施加生物质炭对盐渍土土壤结构和水力特性的影响
|
摘要
以江苏省沿海围垦区盐渍土为研究对象,基于Micro-CT图像扫描技术,分析施加生物质炭后改良盐渍土土壤孔隙度、土壤水分特征曲线以及非饱和导水率等土壤特性的变化,并建立分形模型预测土壤水力性质,以此揭示施用生物质炭对于海涂围垦区盐渍土土壤结构和水力特性的影响。试验设置0、2%、5%(与表层0～20 cm土壤质量比) 3个生物质炭添加水平,重复3次。结果表明:施加5%生物质炭显著降低盐渍土土壤容重,增加土壤总孔隙度和大孔隙度;大于0. 25 mm水稳性团聚体质量分数显著增加,增加土壤孔隙分形维数;提高土壤饱和含水率和饱和导水率;结合Micro-CT图像扫描技术和孔隙分形理论预测改良盐渍土土壤水分特征曲线和非饱和导水率,预测效果精度高,能够用于实际问题的研究。
The saline/sodic soil in the coastal reclamation area of Jiangsu Province was taken as the subject investigated. Based on Micro-CT scanning technology,the changes in total porosity,soil water characteristic curve and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of saline/sodic soil after applying biochar were analyzed and the soil hydraulic properties were predicted based on fractal models. Therefore,the effects of biochar application on soil structure and hydraulic characteristics in coastal reclamation area were revealed. The surface soil( 0 ～ 20 cm) was amended by thoroughly mixed biochar with three levels of application rates( 0,2% and 5% by mass of soil) in a completely randomized design with three replicates for each treatment. The results showed that bulk density of soil was significantly reduced and total porosity and macroporosity of soil were increased obviously after applying 5% biochar. Besides,the proportion of water-stable aggregates with size greater than 0. 25 mm,the fractal dimension of soil pores was significantly increased. The saturated water content and saturated water conductivity of soil were also improved. Combined with the Micro-CT scanning technology and the fractal theory, the water characteristic curve and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the improved saline/sodic soil were predicted. The accuracy of the prediction was high,which can be used in the study of practical problems.
The saline/sodic soil in the coastal reclamation area of Jiangsu Province was taken as the subject investigated. Based on Micro-CT scanning technology,the changes in total porosity,soil water characteristic curve and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of saline/sodic soil after applying biochar were analyzed and the soil hydraulic properties were predicted based on fractal models. Therefore,the effects of biochar application on soil structure and hydraulic characteristics in coastal reclamation area were revealed. The surface soil( 0 ～ 20 cm) was amended by thoroughly mixed biochar with three levels of application rates( 0,2% and 5% by mass of soil) in a completely randomized design with three replicates for each treatment. The results showed that bulk density of soil was significantly reduced and total porosity and macroporosity of soil were increased obviously after applying 5% biochar. Besides,the proportion of water-stable aggregates with size greater than 0. 25 mm,the fractal dimension of soil pores was significantly increased. The saturated water content and saturated water conductivity of soil were also improved. Combined with the Micro-CT scanning technology and the fractal theory, the water characteristic curve and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the improved saline/sodic soil were predicted. The accuracy of the prediction was high,which can be used in the study of practical problems.
引文
[1] NIU Q,FRATTA D,WANG Y H. The use of electrical conductivity measurements in the prediction of hydraulic conductivity ofunsaturated soils[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2015,522:475-487.
[2] VAN GENUCHTEN M T,KAVEH F,RUSSELL W B,et al. Direct and indirect methods for estimating the hydraulic-propertiesof unsaturated soils[C]∥Land Qualities in Space and Time,Proceedings of a Symposium Wageningen,1989:61-72.
[3] TYLER S W,WHEATCRAFT S W. Application of fractal mathematics to soil water retention estimation[J]. Soil ScienceSociety of America Journal,1989,53(4):987-996.
[4] KRAVCHENKO A,ZHANG R. Estimating the soil water retention from particle-size distributions:a fractal approach[J]. SoilScience,1998,163(3):171-179.
[5] PEYTON R L,GANTZER C J,ANDERSON S H,et al. Fractal dimension to describe soil macropore structure using X raycomputed tomography[J]. Water Resources Research,1994,30(3):691-700.
