Recent Progress in Studies of the Variabilities and Mechanisms of the East Asian Monsoon in a Changing Climate
|
摘要
Located in a monsoon domain, East Asia suffers devastating natural hazards induced by anomalous monsoon behaviors.East Asian monsoon(EAM) research has traditionally been a high priority for the Chinese climate community and is particularly challenging in a changing climate where the global mean temperature has been rising. Recent advances in studies of the variabilities and mechanisms of the EAM are reviewed in this paper, focusing on the interannual to interdecadal time scales.Some new results have been achieved in understanding the behaviors of the EAM, such as the evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM), including both its onset and withdrawal over the South China Sea, the changes in the northern boundary activity of the EASM, or the transitional climate zone in East Asia, and the cycle of the EASM and the East Asian winter monsoon and their linkages. In addition, understanding of the mechanism of the EAM variability has improved in several aspects, including the impacts of different types of ENSO on the EAM, the impacts from the Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, and the roles of mid-to high-latitude processes. Finally, some scientific issues regarding our understanding of the EAM are proposed for future investigation.
Located in a monsoon domain, East Asia suffers devastating natural hazards induced by anomalous monsoon behaviors.East Asian monsoon(EAM) research has traditionally been a high priority for the Chinese climate community and is particularly challenging in a changing climate where the global mean temperature has been rising. Recent advances in studies of the variabilities and mechanisms of the EAM are reviewed in this paper, focusing on the interannual to interdecadal time scales.Some new results have been achieved in understanding the behaviors of the EAM, such as the evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM), including both its onset and withdrawal over the South China Sea, the changes in the northern boundary activity of the EASM, or the transitional climate zone in East Asia, and the cycle of the EASM and the East Asian winter monsoon and their linkages. In addition, understanding of the mechanism of the EAM variability has improved in several aspects, including the impacts of different types of ENSO on the EAM, the impacts from the Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, and the roles of mid-to high-latitude processes. Finally, some scientific issues regarding our understanding of the EAM are proposed for future investigation.
Located in a monsoon domain, East Asia suffers devastating natural hazards induced by anomalous monsoon behaviors.East Asian monsoon(EAM) research has traditionally been a high priority for the Chinese climate community and is particularly challenging in a changing climate where the global mean temperature has been rising. Recent advances in studies of the variabilities and mechanisms of the EAM are reviewed in this paper, focusing on the interannual to interdecadal time scales.Some new results have been achieved in understanding the behaviors of the EAM, such as the evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM), including both its onset and withdrawal over the South China Sea, the changes in the northern boundary activity of the EASM, or the transitional climate zone in East Asia, and the cycle of the EASM and the East Asian winter monsoon and their linkages. In addition, understanding of the mechanism of the EAM variability has improved in several aspects, including the impacts of different types of ENSO on the EAM, the impacts from the Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, and the roles of mid-to high-latitude processes. Finally, some scientific issues regarding our understanding of the EAM are proposed for future investigation.
引文
Ashok,K.,S.K.Behera,S.A.Rao,H.Y.Weng,and T.Yamagata,2007:El Ni?o Modoki and its possible teleconnection.J.Geophys.Res.,112,C11007,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003798.
Bao,M.,and R.Q.Han,2009:Delayed impacts of the El Ni?o Episodes in the central Pacific on the summertime climate anomalies of Eastern China in 2003 and 2007.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,26,553-563,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-009-0553-7.
Chan,J.C.L.,and W.Zhou,2005:PDO,ENSO and the early summer monsoon rainfall over south China.Geophys.Res.Lett.,32,L08810,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL022015.
Chang,C P.,and K.M.W.Lau,1980:Northeasterly cold surges and near-equatorial disturbances over the winter MONEXarea during December 1974.Part II:Planetary-scale aspects.Mon.Wea.Rev.,108,298-312,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<0298:NCSANE>2.0.CO;2.
Chang,C.P.,and T.Li,2000:A theory for the tropical tropospheric biennial oscillation.J.Atmos.Sci.,57,2209-2224,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<2209:ATFTTT>2.0.CO;2.
Chang,C.P.,Y.S.Zhang,and T.Li,2000:Interannual and interdecadal variations of the East Asian summer monsoon and tropical Pacific SSTs.Part I:Roles of the subtropical ridge.J.Climate,13,4310-4325,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<4310:IAIVOT>2.0.CO;2.
Chang,C.P.,Z.Wang,and H.Hendon,2006:The Asian winter monsoon.The Asian Monsoon,B.Wang,Ed.,Springer,89-127,https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-37722-0 3.
Chang,C.P.,Y.H.Ding,C.N.C.Lau,R.H.Johnson,B.Wang,and T.Yasunari,2011:The Global Monsoon System:Research and Forecast.2nd ed.,World Scientific,85-110.
Chen,J.,W.Huang,L.Y.Jin,J.H.Chen,S.Q.Chen,and F.H.Chen,2018:A climatological northern boundary index for the East Asian summer monsoon and its interannual variability.Science China Earth Sciences,61,13-22,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-017-9122-x.
Chen,J.P.,Z.P.Wen,R.G.Wu,Z.S.Chen,and P.Zhao,2015:Influences of northward propagating 25-90-day and quasibiweekly oscillations on eastern China summer rainfall.Climate Dyn.,45,105-124,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2334-y.
Chen,L.X.,Q.G.Zhu,and H.B.Luo,1991:East Asian Monsoon.China Meteorological Press.(in Chinese)
Chen,S.F.,W.Chen,and K.Wei,2013a:Recent trends in winter temperature extremes in eastern China and their relationship with the Arctic Oscillation and ENSO.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,30,1712-1724,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-013-2296-8.
Chen,W.,2002:Impacts of El Ni?o and La Ni?a on the cycle of the East Asian winter and summer monsoon.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,26,595-610,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2002.05.02.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen,W.,H.F.Graf,and R.H.Huang,2000:The interannual variability of East Asian winter monsoon and its relation to the summer monsoon.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,17,48-60,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-000-0042-5.
