural industry technology system and industrial chain in developing country.
引文
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[8]TANDON P.Rivalry and the excessive allocation of resources to research[J].The Bell Journal of Economics,1983,14(1):152-165
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[13]SHIVA V,CROMPTON T.Monopoly and monoculture:trends in Indian seed industry[J].Economic and Political Weekly,1998,33(39):137-141
[14]RAUSSER G,SMALL A.Valuing research leads:bio-prospecting and the conservation of genetic resources[J].UC Berkeley Law and Economics Working Paper,2000,108(1):41-47
[15]PRAY C,TRIPP R,MORRIS M L.Industrial policy issues:participation,prices,and property rights[M].New York:Lynne Rienner Publishers&Cimmyt,1998:110-111
[16]GAISFORD J D.The Economics of Bio-technology[M].Lypiatts:Edward Elgar Publishing Inc,2001:63-75
[17]LOURY G C.Market structure and innovation[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1979,93(3):395-410
[18]LEE T,WILDE L L.Market structure and innovation:a reformulation[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1980,94(2):429-436
[19]郭昱,顾海英.竞争市场中的种子公司与农户交易机制:一个信号博弈及其经验含义[J].上海经济研究,2006(11):61-65
[20]李道国,谭涛.品种权保护制度下育种企业与农民短期合约收益均衡分析[J].农业经济问题,2006(9):48-52
[21]张宁宁,潘勇辉.种业跨国并购与我国种业应对策略的均衡分析[J].农业技术经济,2014(2):57-67
[2]LESSER W.Intellectual property rights and concentration in agricultural biotechnology[J].Ag Bio Forum-Journal of Agrobiotechnology Management&Economics,1998,1(2):56-61
[3]MASKUS K E,SMITH P J.International economics of intellectual property rights and the biotechnology industry[C]//JESUS A.International Agricultural Trade Research Consortium Conference.London:Frank F,2010:97-121
[4]BUTLER L J,MARION B W.Impacts of patent protection on the U.S.seed industry and public plant breeding[M].Beltsville:Information Systems Division,National Agricultural Library,1985:107-116
[5]ALSTON J M,VENNER R J.The effects of the U.S.plant variety protection act on wheat genetic improvement[J].Research Policy,2002,31(4):527-542
[6]SCHERER F M.Research and development resource allocation under rivalry[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1967,81:359-394
[7]BARZEL Y.Optimal timing of innovations[J].The Review of Economics and Statistics,1968,50(3):348-355
[8]TANDON P.Rivalry and the excessive allocation of resources to research[J].The Bell Journal of Economics,1983,14(1):152-165
[9]SCOTCHMER S.Standing on the shoulders of giants:cumulative research and the patent law[J].Journal of Economic Perspective,1991,5(1):29-41
[10]VAN WIJK J,JAFFE W.Impact of plant breeders rights in developing countries:debate and experience in Argentina,Chile,Colombia,Mexico and Uruguay[D].Amsterdam:University of Amsterdam,1995:78-89
[11]JANVRY D A,GRAFF G,SADOULET E,et al.Technological change in agriculture and poverty reduction[R].Berkeley:University of California at Berkeley,2005:3-7(2005-10-25)[2016-06-12].http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContent Server/WDSP/IB/2004/02/25/000265513_20040225110907/Rendered/PDF/wdr27904.pdf
[12]BYERLEE D,FISCHER K.Accessing modern science:policy and options for agricultural biotechnology in developing countries[J].IP Strategy Today,2001(1):21-30
[13]SHIVA V,CROMPTON T.Monopoly and monoculture:trends in Indian seed industry[J].Economic and Political Weekly,1998,33(39):137-141
[14]RAUSSER G,SMALL A.Valuing research leads:bio-prospecting and the conservation of genetic resources[J].UC Berkeley Law and Economics Working Paper,2000,108(1):41-47
[15]PRAY C,TRIPP R,MORRIS M L.Industrial policy issues:participation,prices,and property rights[M].New York:Lynne Rienner Publishers&Cimmyt,1998:110-111
[16]GAISFORD J D.The Economics of Bio-technology[M].Lypiatts:Edward Elgar Publishing Inc,2001:63-75
[17]LOURY G C.Market structure and innovation[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1979,93(3):395-410
[18]LEE T,WILDE L L.Market structure and innovation:a reformulation[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1980,94(2):429-436
[19]郭昱,顾海英.竞争市场中的种子公司与农户交易机制:一个信号博弈及其经验含义[J].上海经济研究,2006(11):61-65
[20]李道国,谭涛.品种权保护制度下育种企业与农民短期合约收益均衡分析[J].农业经济问题,2006(9):48-52
[21]张宁宁,潘勇辉.种业跨国并购与我国种业应对策略的均衡分析[J].农业技术经济,2014(2):57-67