[6]曹雨桐,佘冬立.施用生物质炭和聚丙烯酰胺对海涂围垦区盐碱土水力性质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(11):3684-3690.CAO Yutong,SHE Dongli. Effects of biochar and PAM application on saline soil hydraulic properties of coastal reclamationregion[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(11):3684-3690.(in Chinese)
[7] ANTAL M J,GRONLI M. The art,science,and technology of charcoal production[J]. Industrial&Engineering ChemistryResearch,2003,42(8):1619-1640.
[8]勾芒芒,屈忠义,王凡,等.生物炭施用对农业生产与环境效应影响研究进展分析[J/OL].农业机械学报,2018,49(7):1-12.GOU Mangmang,QU Zhongyi,WANG Fan,et al. Process in research on biachar affecting soil-water environment and carbonsequestration-mitigating emissions in agricultural fields[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(7):1-12. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20180701&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2018. 07. 001.(in Chinese)
[9]赵建坤,李江舟,杜章留,等.施用生物质炭对土壤物理性质影响的研究进展[J].气象与环境学报,2016,32(3):95-101.ZHAO Jiankun,LI Jiangzhou,DU Zhangliu,et al. Effects of biochar application on soil physical properties:a review[J].Journal of Meteorology and Environment,2016,32(3):95-101.(in Chinese)
[10] AVNIR D,FARIN D,PFEIFER P. Chemistry in noninteger dimensions between two and three. II. Fractal surfaces ofadsorbents[J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics,1983,79(7):3566-3571.
[11] GENUCHETEN M T V. A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J]. Soil ScienceSociety of America Journal,1980,44(5):892-898.
[12] TYLER S W,WHEATCRAFT S W. Fractal processes in soil water retention[J]. Water Resources Research,1990,26(5):1047-1054.
[13] DARHE A,THULLNER M. The relationship between fractal properties of solid matrix and pore space in porous media[J].Geoderma,2005,129(3-4):279-290.
[14] BOLTE S,CORDELIRES F P. A guided tour into subcellular colocalization analysis in light microscopy[J]. Journal ofMicroscopy,2006,224(3):213-232.
[15] PAGENKEMPER S K,PETH S,PUSCHMANN D U,et al. Effects of root-induced biopores on pore space architectureinvestigated with industrial X-ray computed tomography[J]. Urology,2013,193(4):e166.
[16]霍丽娟,李一菲,钱天伟.定水头法和降水头法测定黄土的饱和导水率[J].太原科技大学学报,2010,31(3):256-259.HUO Lijuan,LI Yifei,QIAN Tianwei. Determination of saturated hydraulic conductivity of loess soil by constant-head methodand falling-head method[J]. Journal of Taiyuan University of Sciernce and Technology,2010,31(3):256-259.(inChinese)
[17]何晓文,许光泉,李青青.充填结构包气带水分运动参数试验研究[J].地下水,2012,34(6):13-16.HE Xiaowen,XU Guangquan,LI Qingqing. Research on filling with water movement of air bag structure by parameters[J].Underground Water,2012,34(6):13-16.(in Chinese)
[18] LEI O,ZHANG R. Effects of biochars derived from different feedstocks and pyrolysis temperatures on soil physical andhydraulic properties[J]. Journal of Soils&Sediments,2013,13(9):1561-1572.
[19] HERATH H M S K,CAMPS-ARBESTAIN M,HEDLEY M. Effect of biochar on soil physical properties in two contrastingsoils:an Alfisol and an Andisol[J]. Geoderma,2013,209:188-197.
[20] BRUUN S,ELZAHERY T,JENSEN L. Carbon sequestration with biochar-stability and effect on decomposition of soil organicmatter[C]∥IOP Conference Series:Earth and Environmental Science,2009,6(24):242011.
[21] TRYON E H. Effect of charcoal on certain physical,chemical,and biological properties of forest soils[J]. EcologicalMonographs,1948,18(1):81-115.
[22] BROCKHOFF S R,CHRISTIANS N E,KILLOM R J,et al. Physical and mineral-nutrition properties of sand-based turfgrassroot zones amended with biochar[J]. Agronomy Journal,2010,102(6):1627-1631.