Chen,W.,L.Wang,Y.K.Xue,and S.F.Sun,2009:Variabilities of the spring river runoff system in East China and their relations to precipitation and sea surface temperature.International Journal of Climatology,29,1381-1394,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1785.
Chen,W.,J.Feng,and R.G.Wu,2013b:Roles of ENSO and PDOin the link of the East Asian winter monsoon to the following summer monsoon.J.Climate,26,622-635,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00021.1.
Chen,W.,R.Lu,and B.W.Dong,2014:Intensified anticyclonic anomaly over the western North Pacific during El Ni?o decaying summer under a weakened Atlantic thermohaline circulation.J.Geophys.Res.,119,13 637-13 650,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022199.
Chung,P.H.,and T.Li,2013:Interdecadal relationship between the mean state and El Ni?o types.J.Climate,26,361-379,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00106.1.
Compo,G.P.,G.N.Kiladis,and P.J.Webster,1999:The horizontal and vertical structure of east Asian winter monsoon pressure surges.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,125,29-54,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712555304.
Ding,S.Y.,Z.P.Wen,and W.Chen,2016:Interdecadal change in the relationship between the South China sea summer monsoon onset and two types of Pacific Sea surface temperature anomaly.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,40,243-256,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1507.15102.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ding,S.Y.,W.Chen,H.F.Graf,Y.Y.Guo,and D.Nath,2018a:Distinct winter patterns of tropical Pacific convection anomaly and the associated extratropical wave trains in the Northern Hemisphere.Climate Dyn.,51,2003-2022,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3995-0.
Ding,Y.H.,1994:Monsoon over China.Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Ding,Y.H.,and J.C.L.Chan,2005:The East Asian summer monsoon:An overview.Meteor.Atmos.Phys.,89,117-142,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-005-0125-z.
Ding,Y.H.,Z.Y.Wang,and Y.Sun,2008:Inter-decadal variation of the summer precipitation in East China and its association with decreasing Asian summer monsoon.Part I:Observed evidences.International Journal of Climatology,28,1139-1161,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1615.
Ding,Y.H.,Y.Sun,Z.Y.Wang,Y.X.Zhu,and Y.F.Song,2009:Inter-decadal variation of the summer precipitation in China and its association with decreasing Asian summer monsoon Part II:Possible causes.International Journal of Climatology,29,1926-1944,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1759.
Ding,Y.H.,and Coauthors,2013:Interdecadal and interannual variabilities of the Asian summer monsoon and its projection of future change.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,37,253-280,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2012.12302.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ding,Y.H.,and Coauthors,2014:Interdecadal variability of the east asian winter monsoon and its possible links to global climate change.Journal of Meteorological Research,28,693-713,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-014-4046-y.
Ding,Y.H.,Y.H.Liu,Y.F.Song,and J.Zhang,2015:From MONEX to the global monsoon:A review of monsoon system research.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,32,10-31,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-014-0008-7.
Ding,Y.H.,D.Si,Y.J.Liu,Z.Y.Wang,Y.Li,L.Zhao,and Y.F.Song,2018b:On the characteristics,driving forces and inter-decadal variability of the East Asian summer monsoon.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,42,533-558,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1712.17261.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Du,M.X.,Z.D.Lin,and R.Y.Lu,2016:Inter-decadal change in the summertime Northeast Asia low-pressure system in the early 1990s.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,40,805-816,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1511.15178.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Feng,J.,and W.Chen,2014a:Influence of the IOD on the relationship between El Ni?o Modoki and the East Asian-western North Pacific summer monsoon.International Journal of Climatology,34,1729-1736,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3790.
Feng,J.,and W.Chen,2014b:Interference of the East Asian winter monsoon in the impact of ENSO on the East Asian summer monsoon in decaying phases.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,31,344-354,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-013-3118-8.
Feng,J.,L.Wang,W.Chen,S.K.Fong,and K.C.Leong,2010:Different impacts of two types of Pacific Ocean warming on Southeast Asian rainfall during boreal winter.J.Geophys.Res.,115,D24122,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014761.
Feng,J.,W.Chen,C.-Y.Tam,and W.Zhou,2011:Different impacts of El Ni?o and El Ni?o Modoki on China rainfall in the decaying phases.International Journal of Climatology,31,2091-2101,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2217.
Feng,J.,L.Wang,and W.Chen,2014:How does the East Asian summer monsoon behave in the decaying phase of El Ni?o during different PDO phases?J.Climate,27,2682-2698,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00015.1.
Feng,J.,W.Chen,and Y.J.Li,2017:Asymmetry of the winter extra-tropical teleconnections in the Northern Hemisphere associated with two types of ENSO.Climate Dyn.,48,2135-2151,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3196-2.
Feng,J.,W.Chen,and X.C.Wang,2018:Asymmetric responses of the Philippine Sea anomalous anticyclone/cyclone to two types of El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation during the boreal winter.Atmospheric Science Letters,19,e866,https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.866.
Feng,J.,W.Chen,H.N.Gong,J.Ying,and W.P.Jiang,2019:An investigation of CMIP5 model biases in simulating the impacts of central Pacific El Ni?o on the East Asian summer monsoon.Climate Dyn.,52,2631-2646,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4284-2.
Fong,S.-K.,A.-Y.Wang,J.-Y.Liang,K.-H.Lam,J.-N.Li,C.-S.Wu,2007:Climatic characteristics of the retreat of South China Sea summer monsoon I-40-year means.Journal of Tropical Meteorology,23,7-13,https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-4965.2007.01.002.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Fu,J.J.,and S.L.Li,2013:The influence of regional SSTs on the interdecadal shift of the East Asian summer monsoon.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,30,330-340,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-2062-3.
Gao,H.,and F.Xue,2006:Seasonal variation of the crossequatorial flows and their influences on the onset of South China Sea summer monsoon.Climatic and Environmental Research,11,57-68,https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-9585.2006.01.005.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Gao,Y.Q.,and Coauthors,2015:Arctic sea ice and Eurasian climate:A review.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,32,92-114,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-014-0009-6.
