塔河源荒漠河岸林群落物种组成、结构与植物区系特征
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摘要
为了更好地了解荒漠河岸林植被动态与生物多样性维持机制,于塔里木河干流源头荒漠河岸林内建立6个1 hm2样地,对群落物种组成、数量特征和空间格局等进行综合分析。结果表明,塔河源荒漠河岸林群落结构简单、物种多样性低,共有物种12科15属16种,杨柳科重要值最大(28.97%),是群落优势建群科。取样面积在0.04 hm2时,包括了87.5%的物种;样地内稀有种和偶见种均占所有物种的12.5%。植物区系贫乏,单种科、属多,温带成分占绝对优势,古地中海成分也占有重要地位,具典型温带区系性质。样地内DBH≥1 cm的活木本个体有2497株,灰胡杨多度占92.95%,胸高断面积和重要值最大,在群落中占绝对优势地位。群落内科、属、种的数量随植株高度级的增加而减少,垂直结构层次分明,由乔木层、灌木层和草本层构成。样地内所有树种平均胸径15.57 cm,径级与高度级结构均呈偏正态分布,缺乏高度≤2 m的个体,群落更新不良。优势种灰胡杨、胡杨径级结构均呈单峰型,其中胡杨幼树出现断层,灰胡杨幼苗向幼树发展过程中死亡率极高(92.56%),均为衰退型种群。两个优势种空间格局呈聚集分布,不同生境下随径级增大空间分布格局变化不同;且两个优势种在空间上相互排斥而占据不同生境,暗示着种间竞争与生境异质性是影响荒漠河岸林物种空间分布格局和物种共存的重要因素。
Desert riparian forest is a typical temperate deciduous broad-leaved secondary forest and is mainly distributed in the Tarim Basin. To better understand the mechanisms of community dynamics and species coexistence of this forest type, six 1-hm2 plots were established and divided into 150 subplots. We analyzed species composition( e.g.,importance value,abundance),community structure( e.g.,vertical structure,size-class structure),spatial distribution of woody plants,and floristic composition. Results indicated that community structure of the desert riparian forest was simple and species diversity was low,with 16 species,belonging to 15 genera and 12 families identified. Salicaceae had the highest importance value( 28.97%) and was the dominant family in the community. When the sampling area was larger than 0.04 hm2,87.5% of species were counted. Rare and occasional species accounted for 12.5% of all species,respectively. Floristic composition was poor,with single species, genus, and temperate components being dominant, although ancient Mediterranean components also occupied an important position,with typical temperate flora.We counted 2497 living free-standing trees in the plots. Species abundance,basal area,and importance values showed that Populus pruinosa was the obviously dominant species. The number of families,genera,and species decreased with increasing height class,and the vertical structure was composed of canopy,shrub,and herb layers,indicating apparent vertical stratification in this forest. The average DBH of all trees was 15.57 cm,and DBH size and height classes showed skewed normal distributions,with few individuals with a height lower than 2 m,indicating weak regeneration across the community. The DBH structures of P.pruinosa and P. euphratica generally were unimodal; in particular,P. euphratica lacked small DBH trees and P. pruinosa had extremely high mortality during development from seedling to young tree, thus suggesting declining populations for these two species. The spatial distribution patterns of the two dominant species were clustered and varied with diameter in different habitats. In addition,the two dominant species were spatially mutually exclusive and occupied different habitats,suggesting that interspecific competition and habitat heterogeneity may be responsible for the species coexistence and spatial distribution of dominant species.
Desert riparian forest is a typical temperate deciduous broad-leaved secondary forest and is mainly distributed in the Tarim Basin. To better understand the mechanisms of community dynamics and species coexistence of this forest type, six 1-hm2 plots were established and divided into 150 subplots. We analyzed species composition( e.g.,importance value,abundance),community structure( e.g.,vertical structure,size-class structure),spatial distribution of woody plants,and floristic composition. Results indicated that community structure of the desert riparian forest was simple and species diversity was low,with 16 species,belonging to 15 genera and 12 families identified. Salicaceae had the highest importance value( 28.97%) and was the dominant family in the community. When the sampling area was larger than 0.04 hm2,87.5% of species were counted. Rare and occasional species accounted for 12.5% of all species,respectively. Floristic composition was poor,with single species, genus, and temperate components being dominant, although ancient Mediterranean components also occupied an important position,with typical temperate flora.We counted 2497 living free-standing trees in the plots. Species abundance,basal area,and importance values showed that Populus pruinosa was the obviously dominant species. The number of families,genera,and species decreased with increasing height class,and the vertical structure was composed of canopy,shrub,and herb layers,indicating apparent vertical stratification in this forest. The average DBH of all trees was 15.57 cm,and DBH size and height classes showed skewed normal distributions,with few individuals with a height lower than 2 m,indicating weak regeneration across the community. The DBH structures of P.pruinosa and P. euphratica generally were unimodal; in particular,P. euphratica lacked small DBH trees and P. pruinosa had extremely high mortality during development from seedling to young tree, thus suggesting declining populations for these two species. The spatial distribution patterns of the two dominant species were clustered and varied with diameter in different habitats. In addition,the two dominant species were spatially mutually exclusive and occupied different habitats,suggesting that interspecific competition and habitat heterogeneity may be responsible for the species coexistence and spatial distribution of dominant species.