[23]田丹,屈忠义,李波,等.生物质炭对砂土水力特征参数及持水特性影响试验研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2013,32(3):135-137.TIAN Dan,QU Zhongyi,LI Bo,et al. Influence of biochar on sandy soil hydraulic characteristic parameters and moistureholding properties[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2013,32(3):135-137.(in Chinese)
[24]李品芳,杨永利,兰天,等.天津滨海盐渍土客土改良后的土壤理化性质与持水特性[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(7):149-156.LI Pinfang,YANG Yongli,LAN Tian,et al. Physicochemical properties and water holding characteristics of Tianjin coastalsaline soil improved by foreign soil[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(7):149-156.(in Chinese)
[25]程珊珊,李瑞利,石福臣.应用耐盐植物改良滨海盐渍土的研究[C]∥2015年中国环境科学学会年会论文集,2015:4418-4424.
[26]刘建立,徐绍辉.根据颗粒大小分布估计土壤水分特征曲线:分形模型的应用[J].土壤学报,2003,40(1):46-52.LIU Jianli,XU Shaohui. Figuring soil water characteristic curve based on particle size distribution data:application of fracralmodels[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2003,40(1):46-52.(in Chinese)
[27] KATUWAL S,MOLDRUO P,LAMANDE M,et al. Effects of CT number derived matrix density on preferential flow andtransport in a macroporous agricultural soil[J]. Vadose Zone Journal,2015,14(7):1-13.
[28]程亚南.土壤孔隙结构的微观模拟[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2013.CHENG Ya'nan. Micro-simulation of soil pore structure[D]. Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2013.(inChinese)
[29] PERIARD Y,GUMIERE S J,LONG B,et al. Use of X-ray CT scan to characterize the evolution of the hydraulic properties ofa soil under drainage conditions[J]. Geoderma,2016,279:22-30.
[2] VAN GENUCHTEN M T,KAVEH F,RUSSELL W B,et al. Direct and indirect methods for estimating the hydraulic-propertiesof unsaturated soils[C]∥Land Qualities in Space and Time,Proceedings of a Symposium Wageningen,1989:61-72.
[3] TYLER S W,WHEATCRAFT S W. Application of fractal mathematics to soil water retention estimation[J]. Soil ScienceSociety of America Journal,1989,53(4):987-996.
[4] KRAVCHENKO A,ZHANG R. Estimating the soil water retention from particle-size distributions:a fractal approach[J]. SoilScience,1998,163(3):171-179.
[5] PEYTON R L,GANTZER C J,ANDERSON S H,et al. Fractal dimension to describe soil macropore structure using X raycomputed tomography[J]. Water Resources Research,1994,30(3):691-700.
[6]曹雨桐,佘冬立.施用生物质炭和聚丙烯酰胺对海涂围垦区盐碱土水力性质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(11):3684-3690.CAO Yutong,SHE Dongli. Effects of biochar and PAM application on saline soil hydraulic properties of coastal reclamationregion[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(11):3684-3690.(in Chinese)
[7] ANTAL M J,GRONLI M. The art,science,and technology of charcoal production[J]. Industrial&Engineering ChemistryResearch,2003,42(8):1619-1640.
[8]勾芒芒,屈忠义,王凡,等.生物炭施用对农业生产与环境效应影响研究进展分析[J/OL].农业机械学报,2018,49(7):1-12.GOU Mangmang,QU Zhongyi,WANG Fan,et al. Process in research on biachar affecting soil-water environment and carbonsequestration-mitigating emissions in agricultural fields[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(7):1-12. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20180701&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2018. 07. 001.(in Chinese)
[9]赵建坤,李江舟,杜章留,等.施用生物质炭对土壤物理性质影响的研究进展[J].气象与环境学报,2016,32(3):95-101.ZHAO Jiankun,LI Jiangzhou,DU Zhangliu,et al. Effects of biochar application on soil physical properties:a review[J].Journal of Meteorology and Environment,2016,32(3):95-101.(in Chinese)
[10] AVNIR D,FARIN D,PFEIFER P. Chemistry in noninteger dimensions between two and three. II. Fractal surfaces ofadsorbents[J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics,1983,79(7):3566-3571.
[11] GENUCHETEN M T V. A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J]. Soil ScienceSociety of America Journal,1980,44(5):892-898.
[12] TYLER S W,WHEATCRAFT S W. Fractal processes in soil water retention[J]. Water Resources Research,1990,26(5):1047-1054.