Graf,H.-F.,and D.Zanchettin,2012:Central Pacific El Ni?o,the“subtropical bridge,”and Eurasian climate.J.Geophys.Res.,117,D01102,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016493.
Gu,D.J.,T.Li,Z.P.Ji,and B.Zheng,2010:On the phase relations between the Western North Pacific,Indian,and Australian monsoons.J.Climate,23,5572-5589,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI2761.1.
Han,W.Q.,and Coauthors,2014:Intensification of decadal and multi-decadal sea level variability in the western tropical Pacific during recent decades.Climate Dyn.,43,1357-1379,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1951-1.
Hong,C.-C.,Y.-K.Wu,T.Li,and C.-C.Chang,2014:The climate regime shift over the Pacific during 1996/1997.Climate Dyn.,43,435-446,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1867-9.
Hu,P.,W.Chen,R.P.Huang,and D.Nath,2018:On the weakening relationship between the South China Sea summer monsoon onset and cross-equatorial flow after the late 1990s.International Journal of Climatology,38,3202-3208,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5472.
Hu,P.,W.Chen,and S.F.Chen,2019:Interdecadal change in the South China Sea summer monsoon withdrawal around the mid-2000s.Climate Dyn.,52,6053-6064,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4494-7.
Huang,F.,and X.Zhang,2010:Temporal nonsynchronization of the Asian summer monsoon onset and retreat between wind circulation and rainfall.Periodical of Ocean University of China,40,9-18,https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-5174.2010.04.002.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Huang,R.H.,and Y.F.Wu,1989:The influence of ENSO on the summer climate change in China and its mechanism.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,6,21-32,https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02656915.
Huang,R.H.,L.T.Zhou,and W.Chen,2003:The progresses of recent studies on the variabilities of the East Asian monsoon and their causes.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,20,55-69,https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03342050.
Huang,R.H.,W.Chen,B.L.Yang,and R.H.Zhang,2004:Recent advances in studies of the interaction between the east Asian winter and summer monsoons and ENSO cycle.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,21,407-424,https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02915568.
Huang,R.H.,L.Gu,L.T.Zhou,and S.S.Wu,2006:Impact of the thermal state of the tropical western Pacific on onset date and process of the South China Sea summer monsoon.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,23,909-924,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-006-0909-1.
Huang,R.H.,J.L.Chen,L.Wang,and Z.D.Lin,2012:Characteristics,processes,and causes of the spatio-temporal variabilities of the East Asian monsoon system.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,29,910-942,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-2015-x.
Huangfu,J.-L.,R.-H.Huang,and W.Chen,2015:Influence of tropical Western Pacific warm pool thermal state on the interdecadal change of the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon in the late-1990s.Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters,8,95-99,https://doi.org/10.3878/AOSL20150002.
IPCC,2013:Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge University Press.
Jhun,J.-G.,and E.J.Lee,2004:A new East Asian winter monsoon index and associated characteristics of the winter monsoon.J.Climate,17,711-726,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0711:ANEAWM>2.0.CO;2.
Jia,X.J.,and H.Lin,2011:Influence of forced large-scale atmospheric patterns on surface air temperature in China.Mon.Wea.Rev.,139,830-852,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010MWR3348.1.
Jia,X.J.,H.Lin,and X.Yao,2014:The influence of tropical Pacific SST anomaly on surface air temperature in China.J.Climate,27,1425-1444,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00176.1.
Jia,X.J.,H.Lin,and J.W.Ge,2015a:The interdecadal change of ENSO impact on wintertime East Asian climate.J.Geophys.Res.,120,11 918-11 935,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023583.
Jia,X.J.,S.Wang,H.Lin,and Q.Bao,2015b:A connection between the tropical Pacific Ocean and the winter climate in the Asian-Pacific region.J.Geophys.Res.,120,430-448,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022324.
Jia,X.J.,J.W.Ge,and S.Wang,2016:Diverse impacts of ENSO on wintertime rainfall over the Maritime Continent.International Journal of Climatology,36,3384-3397,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4562.
Kajikawa,Y.,and B.Wang,2012:Interdecadal change of the South China Sea summer monsoon onset.J.Climate,25,3207-3218,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00207.1.
Kajikawa,Y.,T.Yasunari,S.Yoshida,and H.Fujinami,2012:Advanced Asian summer monsoon onset in recent decades.Geophys.Res.Lett.,39,L03803,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050540.
Kao,H.-Y.,and J.-Y.Yu,2009:Contrasting Eastern-Pacific and Central-Pacific types of ENSO.J.Climate,22,615-632,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2309.1.
Karori,M.A.,J.P.Li,and F.-F.Jin,2013:The asymmetric influence of the two types of El Ni?o and La Ni?a on summer rainfall over Southeast China.J.Climate,26,4567-4582,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00324.1.
Kosaka,Y.,and S.-P.Xie,2013:Recent global-warming hiatus tied to equatorial Pacific surface cooling.Nature,501,403-407,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12534.
Kwon,M.,J.-G.Jhun,B.Wang,S.-I.An,and J.-S.Kug,2005:Decadal change in relationship between east Asian and WNPsummer monsoons.Geophys.Res.Lett.,32,L16709,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023026.
Kwon,M.,J.-G.Jhun,and K.-J.Ha,2007:Decadal change in east Asian summer monsoon circulation in the mid-1990s.Geophys.Res.Lett.,34,L21706,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031977.
Lau,K.-M.,K.-M.Kim,and S.Yang,2000:Dynamical and boundary forcing characteristics of regional components of the Asian summer monsoon.J.Climate,13,2461-2482,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2461:DABFCO>2.0.CO;2.
Lee,T.,and M.J.McPhaden,2010:Increasing intensity of El Ni?o in the central-equatorial Pacific.Geophys.Res.Lett.,37,L14603,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044007.
