USLE/RUSLE模型中植被因子变化特征及其影响因素
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摘要
植被因子是USLE/RUSLE模型中最重要的影响因子,其数值变化特征及其影响因素广受关注。以广东省五华县源坑水小流域2011—2013年的径流小区次降雨水沙观测数据为基础,分析了径流小区C值在不同时间尺度的变化特征及其受降雨、植被类型的影响。研究表明:(1)不同时段间C值存在一定波动,其中旱季的C值均大于雨季,夏秋两季的C值较大,且较为接近。各径流小区的C值普遍存在11、8、7月较大,6、5、1月较小的现象,且草本植物C值受植被覆盖度影响较大。(2)降雨量与径流小区C值呈正相关关系,桉树、松树、糖蜜草径流小区C值与次降雨量、各降雨量区间平均值的相关系数分别为0.360**、0.349**、0.291**,0.912*、0.909*、0.822,相较于草本植物,木本植物的C值受降雨影响更大,仅以植被盖度衡量C值有待商榷。(3)相较裸土小区,桉树、松树、糖蜜草小区2011—2013年的土壤流失减幅分别为14.2%、21.5%、23.2%,其C值分别为0.814、0.748、0.772,3种植物中糖蜜草与松树均具有相对较好的水保效益,桉树的水保效益稍逊。
Vegetation factors are the most important influences on USLE/RUSLE models. The observed data for runoff and sediment yields from field runoff plots between 2011 and 2013,their variation characteristics,and the impacts of rainfall and vegetation types on the C values were analyzed for different time scales. The results showed that:( 1) The C values fluctuated between seasons. The values were higher for summer and the fall than for spring and winter,and were similar for summer and fall. Furthermore,dry seasons show higher C values than wet seasons. Specifically,higher values were found in November,August,and July,and lower values were observed in June,May,and January. The C values for herbs were significantly affected by the vegetation coverage.( 2) The C values were positively correlated with rainfall volume,and the correlation coefficients between the C values and rainfall volume for individual rainfall events were 0.360**,0.349**,and0.291**for the eucalyptus and pine trees,and Melinis minutiflora runoff plots,respectively. The correlation coefficients for average interval rainfall volume and the C values were 0.912*,0.909*,and 0.822 for the eucalyptus and pine trees,andMelinis minutiflora runoff plots,respectively. The rainfall volume had a much stronger influence on the C values for the woody plants compared with the herbaceous plants,suggested that the C values could not be determined by the vegetation coverage alone.( 3) A comparison of the runoff plots for bare soil showed that the volume of soil lost was reduced by14.2%,21.5%,and 23. 2%,and the C values were 0. 814,0. 748,and 0. 772 for the eucalyptus and pine trees,and Melinis minutiflora runoff plots,respectively. The results showed that Melinis minutiflora and pine trees were better at conserving soil and water than eucalyptus.
Vegetation factors are the most important influences on USLE/RUSLE models. The observed data for runoff and sediment yields from field runoff plots between 2011 and 2013,their variation characteristics,and the impacts of rainfall and vegetation types on the C values were analyzed for different time scales. The results showed that:( 1) The C values fluctuated between seasons. The values were higher for summer and the fall than for spring and winter,and were similar for summer and fall. Furthermore,dry seasons show higher C values than wet seasons. Specifically,higher values were found in November,August,and July,and lower values were observed in June,May,and January. The C values for herbs were significantly affected by the vegetation coverage.( 2) The C values were positively correlated with rainfall volume,and the correlation coefficients between the C values and rainfall volume for individual rainfall events were 0.360**,0.349**,and0.291**for the eucalyptus and pine trees,and Melinis minutiflora runoff plots,respectively. The correlation coefficients for average interval rainfall volume and the C values were 0.912*,0.909*,and 0.822 for the eucalyptus and pine trees,andMelinis minutiflora runoff plots,respectively. The rainfall volume had a much stronger influence on the C values for the woody plants compared with the herbaceous plants,suggested that the C values could not be determined by the vegetation coverage alone.( 3) A comparison of the runoff plots for bare soil showed that the volume of soil lost was reduced by14.2%,21.5%,and 23. 2%,and the C values were 0. 814,0. 748,and 0. 772 for the eucalyptus and pine trees,and Melinis minutiflora runoff plots,respectively. The results showed that Melinis minutiflora and pine trees were better at conserving soil and water than eucalyptus.