引文
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[10]白玉锋,徐海量,张沛,张广朋,凌红波.塔里木河下游荒漠植物多样性、地上生物量与地下水埋深的关系[J].中国沙漠,2017,37(4):724-732.Bai YF,Xu HL,Zhang P,Zhang GP,Ling HB. Relation of desert vegetation species diversity and aboveground biomass to groundwater depth in the lower reaches of Tarim River[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2017,37(4):724-732.
[11]于军,王海珍,陈加利,韩路.塔里木河流域荒漠河岸林胡杨群落的空间格局研究[J].中国沙漠,2011,31(4):913-918.Yu J,Wang HZ,Chen JL,Han L. Spatial pattern of Populus euphratica community of desert riparian forest in Tarim River basin[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2011,31(4):913-918.
[12]赵振勇,张科,卢磊,周生斌,张慧.塔里木河中游洪水漫溢区荒漠河岸林实生苗更新[J].生态学报,2011,31(2):3322-3329.Zhao ZY,Zhang K,Lu L,Zhou SB,Zhang H. Seedling recruitment in desert riparian forest following river flooding in the middle reaches of the Tarim River[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(2):3322-3329.
[13]胡理乐,闫伯前,江明喜,朱教君.毛柄小勾儿茶伴生群落种类组成及多样性研究[J].西北植物学报,2007,27(3):594-600.Hu LL,Yan BQ,Jiang MX,Zhu JJ. The diversity of plant communities with endangered plant,Berchemiella wilsonii var. pubipetiolata[J]. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2007,27(3):594-600.
[14]马克平,黄建辉,于顺利,陈灵芝.北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究:Ⅱ.丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性指数[J].生态学报,1995,15(3):268-277.Ma KP,Huang JH,Yu SL,Chen LZ. Plant community diversity in Dongling Mountain,Beijing,China:Ⅱ. species richness,evenness and species diversities[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,1995,15(3):268-277.
[15]张金屯.植被数量生态学方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1995.
[16]韩路,王家强,王海珍,牛建龙,于军.塔里木荒漠绿洲过渡带主要种群生态位与空间格局分析[J].植物科学学报,2016,34(3):325-333.Han L,Wang JQ,Wang HZ,Niu JL,Yu J. Niche and spatial distribution pattern analysis of main populations at the ecotone of Tarim Desert-Oasis[J]. Plant Science Journal,2016,34(3):325-333.
[17] He FL,Legendre P,La Frankie JV. Distribution patterns of tree species in a Malaysian tropical rain forest[J]. J Veg Sci,1997,8(1):105-114.
[18]潘晓玲.新疆种子植物科的区系地理成分分析[J].植物研究,1997,17(4):397-402.Pan XL. Floristic analysis of seed plant families in Xinjinag[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research,1997,17(4):397-402.
[19]潘晓玲.新疆种子植物属的区系地理成分分析[J].植物研究,1999,19(3):249-259.Pan XL. Floristic analysis of seed plant genera in Xinjinag[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research,1999,19(3):249-259.
[20] Wang DP,Ji SY,Chen FP,Xing FW,Peng SL. Diversity and relationship with succession of naturally regenerated southern subtropical forests in Shenzhen,China and its comparison with the zonal climax of Hong Kong[J]. Forest Ecol Manag,2006,222(1-3):384-390.
[21]宋永昌.植被生态学[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2001:59.
[2]刘海丰,李亮,桑卫国.东灵山暖温带落叶阔叶次生林动态监测样地:物种组成与群落结构[J].生物多样性,2011,19(2):232-242.Liu HF,Li L,Sang WG. Species composition and community structure of the Donglingshan forest dynamic plot in a warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved secondary forest,China[J]. Biodiversity Science,2011,19(2):232-242.
[3]王家鸣,许涵,李意德,林明献,周璋,骆土寿,陈德祥.地形异质性对尖峰岭热带山地雨林木本植物群落结构及多样性的影响[J].林业科学,2018,54(1):1-11.Wang JM,Xu H,Li YD,Lin MX,Zhou Z,Luo TS,Chen DX. Effects of topographic heterogeneity on community structure and diversity of woody plants in Jianfengling tropical montane rainforest[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2018,54(1):1-11.
[4]郝占庆,张健,李步杭,叶吉,王绪高,姚晓琳.长白山次生杨桦林样地:物种组成与群落结构[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(2):251-261.Hao ZQ,Zhang J,Li BH,Ye J,Wang XG,Yao XL. Natural secondary poplar-birch forest in Changbai Mountain:species composition and community structure[J]. Journal of Plant Ecology,2008,32(2):251-261.
[5]赵丽娟,项文化,李家湘,邓湘雯,刘聪.中亚热带石栎-青冈群落物种组成、结构及区系特征[J].林业科学,2013,49(12):11-17.Zhao LJ,Xiang WH,Li JX,Deny XW,Liu C. Floristic composition,structure and phytogeographic characteristics in a Lithocarpus glaber-Cyclobalanopsis glauca forest community in the subtropical region[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2013,49(2):11-17.