Lei,Y.H.,B.Hoskins,and J.Slingo,2011:Exploring the interplay between natural decadal variability and anthropogenic climate change in summer rainfall over China.Part I:Observational evidence.J.Climate,24,4584-4599,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3794.1.
Li,C.,and S.L.Li,2014:Interannual seesaw between the somali and the Australian cross-equatorial flows and its connection to the East Asian summer monsoon.J.Climate,27,3966-3981,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00288.1.
Li,H.M.,A.G.Dai,T.J.Zhou,and J.Lu,2010:Responses of East Asian summer monsoon to historical SST and atmospheric forcing during 1950-2000.Climate Dyn.,34,501-514,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0482-7.
Li,J.P.,and L.Zhang,2009:Wind onset and withdrawal of Asian summer monsoon and their simulated performance in AMIPmodels.Climate Dyn.,32,935-968,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0465-8.
Li,T.,B.Wang,C.-P.Chang,and Y.S.Zhang,2003:A theory for the Indian Ocean dipole-zonal mode.J.Atmos.Sci.,60,2119-2135,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2119:ATFTIO>2.0.CO;2.
Li,T.,B.Wang,B.Wu,T.J.Zhou,C.-P.Chang,and R.H.Zhang,2017:Theories on formation of an anomalous anticyclone in western North Pacific during El Ni?o:A review.Journal of Meteorological Research,31,987-1006,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-017-7147-6.
Li,X.Z.,W.Zhou,D.L.Chen,C.Y.Li,and J.Song,2014:Water vapor transport and moisture budget over Eastern China:Remote forcing from the two types of El Ni?o.J.Climate,27,8778-8792,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00049.1.
Lin,A.L.,R.H.Zhang,and C.He,2017:The relation of crossequatorial flow during winter and spring with South China Sea summer monsoon onset.International Journal of Climatology,37,4576-4585,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5106.
Liu,H.W.,T.J.Zhou,Y.X.Zhu,and Y.H.Lin,2012:The strengthening East Asia summer monsoon since the early1990s.Chinese Science Bulletin,57,1553-1558,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-4991-8.
Liu,Y.,G.Huang,and R.H.Huang,2011:Inter-decadal variability of summer rainfall in Eastern China detected by the Lepage test.Theor.Appl.Climatol.,106,481-488,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-011-0442-8.
Liu,Y.Q.,and Y.H.Ding,1992:Influence of El Nino on weather and climate in China.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,6,117-131.
Liu,Y.Y.,L.Wang,W.Zhou,and W.Chen,2014:Three Eurasian teleconnection patterns:Spatial structures,temporal variability,and associated winter climate anomalies.Climate Dyn.,42,2817-2839,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2163-z.
Lu,R.Y.,H.L.Dong,Q.Su,and H.Ding,2014:The 30-60-day intraseasonal oscillations over the subtropical western North Pacific during the summer of 1998.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,31,1-7,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-013-3019-x.
Luo,D.H.,Y.Q.Xiao,Y.Yao,A.G.Dai,I.Simmonds,and C.L.E.Franzke,2016a:Impact of ural blocking on winter warm arctic-cold eurasian anomalies.Part I:Blocking-induced amplification.J.Climate,29,3925-3947,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0611.1.
Luo,D.H.,Y.Q.Xiao,Y.N.Diao,A.G.Dai,C.L.E.Franzke,and I.Simmonds,2016b:Impact of ural blocking on winter warm arctic-cold eurasian anomalies.Part II:The link to the north atlantic oscillation.J.Climate,29,3949-3971,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0612.1.
Luo,D.H.,Y.N.Chen,A.G.Dai,M.Mu,R.H.Zhang,and S.Ian,2017:Winter Eurasian cooling linked with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.Environmental Research Letters,12,125002,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8de8.
Luo,M.,and L.J.Lin,2017:Objective determination of the onset and withdrawal of the South China Sea summer monsoon.Atmospheric Science Letters,18:276-282,https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.753.
Ma,T.J.,W.Chen,D.Nath,H.-F.Graf,L.Wang,and J.L.Huangfu,2018a:East Asian winter monsoon impacts the ENSO-related teleconnections and North American seasonal air temperature prediction.Scientific Reports,8,6547,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24552-3.
Ma,T.J.,W.Chen,J.Feng,and R.G.Wu,2018b:Modulation effects of the East Asian winter monsoon on El Ni?o-related rainfall anomalies in southeastern China.Scientific Reports,8,14107,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32492-1.
Mei,S.-L.,W.Chen,and S.-F.Chen,2015:On the relationship between the northern limit of southerly wind and summer precipitation over East China.Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters,8,52-56,https://doi.org/10.3878/AOSL20140078.
Miller,A.J.,D.R.Cayan,T.P.Barnett,N.E.Graham,and J.M.Oberhuber,1994:The 1976-77 climate shift of the Pacific ocean.Oceanography,7,21-26,https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.1994.11.
Mori,M.,M.Watanabe,H.Shiogama,J.Inoue,and M.Kimoto,2014:Robust Arctic sea-ice influence on the frequent Eurasian cold winters in past decades.Nature Geoscience,7,869-873,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2277.
Nakanowatari,T.,K.Sato,and J.Inoue,2014:Predictability of the barents sea ice in early winter:Remote effects of oceanic and atmospheric thermal conditions from the North Atlantic.J.Climate,27,8884-8901,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00125.1.
Pascolini-Campbell,M.,D.Zanchettin,O.Bothe,C.Timmreck,D.Matei,J.H.Jungclaus,and H.-F.Graf,2015:Toward a record of Central Pacific El Ni?o events since 1880.Theor.Appl.Climatol.,119,379-389,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-014-1114-2.
Piao,J.L.,W.Chen,K.Wei,Y.Liu,H.-F.Graf,J.-B.Ahn,and A.Pogoreltsev,2017:An abrupt rainfall decrease over the Asian inland plateau region around 1999 and the possible underlying mechanism.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,34,456-468,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-016-6136-5.