引文
[1]余新晓,张学霞,李建牢,张满良,谢媛媛.黄土地区小流域植被覆盖和降水对侵蚀产沙过程的影响.生态学报,2006,26(1):1-8.
[2]吴秉礼,石建忠,谢忙义,贺立勇,陈小华,赵军营.甘肃水土流失区防护效益森林覆盖率研究.生态学报,2003,23(6):1125-1137.
[3]Wang Z Y,Wang G J,Li C Z,Wang F X.A preliminary study on vegetation-erosion dynamics and its applications.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2005,48(5):689-700.
[4]Schnbrodt S,Saumer P,Behrens T,Seeber C,Scholten T.Assessing the USLE crop and management factor C for soil erosion modeling in a large mountainous watershed in Central China.Journal of Earth Science,2010,21(6):835-845.
[5]Kinnell P I A.Modelling event soil losses using the QREI30index within RUSLE2.Hydrological Processes,2014,28(5):2761-2771.
[6]Wischmeier W H,Smith D D.Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses—A Guide to Conservation Planning.Agricultural Handbook NO.537.Washington DC:USDA-ARS.1978.
[7]Wischmeier W H.Cropping-management factor evaluations for a universal soil-loss equation.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1960,24(4):322-326.
[8]zhan S,Balc A N,zyuvaci N,Hzal A,Gkbulak F,Serengil Y.Cover and management factors for the Universal Soil-Loss Equation for forest ecosystems in the Marmara region,Turkey.Forest Ecology and Management,2005,214(1/3):118-123.
[9]Zhao W W,Fu B J,Qiu Y.An upscaling method for cover-management factor and its application in the Loess Plateau of China.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2013,10(10):4752-5766.
[10]张岩,袁建平,刘宝元.土壤侵蚀预报模型中的植被覆盖与管理因子研究进展.应用生态学报,2002,13(8):1033-1036.
[11]蔡崇法,丁树文,史志华,黄丽,张光远.应用USLE模型与地理信息系统IDRISI预测小流域土壤侵蚀量的研究.水土保持学报,2000,14(2):19-24.
[12]刘宝元,毕小刚,符素华,魏欣,李永贵,段淑怀,袁爱萍,陆炳军,谢云,章文波,叶芝菡,曾宪勤,徐丽.北京土壤流失方程.北京:科学出版社,2010:72-77.
[13]江忠善,王志强,刘志.黄土丘陵区小流域土壤侵蚀空间变化定量研究.土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1996,2(1):1-9.
[14]唐寅,代数,蒋光毅,史东梅,陈正发.重庆市坡耕地植被覆盖与管理因子C值计算与分析.水土保持学报,2010,24(6):53-59.
[15]Cinnirella S,Iovino F,Porto P,Ferro V.Anti-erosive effectiveness of Eucalyptus coppices through the cover management factor estimate.Hydrological Processes,1998,12(4):635-649.
[16]Kefi M,Yoshino K,Setiawan Y.Assessment and mapping of soil erosion risk by water in Tunisia using time series MODIS data.Paddy and Water Environment,2012,10(1):59-73.
[17]Kefi M,Yoshino K,Setiawan Y,Zayani K,Boufaroua M.Assessment of the effects of vegetation on soil erosion risk by water:a case of study of the Batta watershed in Tunisia.Environmental Earth Sciences,2011,64(3):707-719.
[18]张岩,刘宝元,史培军,江忠善.黄土高原土壤侵蚀作物覆盖因子计算.生态学报,2001,21(7):1050-1056.