[6]温韩东,林露湘,杨洁,胡跃华,曹敏,刘玉洪,鲁志云,谢有能.云南哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林20 hm2动态样地的物种组成与群落结构[J].植物生态学报,2018,42(4):419-429.Wen HD,Lin LX,Yang J. Hu YH,Cao M,Liu YH,Lu ZY,Xie YN. Species composition and community structure of a20 hm2plot of mid-mountain moist evergreen broadleaved forest on the Mts. Ailaoshan,Yunnan Province,China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2018,42(4):419-429.
[7]吴征镒.中国种子植物属的分布区类型[J].云南植物研究,1991,13(增刊Ⅳ):1-139.Wu ZY. The areal-types of Chinese genera of seed plants[J]. Acta Botanica Yunnanica,1991,13(Suppl.Ⅳ):1-139.
[8]吴征镒,周浙昆,李德铢,彭华,孙航.世界种子植物科的分布区类型系统[J].云南植物研究,2003,25(3):245-257.Wu ZY,Zhou ZK,Li DZ,Peng H,Sun H. The areal-types of the world families of seed plants[J]. Acta Botanica Yunnanica,2003,25(3):245-257.
[9]韩路,王海珍,牛建龙,王家强,柳维扬.荒漠河岸林胡杨群落特征对地下水位梯度的响应[J].生态学报,2017,37(20):6836-6846.Han L,Wang HZ,Niu JL,Wang JQ,Liu WY. Response of Populus euphratica communities in a desert riparian forest to the groundwater level gradient in the Tarim Basin[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(20):6836-6846.
[10]白玉锋,徐海量,张沛,张广朋,凌红波.塔里木河下游荒漠植物多样性、地上生物量与地下水埋深的关系[J].中国沙漠,2017,37(4):724-732.Bai YF,Xu HL,Zhang P,Zhang GP,Ling HB. Relation of desert vegetation species diversity and aboveground biomass to groundwater depth in the lower reaches of Tarim River[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2017,37(4):724-732.
[11]于军,王海珍,陈加利,韩路.塔里木河流域荒漠河岸林胡杨群落的空间格局研究[J].中国沙漠,2011,31(4):913-918.Yu J,Wang HZ,Chen JL,Han L. Spatial pattern of Populus euphratica community of desert riparian forest in Tarim River basin[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2011,31(4):913-918.
[12]赵振勇,张科,卢磊,周生斌,张慧.塔里木河中游洪水漫溢区荒漠河岸林实生苗更新[J].生态学报,2011,31(2):3322-3329.Zhao ZY,Zhang K,Lu L,Zhou SB,Zhang H. Seedling recruitment in desert riparian forest following river flooding in the middle reaches of the Tarim River[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(2):3322-3329.
[13]胡理乐,闫伯前,江明喜,朱教君.毛柄小勾儿茶伴生群落种类组成及多样性研究[J].西北植物学报,2007,27(3):594-600.Hu LL,Yan BQ,Jiang MX,Zhu JJ. The diversity of plant communities with endangered plant,Berchemiella wilsonii var. pubipetiolata[J]. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2007,27(3):594-600.
[14]马克平,黄建辉,于顺利,陈灵芝.北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究:Ⅱ.丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性指数[J].生态学报,1995,15(3):268-277.Ma KP,Huang JH,Yu SL,Chen LZ. Plant community diversity in Dongling Mountain,Beijing,China:Ⅱ. species richness,evenness and species diversities[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,1995,15(3):268-277.
[15]张金屯.植被数量生态学方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1995.
[16]韩路,王家强,王海珍,牛建龙,于军.塔里木荒漠绿洲过渡带主要种群生态位与空间格局分析[J].植物科学学报,2016,34(3):325-333.Han L,Wang JQ,Wang HZ,Niu JL,Yu J. Niche and spatial distribution pattern analysis of main populations at the ecotone of Tarim Desert-Oasis[J]. Plant Science Journal,2016,34(3):325-333.
[17] He FL,Legendre P,La Frankie JV. Distribution patterns of tree species in a Malaysian tropical rain forest[J]. J Veg Sci,1997,8(1):105-114.
[18]潘晓玲.新疆种子植物科的区系地理成分分析[J].植物研究,1997,17(4):397-402.Pan XL. Floristic analysis of seed plant families in Xinjinag[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research,1997,17(4):397-402.
[19]潘晓玲.新疆种子植物属的区系地理成分分析[J].植物研究,1999,19(3):249-259.Pan XL. Floristic analysis of seed plant genera in Xinjinag[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research,1999,19(3):249-259.
[20] Wang DP,Ji SY,Chen FP,Xing FW,Peng SL. Diversity and relationship with succession of naturally regenerated southern subtropical forests in Shenzhen,China and its comparison with the zonal climax of Hong Kong[J]. Forest Ecol Manag,2006,222(1-3):384-390.
[21]宋永昌.植被生态学[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2001:59.