Qian,W.H.,X.L.Shan,D.L.Chen,C.W.Zhu,and Y.F.Zhu,2012:Droughts near the northern fringe of the East Asian summer monsoon in China during 1470-2003.Climatic Change,110,373-383,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0096-7.
Rong,X.Y.,R.H.Zhang,and T.Li,2010:Impacts of Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies on Indo-East Asian summer monsoon-ENSO relationship.Chinese Science Bulletin,55,2458-2468,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-010-3098-3.
Saji,N.H.,B.N.Goswami,P.N.Vinayachandran,and T.Yamagata,1999:A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean.Nature,401,360-363,https://doi.org/10.1038/43854.
Sato,K.,J.Inoue,and M.Watanabe,2014:Influence of the Gulf Stream on the Barents Sea ice retreat and Eurasian coldness during early winter.Environmental Research Letters,9,084009,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/084009.
Si,D.,and Y.H.Ding,2013:Decadal change in the correlation pattern between the Tibetan plateau winter snow and the East Asian summer precipitation during 1979-2011.J.Climate,26,7622-7634,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00587.1.
Simmonds,I.,and P.D.Govekar,2014:What are the physical links between Arctic sea ice loss and Eurasian winter climate?Environmental Research Letters,9,101003,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/101003.
Tang,J.,and B.Y.Wu,2012:Inter-decadal shift of East Asian summer monsoon in the early 1990s.Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,23,402-413,https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2012.04.003.(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tang,Q.H.,X.J.Zhang,X.H.Yang,and J.A.Francis,2013:Cold winter extremes in northern continents linked to Arctic sea ice loss.Environmental Research Letters,8,014036,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014036.
Tao,S.Y.,and L.X.Chen,1987:A review of recent research on the East Asian summer monsoon in China.Monsoon Meteorology,C.P.Chang and T.N.Krishnamurti,Eds.,Oxford University Press,60-92.
Thompson,D.W.J.,and J.M.Wallace,2001:Regional climate impacts of the Northern Hemisphere annular mode.Science,293,85-89,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1058958.
Tong,H.W.,J.C.L.Chan,and W.Zhou,2009:The role of MJO and mid-latitude fronts in the South China Sea summer monsoon onset.Climate Dyn.,33,827-841,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0490-7.
Trenberth,K.E.,and J.T.Fasullo,2013:An apparent hiatus in global warming?Earth’s Future,1,19-32,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013EF000165.
Walsh,J.E.,2014:Intensified warming of the Arctic:Causes and impacts on middle latitudes.Global and Planetary Change,117,52-63,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.03.003.
Wang,B.,1995:Interdecadal changes in El Ni?o onset in the last four decades.J.Climate,8,267-285,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0267:ICIENO>2.0.CO;2.
Wang,B.,and LinHo,2002:Rainy season of the Asian-Pacific summer monsoon.J.Climate,15,386-398,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0386:RSOTAP>2.0.CO;2.
Wang,B.,Z.W.Wu,J.P.Li,J.Liu,C.-P.Chang,Y.H.Ding,and G.X.Wu,2008a:How to Measure the strength of the East Asian summer monsoon.J.Climate,21,4449-4463,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2183.1.
Wang,B.,J.Yang,T.J.Zhou,and B.Wang,2008b:Interdecadal changes in the major modes of Asian-Australian monsoon variability:Strengthening relationship with ENSO since the late 1970s.J.Climate,21,1771-1789,https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1981.1.
Wang,B.,F.Huang,Z.W.Wu,J.Yang,X.H.Fu,and K.Kikuchi,2009a:Multi-scale climate variability of the South China Sea monsoon:A review.Dyn.Atmos.Oceans,47,15-37,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2008.09.004.
Wang,B.,J.Liu,H.-J.Kim,P.J.Webster,and S.-Y.Yim,2012:Recent change of the global monsoon precipitation(1979-2008).Climate Dyn.,39,1123-1135,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1266-z.
Wang,L.,and W.Chen,2014:The East Asian winter monsoon:Re-amplification in the mid-2000s.Chinese Science Bulletin,59,430-436,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-013-0029-0.
Wang,L.,and M.-M.Lu,2017:The East Asian winter monsoon.The Global Monsoon System:Research and Forecast,C.P.Chang,Ed.,3rd ed.World Scientific,51-61.
Wang,L.,R.H.Huang,L.Gu,W.Chen,and L.H.Kang,2009b:Interdecadal variations of the East Asian winter monsoon and their association with quasi-stationary planetary wave activity.J.Climate,22,4860-4872,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2973.1.
Wang,L.,W.Chen,G.Huang,and G.Zeng,2017a:Changes of the transitional climate zone in East Asia:Past and future.Climate Dyn.,49,1463-1477,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3400-4.
Wang,L.,P.Q.Xu,W.Chen,and Y.Liu,2017b:Interdecadal variations of the silk road pattern.J.Climate,30,9915-9932,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0340.1.
Wang,L.,G.Huang,W.Chen,W.Zhou,and W.Q.Wang,2018:Wet-to-dry shift over Southwest China in 1994 tied to the warming of tropical warm pool.Climate Dyn.,51,3111-3123,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4068-8.
Wang,X.,X.W.Jiang,S.Yang,and Y.Q.Li,2013:Different impacts of the two types of El Ni?o on Asian summer monsoon onset.Environmental Research Letters,8,044053,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/044053.
Wang,Z.Y.,and Y.H.Ding,2008:Climatic characteristics of rainy seasons in China.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,32,1-13,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2008.01.01.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wei,W.,R.H.Zhang,and M.Wen,2012:Meridional variation of South Asian High and its relationship with the summer precipitation over China.Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,23,650-659,https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2012.06.002.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wei,W.,R.H.Zhang,M.Wen,B.-J.Kim,and J.-C.Nam,2014:Interannual variation of the South Asian high and its relation with Indian and East Asian summer monsoon rainfall.J.Climate,28,2623-2634,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00454.1.
