植草沟滞蓄城市道路雨水的试验及模拟
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摘要
为定量分析植草沟的水文性能,优化其设计参数取值,通过植草沟滞蓄城市道路雨水的试验设施开展模拟径流试验,验证了SWMM(storm water management model)模型模拟植草沟滞蓄效果的可行性,通过模型情景分析提出了设施的优化设计参数,评估了设施对提高道路排水标准和长期径流削减的影响。研究结果表明:SWMM模型对模拟植草沟水文性能具有较好的精度,对较小的降雨重现期和边坡比,较大的滞蓄深度、植被覆盖率和面积负荷比,植草沟的滞蓄能力更强,建议其设计降雨重现期不超过10年,滞蓄深度为10 cm以上,边坡比至少为3,植被覆盖率为0. 5以上,面积负荷比为5%以上。模拟北京某城市道路采用植草沟设施后,可将3年、5年、10年的排水标准分别提高到15年、20年、30年,在长达64年的运行中,植草沟几乎可消纳自身及汇水区域内所有径流,可为道路植草沟的设计和应用提供参考。
In order to quantitatively analyze the hydrological performance of vegetative swale facilities and optimize the value of their design parameters,the feasibility of SWMM model to simulate the effects of vegetative swale facilities on rainwater storage in urban roads was verified through simulated runoff experiments conducted by the experimental vegetative swale.The optimized design parameters of facilities were put forward through model scenario analysis,and the influence of facilities on improving road drainage standards and long-term runoff reduction was evaluated.The research results show that SWMM model has good accuracy in simulating the hydrological performance of vegetative swale facilities.For smaller rainfall return period and slope ratio,larger storage depth,vegetation coverage rate and area load ratio,vegetative swale facilities have stronger storage capacity.It is suggested that the design rainfall return period should not exceed 10 a,storage depth should be above 10 cm,slope ratio should be at least 3,vegetation coverage rate should be above 0.5,and area load ratio should be above 5 %.The drainage standards of 3 a,5 a,and10 a can be raised to 15 a,20 a,and 30 a respectively after simulating the use of the vegetative swale in an urban road in Beijing,and in 64 years of operation,the vegetative swale can remove almost all runoff in itself and catchment area,which can provide reference for the design and application of vegetative swale facilities on roads.
In order to quantitatively analyze the hydrological performance of vegetative swale facilities and optimize the value of their design parameters,the feasibility of SWMM model to simulate the effects of vegetative swale facilities on rainwater storage in urban roads was verified through simulated runoff experiments conducted by the experimental vegetative swale.The optimized design parameters of facilities were put forward through model scenario analysis,and the influence of facilities on improving road drainage standards and long-term runoff reduction was evaluated.The research results show that SWMM model has good accuracy in simulating the hydrological performance of vegetative swale facilities.For smaller rainfall return period and slope ratio,larger storage depth,vegetation coverage rate and area load ratio,vegetative swale facilities have stronger storage capacity.It is suggested that the design rainfall return period should not exceed 10 a,storage depth should be above 10 cm,slope ratio should be at least 3,vegetation coverage rate should be above 0.5,and area load ratio should be above 5 %.The drainage standards of 3 a,5 a,and10 a can be raised to 15 a,20 a,and 30 a respectively after simulating the use of the vegetative swale in an urban road in Beijing,and in 64 years of operation,the vegetative swale can remove almost all runoff in itself and catchment area,which can provide reference for the design and application of vegetative swale facilities on roads.
引文
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[2]RUSHTON B T.Low-impact parking lot design reduces runoff and pollutant loads[J].Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,2001,127(3):172-179.
[3]BACKSTROM M.Grassed swales for stormwater pollution control during rain and snowmelt[J].Water Science and Technology,2003,48(9):123-134.
[4]DELETIC A.Modelling of water and sediment transport over grassed areas[J].Journal of Hydrology,2001,248(1):168-182.
[5]BARRETT M E.Performance comparison of structural stormwater best management practices[J].Water Environment Research,2005,77(1):78-86.
[6]沈子欣,阚丽艳,车生泉.生态植草沟结构参数变化对降雨径流调蓄净化效应的影响[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2015,33(6):46-52.(SHEN Z X,KAN L Y,CHE S Q.Effects of grass swales structure parameters on storage and pollutant removal of rainfall runoff[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University(Agricultural Science),2015,33(6):46-52.(in Chinese))
[7]黄俊杰,沈庆然,李田.植草沟对道路径流的水文控制效果研究[J].中国给水排水,2016,32(3):118-122.(HUANG J J,SHEN Q R,LI T.Study on hydrological effect of grass swales on road runoff[J].China Water and Wastewater,2016,32(3):118-122.(in Chinese))
[8]STAGGE J H.Field evaluation of hydrologic and water quality benefits of grass swales for managing highway runoff[D].Maryland:Master of Science,the University of Maryland,USA,2006.
[9]WU J S,ALLAN C J,SAUNDERS W L,et al.Characterization and pollutant loading estimation for highway runoff[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,1998,124(7):584-592.
[10]DAVIS A P,STAGGE J H,JAMIL E,et al.Hydraulic performance of grass swales for managing highway runoff[J].Water Research,2012,46(20):6775-6786.
[11]HAN J,WU J S,ALLAN C.Suspended sediment removal by vegetative filter strip treating highway runoff[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health,2005,40(8):1637-1649.
[12]POLETIKA N,COODY P N,FOX G,et al.Chlorpyrifos and atrazine removal from runoff by vegetated filter strips:experiments and predictive modeling[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2009,38(3):1042-1052.
[13]DELETIC A,FLETCHER T D.Performance of grass filters used for stormwater treatment:a field and modelling study[J].Journal of Hydrology,2006,317(3/4):261-275.
[14]GARCIA-SERRANA M,GULLIVER J S,NIEBER J L.Non-uniform overland flow-infiltration model for roadside swales[J].Journal of Hydrology,2017,552:586-599.
[15]侯改娟.绿色建筑与小区低影响开发雨水系统模型研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2014.(HOU G J.Study on low impact development stormwater system model in green building and community[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2014.(in Chinese))
[16]颜乐,夏自强,丁琳,等.基于SWMM模型的生物滞留池水文效应研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2014(4):25-28.(YANL,XIA Z Q,DING L,et al.Hydrological effect analysis of bioretention based on SWMM[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,2014(4):25-28.(in Chinese))
[17]李家科,李亚,沈冰,等.基于SWMM模型的城市雨水花园调控措施的效果模拟[J].水力发电学报,2014,33(4):60-67.(LI J K,LI Y,SHEN B,et al.Simulation of rain garden effects in urbanized area based on SWMM[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2014,33(4):60-67.(in Chinese))