[13] DARHE A,THULLNER M. The relationship between fractal properties of solid matrix and pore space in porous media[J].Geoderma,2005,129(3-4):279-290.
[14] BOLTE S,CORDELIRES F P. A guided tour into subcellular colocalization analysis in light microscopy[J]. Journal ofMicroscopy,2006,224(3):213-232.
[15] PAGENKEMPER S K,PETH S,PUSCHMANN D U,et al. Effects of root-induced biopores on pore space architectureinvestigated with industrial X-ray computed tomography[J]. Urology,2013,193(4):e166.
[16]霍丽娟,李一菲,钱天伟.定水头法和降水头法测定黄土的饱和导水率[J].太原科技大学学报,2010,31(3):256-259.HUO Lijuan,LI Yifei,QIAN Tianwei. Determination of saturated hydraulic conductivity of loess soil by constant-head methodand falling-head method[J]. Journal of Taiyuan University of Sciernce and Technology,2010,31(3):256-259.(inChinese)
[17]何晓文,许光泉,李青青.充填结构包气带水分运动参数试验研究[J].地下水,2012,34(6):13-16.HE Xiaowen,XU Guangquan,LI Qingqing. Research on filling with water movement of air bag structure by parameters[J].Underground Water,2012,34(6):13-16.(in Chinese)
[18] LEI O,ZHANG R. Effects of biochars derived from different feedstocks and pyrolysis temperatures on soil physical andhydraulic properties[J]. Journal of Soils&Sediments,2013,13(9):1561-1572.
[19] HERATH H M S K,CAMPS-ARBESTAIN M,HEDLEY M. Effect of biochar on soil physical properties in two contrastingsoils:an Alfisol and an Andisol[J]. Geoderma,2013,209:188-197.
[20] BRUUN S,ELZAHERY T,JENSEN L. Carbon sequestration with biochar-stability and effect on decomposition of soil organicmatter[C]∥IOP Conference Series:Earth and Environmental Science,2009,6(24):242011.
[21] TRYON E H. Effect of charcoal on certain physical,chemical,and biological properties of forest soils[J]. EcologicalMonographs,1948,18(1):81-115.
[22] BROCKHOFF S R,CHRISTIANS N E,KILLOM R J,et al. Physical and mineral-nutrition properties of sand-based turfgrassroot zones amended with biochar[J]. Agronomy Journal,2010,102(6):1627-1631.
[23]田丹,屈忠义,李波,等.生物质炭对砂土水力特征参数及持水特性影响试验研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2013,32(3):135-137.TIAN Dan,QU Zhongyi,LI Bo,et al. Influence of biochar on sandy soil hydraulic characteristic parameters and moistureholding properties[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2013,32(3):135-137.(in Chinese)
[24]李品芳,杨永利,兰天,等.天津滨海盐渍土客土改良后的土壤理化性质与持水特性[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(7):149-156.LI Pinfang,YANG Yongli,LAN Tian,et al. Physicochemical properties and water holding characteristics of Tianjin coastalsaline soil improved by foreign soil[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(7):149-156.(in Chinese)
[25]程珊珊,李瑞利,石福臣.应用耐盐植物改良滨海盐渍土的研究[C]∥2015年中国环境科学学会年会论文集,2015:4418-4424.
[26]刘建立,徐绍辉.根据颗粒大小分布估计土壤水分特征曲线:分形模型的应用[J].土壤学报,2003,40(1):46-52.LIU Jianli,XU Shaohui. Figuring soil water characteristic curve based on particle size distribution data:application of fracralmodels[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2003,40(1):46-52.(in Chinese)
[27] KATUWAL S,MOLDRUO P,LAMANDE M,et al. Effects of CT number derived matrix density on preferential flow andtransport in a macroporous agricultural soil[J]. Vadose Zone Journal,2015,14(7):1-13.
[28]程亚南.土壤孔隙结构的微观模拟[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2013.CHENG Ya'nan. Micro-simulation of soil pore structure[D]. Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2013.(inChinese)
[29] PERIARD Y,GUMIERE S J,LONG B,et al. Use of X-ray CT scan to characterize the evolution of the hydraulic properties ofa soil under drainage conditions[J]. Geoderma,2016,279:22-30.