Wen,Z.P.,N.G.Wu,and G.X.Chen,2016:Mechanisms for the anomaly of local meridional circulation during early and delayed onsets of the South China Sea summer monsoon.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,40,63-77,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1508.15204.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Weng,H.Y.,K.Ashok,S.K.Behera,S.A.Rao,and T.Yamagata,2007:Impacts of recent El Ni?o Modoki on dry/wet conditions in the Pacific rim during boreal summer.Climate Dyn.,29,113-129,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0234-0.
Weng,H.Y.,S.K.Behera,and T.Yamagata,2009:Anomalous winter climate conditions in the Pacific rim during recent El Ni?o Modoki and El Ni?o events.Climate Dyn.,32,663-674,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0394-6.
Weng,H.Y.,G.X.Wu,Y.M.Liu,S.K.Behera,and T.Yamagata,2011:Anomalous summer climate in China influenced by the tropical Indo-Pacific Oceans.Climate Dyn.,36,769-782,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0658-9.
Wu,L.G.,and C.Wang,2015:Has the Western Pacific subtropical high extended westward since the late 1970s?J.Climate,28,5406-5413,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00618.1.
Wu,R.G.,and B.P.Kirtman,2007:Regimes of seasonal air-sea interaction and implications for performance of forced simulations.Climate Dyn.,29,393-410,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0246-9.
Wu,R.G.,Z.P.Wen,S.Yang,and Y.Q.Li,2010:An interdecadal change in southern China summer rainfall around 1992/93.J.Climate,23,2389-2403,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3336.1.
Xiang,B.Q.,and B.Wang,2013:Mechanisms for the advanced Asian summer monsoon onset since the mid-to-late 1990s.J.Climate,26,1993-2009,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00445.1.
Xiang,B.Q.,B.Wang,and T.Li,2013:A new paradigm for the predominance of standing Central Pacific Warming after the late 1990s.Climate Dyn.,41,327-340,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1427-8.
Xiao,X.,W.Chen,G.Z.Fan,and D.W.Zhou,2016:Possible external forcing factors for the interdecadal change in the East Asian winter monsoon around the late 1990s.Climatic and Environmental Research,21,197-209(in Chinese).
Xie,S.-P.,K.M.Hu,J.Hafner,H.Tokinaga,Y.Du,G.Huang,and T.Sampe,2009:Indian ocean capacitor effect on indoWestern Pacific climate during the summer following El Ni?o.J.Climate,22,730-747,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2544.1.
Xie,S.-P.,Y.Du,G.Huang,X.-T.Zheng,H.Tokinaga,K.M.Hu,and Q.Y.Liu,2010:Decadal shift in El Ni?o influences on indo-Western Pacific and East Asian climate in the 1970s.J.Climate,23,3352-3368,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3429.1.
Xie,S.-P.,Y.Kosaka,Y.Du,K.M.Hu,J.S.Chowdary,and G.Huang,2016:Indo-western Pacific ocean capacitor and coherent climate anomalies in post-ENSO summer:A review.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,33,411-432,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-015-5192-6.
Xue,F.,Q.C.Zeng,R.H.Huang,C.Y.Li,R.Y.Lu,and T.J.Zhou,2015a:Recent advances in monsoon studies in China.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,32,206-229,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-014-0015-8.
Xue,X.,2016:The instable influence of ENSO on South Asian High and its possible physical mechanisms.PhD.dissertation,Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.(in Chinese)
Xue,X.,W.Chen,S.F.Chen,and D.W.Zhou,2015b:Modulation of the connection between boreal winter ENSO and the South Asian high in the following summer by the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation.J.Geophys.Res.,120,7393-7411,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023260.
Xue,X.,W.Chen,D.Nath,and D.W.Zhou,2015c:Whether the decadal shift of South Asia high intensity around the late1970s exists or not.Theor.Appl.Climatol.,120,673-683,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-014-1200-5.
Xue,X.,W.Chen,S.F.Chen,and J.Feng,2018:PDO modulation of the ENSO impact on the summer South Asian high.Climate Dyn.,50,1393-1411,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3692-z.
Yim,S.-Y.,B.Wang,and M.Kwon,2014:Interdecadal change of the controlling mechanisms for East Asian early summer rainfall variation around the mid-1990s.Climate Dyn.,42,1325-1333,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1760-6.
Yu,B.,X.B.Zhang,H.Lin,and J.-Y.Yu,2015:Comparison of wintertime North American climate impacts associated with multiple ENSO indices.Atmosphere-Ocean,53,426-445,https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2015.1079697.
Yuan,F.,and W.Chen,2013:Roles of the tropical convective activities over different regions in the earlier onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon after 1993.Theor.Appl.Climatol.,113,175-185,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0776-x.
Yuan,F.,W.Chen,and W.Zhou,2012a:Analysis of the role played by circulation in the persistent precipitation over south China in June 2010.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,29,769-781,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-2018-7.
Yuan,X.,and X.F.Liu,2013:Onset-withdrawal dates of autumn persistent rains over western China and the associated autumn to winter evolution of the atmospheric circulation.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,71,913-924,http://dx.doi.org/10.11676/qxxb2013.034.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yuan,Y.,S.Yang,and Z.Q.Zhang,2012b:Different evolutions of the Philippine Sea anticyclone between the Eastern and Central Pacific El Ni?o:Possible effects of Indian ocean SST.J.Climate,25,7867-7883,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00004.1.
Zhan,Y.J.,G.Y.Ren,and Y.Y.Ren,2016:Start and end dates of rainy season and their temporal change in recent decades over East Asia.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,94,41-53,https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2016-003.
Zhang,H.L.,Q.Zhang,P.Yue,L.Zhang,Q.Liu,S.B.Qiao,and P.C.Yan,2016:Aridity over a semiarid zone in northern China and responses to the East Asian summer monsoon.J.Geophys.Res.,121,13 901-13 918,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025261.