[19]Gabriels D,Ghekiere G,Schiettecatte W,Rottiers I.Assessment of USLE cover-management C-factors for 40 crop rotation systems on arable farms in the Kemmelbeek watershed,Belgium.Soil and Tillage Research,2003,74(1):47-53.
[20]Williams J R.The erosion-productivity impact calculator(EPIC)model:a case history.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,1990,329(1255):421-528.
[2]吴秉礼,石建忠,谢忙义,贺立勇,陈小华,赵军营.甘肃水土流失区防护效益森林覆盖率研究.生态学报,2003,23(6):1125-1137.
[3]Wang Z Y,Wang G J,Li C Z,Wang F X.A preliminary study on vegetation-erosion dynamics and its applications.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2005,48(5):689-700.
[4]Schnbrodt S,Saumer P,Behrens T,Seeber C,Scholten T.Assessing the USLE crop and management factor C for soil erosion modeling in a large mountainous watershed in Central China.Journal of Earth Science,2010,21(6):835-845.
[5]Kinnell P I A.Modelling event soil losses using the QREI30index within RUSLE2.Hydrological Processes,2014,28(5):2761-2771.
[6]Wischmeier W H,Smith D D.Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses—A Guide to Conservation Planning.Agricultural Handbook NO.537.Washington DC:USDA-ARS.1978.
[7]Wischmeier W H.Cropping-management factor evaluations for a universal soil-loss equation.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1960,24(4):322-326.
[8]zhan S,Balc A N,zyuvaci N,Hzal A,Gkbulak F,Serengil Y.Cover and management factors for the Universal Soil-Loss Equation for forest ecosystems in the Marmara region,Turkey.Forest Ecology and Management,2005,214(1/3):118-123.
[9]Zhao W W,Fu B J,Qiu Y.An upscaling method for cover-management factor and its application in the Loess Plateau of China.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2013,10(10):4752-5766.
[10]张岩,袁建平,刘宝元.土壤侵蚀预报模型中的植被覆盖与管理因子研究进展.应用生态学报,2002,13(8):1033-1036.
[11]蔡崇法,丁树文,史志华,黄丽,张光远.应用USLE模型与地理信息系统IDRISI预测小流域土壤侵蚀量的研究.水土保持学报,2000,14(2):19-24.
[12]刘宝元,毕小刚,符素华,魏欣,李永贵,段淑怀,袁爱萍,陆炳军,谢云,章文波,叶芝菡,曾宪勤,徐丽.北京土壤流失方程.北京:科学出版社,2010:72-77.
[13]江忠善,王志强,刘志.黄土丘陵区小流域土壤侵蚀空间变化定量研究.土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1996,2(1):1-9.
[14]唐寅,代数,蒋光毅,史东梅,陈正发.重庆市坡耕地植被覆盖与管理因子C值计算与分析.水土保持学报,2010,24(6):53-59.
[15]Cinnirella S,Iovino F,Porto P,Ferro V.Anti-erosive effectiveness of Eucalyptus coppices through the cover management factor estimate.Hydrological Processes,1998,12(4):635-649.
[16]Kefi M,Yoshino K,Setiawan Y.Assessment and mapping of soil erosion risk by water in Tunisia using time series MODIS data.Paddy and Water Environment,2012,10(1):59-73.
[17]Kefi M,Yoshino K,Setiawan Y,Zayani K,Boufaroua M.Assessment of the effects of vegetation on soil erosion risk by water:a case of study of the Batta watershed in Tunisia.Environmental Earth Sciences,2011,64(3):707-719.
[18]张岩,刘宝元,史培军,江忠善.黄土高原土壤侵蚀作物覆盖因子计算.生态学报,2001,21(7):1050-1056.
[19]Gabriels D,Ghekiere G,Schiettecatte W,Rottiers I.Assessment of USLE cover-management C-factors for 40 crop rotation systems on arable farms in the Kemmelbeek watershed,Belgium.Soil and Tillage Research,2003,74(1):47-53.
[20]Williams J R.The erosion-productivity impact calculator(EPIC)model:a case history.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,1990,329(1255):421-528.