Zhang,H.Y.,Z.P.Wen,R.G.Wu,Z.S.Chen,and Y.Y.Guo,2017a:Inter-decadal changes in the East Asian summer monsoon and associations with sea surface temperature anomaly in the South Indian Ocean.Climate Dyn.,48,1125-1139,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3131-6.
Zhang,H.Y.,Z.P.Wen,R.G.Wu,X.Z.Li,and R.D.Chen,2019:An inter-decadal increase in summer sea level pressure over the Mongolian region around the early 1990s.Climate Dyn.,52,1935-1948,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4228-x.
Zhang,L.X.,and T.J.Zhou,2015:Decadal change of East Asian summer tropospheric temperature meridional gradient around the early 1990s.Science China Earth Sciences,58,1609-1622,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-015-5117-3.
Zhang,Q.,Y.F.Qian,and X.H.Zhang,2000:Interannual and interdecadal variations of the South Asia high.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,24,67-78,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2000.01.07.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang,R.H.,2015:Changes in East Asian summer monsoon and summer rainfall over eastern China during recent decades.Science Bulletin,60,1222-1224,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-015-0824-x.
Zhang,R.H.,A.Sumi,and M.Kimoto,1996:Impact of El Nino on the East Asian monsoon:A diagnostic study of the’86/87and’91/92 events.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,74,49-62,https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.74.1 49.
Zhang,R.H.,A.Sumi,and M.Kimoto,1999:A diagnostic study of the impact of El Ni?o on the precipitation in China.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,16,229-241,https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02973084.
Zhang,R.H.,T.R.Li,M.Wen,and L.K.Liu,2015:Role of intraseasonal oscillation in asymmetric impacts of El Ni?o and La Ni?a on the rainfall over southern China in boreal winter.Climate Dyn.,45,559-567,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2207-4.
Zhang,R.H.,Q.Y.Min,and J.Z.Su,2017b:Impact of El Ni?o on atmospheric circulations over East Asia and rainfall in China:Role of the anomalous western North Pacific anticyclone.Science China Earth Sciences,60,1124-1132,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-9026-x.
Zhang,Y.S.,T.Li,and B.Wang,2004:Decadal change of the spring snow depth over the Tibetan Plateau:The associated circulation and influence on the East Asian summer monsoon.J.Climate,17,2780-2793,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2780:DCOTSS>2.0.CO;2.
Zhou,W.,and J.C.L.Chan,2007:ENSO and the South China Sea summer monsoon onset.International Journal of Climatology,27,157-167,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1380.
Zhou,W.,W.Chen,and D.X.Wang,2012:The implications of El Ni?o-southern oscillation signal for south China monsoon climate.Aquatic Ecosystem Health&Management,15,14-19,https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2012.652050.
Zhu,Y.L.,H.J.Wang,and W.Zhou,2011:Recent changes in the summer precipitation pattern in East China and the background circulation.Climate Dyn.,36,1463-1473,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0852-9.
Zhu,C.W.,B.Wang,W.H.Qian,and B.Zhang,2012:Recent weakening of northern East Asian summer monsoon:A possible response to global warming.Geophys.Res.Lett.,39,L09701,https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051155.
Zhu,Z.W.,T.Li,and J.H.He,2014:Out-of-phase relationship between boreal spring and summer decadal rainfall changes in Southern China.J.Climate,27,1083-1099,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00180.1.
Zuo,Z.Y.,S.Yang,R.H.Zhang,P.P.Jiang,L.Zhang,and F.Wang,2013:Long-term variations of broad-scale Asian summer monsoon circulation and possible causes.J.Climate,26,8947-8961,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00691.1.
Bao,M.,and R.Q.Han,2009:Delayed impacts of the El Ni?o Episodes in the central Pacific on the summertime climate anomalies of Eastern China in 2003 and 2007.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,26,553-563,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-009-0553-7.
Chan,J.C.L.,and W.Zhou,2005:PDO,ENSO and the early summer monsoon rainfall over south China.Geophys.Res.Lett.,32,L08810,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL022015.
Chang,C P.,and K.M.W.Lau,1980:Northeasterly cold surges and near-equatorial disturbances over the winter MONEXarea during December 1974.Part II:Planetary-scale aspects.Mon.Wea.Rev.,108,298-312,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<0298:NCSANE>2.0.CO;2.
Chang,C.P.,and T.Li,2000:A theory for the tropical tropospheric biennial oscillation.J.Atmos.Sci.,57,2209-2224,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<2209:ATFTTT>2.0.CO;2.
Chang,C.P.,Y.S.Zhang,and T.Li,2000:Interannual and interdecadal variations of the East Asian summer monsoon and tropical Pacific SSTs.Part I:Roles of the subtropical ridge.J.Climate,13,4310-4325,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<4310:IAIVOT>2.0.CO;2.
Chang,C.P.,Z.Wang,and H.Hendon,2006:The Asian winter monsoon.The Asian Monsoon,B.Wang,Ed.,Springer,89-127,https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-37722-0 3.
Chang,C.P.,Y.H.Ding,C.N.C.Lau,R.H.Johnson,B.Wang,and T.Yasunari,2011:The Global Monsoon System:Research and Forecast.2nd ed.,World Scientific,85-110.
Chen,J.,W.Huang,L.Y.Jin,J.H.Chen,S.Q.Chen,and F.H.Chen,2018:A climatological northern boundary index for the East Asian summer monsoon and its interannual variability.Science China Earth Sciences,61,13-22,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-017-9122-x.
Chen,J.P.,Z.P.Wen,R.G.Wu,Z.S.Chen,and P.Zhao,2015:Influences of northward propagating 25-90-day and quasibiweekly oscillations on eastern China summer rainfall.Climate Dyn.,45,105-124,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2334-y.
Chen,L.X.,Q.G.Zhu,and H.B.Luo,1991:East Asian Monsoon.China Meteorological Press.(in Chinese)
Chen,S.F.,W.Chen,and K.Wei,2013a:Recent trends in winter temperature extremes in eastern China and their relationship with the Arctic Oscillation and ENSO.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,30,1712-1724,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-013-2296-8.
Chen,W.,2002:Impacts of El Ni?o and La Ni?a on the cycle of the East Asian winter and summer monsoon.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,26,595-610,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2002.05.02.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen,W.,H.F.Graf,and R.H.Huang,2000:The interannual variability of East Asian winter monsoon and its relation to the summer monsoon.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,17,48-60,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-000-0042-5.
Chen,W.,L.Wang,Y.K.Xue,and S.F.Sun,2009:Variabilities of the spring river runoff system in East China and their relations to precipitation and sea surface temperature.International Journal of Climatology,29,1381-1394,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1785.
Chen,W.,J.Feng,and R.G.Wu,2013b:Roles of ENSO and PDOin the link of the East Asian winter monsoon to the following summer monsoon.J.Climate,26,622-635,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00021.1.
Chen,W.,R.Lu,and B.W.Dong,2014:Intensified anticyclonic anomaly over the western North Pacific during El Ni?o decaying summer under a weakened Atlantic thermohaline circulation.J.Geophys.Res.,119,13 637-13 650,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022199.
Chung,P.H.,and T.Li,2013:Interdecadal relationship between the mean state and El Ni?o types.J.Climate,26,361-379,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00106.1.
Compo,G.P.,G.N.Kiladis,and P.J.Webster,1999:The horizontal and vertical structure of east Asian winter monsoon pressure surges.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,125,29-54,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712555304.
Ding,S.Y.,Z.P.Wen,and W.Chen,2016:Interdecadal change in the relationship between the South China sea summer monsoon onset and two types of Pacific Sea surface temperature anomaly.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,40,243-256,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1507.15102.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ding,S.Y.,W.Chen,H.F.Graf,Y.Y.Guo,and D.Nath,2018a:Distinct winter patterns of tropical Pacific convection anomaly and the associated extratropical wave trains in the Northern Hemisphere.Climate Dyn.,51,2003-2022,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3995-0.
Ding,Y.H.,1994:Monsoon over China.Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Ding,Y.H.,and J.C.L.Chan,2005:The East Asian summer monsoon:An overview.Meteor.Atmos.Phys.,89,117-142,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-005-0125-z.
Ding,Y.H.,Z.Y.Wang,and Y.Sun,2008:Inter-decadal variation of the summer precipitation in East China and its association with decreasing Asian summer monsoon.Part I:Observed evidences.International Journal of Climatology,28,1139-1161,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1615.
Ding,Y.H.,Y.Sun,Z.Y.Wang,Y.X.Zhu,and Y.F.Song,2009:Inter-decadal variation of the summer precipitation in China and its association with decreasing Asian summer monsoon Part II:Possible causes.International Journal of Climatology,29,1926-1944,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1759.
Ding,Y.H.,and Coauthors,2013:Interdecadal and interannual variabilities of the Asian summer monsoon and its projection of future change.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,37,253-280,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2012.12302.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ding,Y.H.,and Coauthors,2014:Interdecadal variability of the east asian winter monsoon and its possible links to global climate change.Journal of Meteorological Research,28,693-713,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-014-4046-y.
Ding,Y.H.,Y.H.Liu,Y.F.Song,and J.Zhang,2015:From MONEX to the global monsoon:A review of monsoon system research.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,32,10-31,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-014-0008-7.
Ding,Y.H.,D.Si,Y.J.Liu,Z.Y.Wang,Y.Li,L.Zhao,and Y.F.Song,2018b:On the characteristics,driving forces and inter-decadal variability of the East Asian summer monsoon.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,42,533-558,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1712.17261.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Du,M.X.,Z.D.Lin,and R.Y.Lu,2016:Inter-decadal change in the summertime Northeast Asia low-pressure system in the early 1990s.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,40,805-816,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1511.15178.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Feng,J.,and W.Chen,2014a:Influence of the IOD on the relationship between El Ni?o Modoki and the East Asian-western North Pacific summer monsoon.International Journal of Climatology,34,1729-1736,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3790.
Feng,J.,and W.Chen,2014b:Interference of the East Asian winter monsoon in the impact of ENSO on the East Asian summer monsoon in decaying phases.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,31,344-354,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-013-3118-8.
Feng,J.,L.Wang,W.Chen,S.K.Fong,and K.C.Leong,2010:Different impacts of two types of Pacific Ocean warming on Southeast Asian rainfall during boreal winter.J.Geophys.Res.,115,D24122,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014761.
Feng,J.,W.Chen,C.-Y.Tam,and W.Zhou,2011:Different impacts of El Ni?o and El Ni?o Modoki on China rainfall in the decaying phases.International Journal of Climatology,31,2091-2101,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2217.
Feng,J.,L.Wang,and W.Chen,2014:How does the East Asian summer monsoon behave in the decaying phase of El Ni?o during different PDO phases?J.Climate,27,2682-2698,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00015.1.
Feng,J.,W.Chen,and Y.J.Li,2017:Asymmetry of the winter extra-tropical teleconnections in the Northern Hemisphere associated with two types of ENSO.Climate Dyn.,48,2135-2151,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3196-2.
Feng,J.,W.Chen,and X.C.Wang,2018:Asymmetric responses of the Philippine Sea anomalous anticyclone/cyclone to two types of El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation during the boreal winter.Atmospheric Science Letters,19,e866,https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.866.
Feng,J.,W.Chen,H.N.Gong,J.Ying,and W.P.Jiang,2019:An investigation of CMIP5 model biases in simulating the impacts of central Pacific El Ni?o on the East Asian summer monsoon.Climate Dyn.,52,2631-2646,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4284-2.
Fong,S.-K.,A.-Y.Wang,J.-Y.Liang,K.-H.Lam,J.-N.Li,C.-S.Wu,2007:Climatic characteristics of the retreat of South China Sea summer monsoon I-40-year means.Journal of Tropical Meteorology,23,7-13,https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-4965.2007.01.002.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Fu,J.J.,and S.L.Li,2013:The influence of regional SSTs on the interdecadal shift of the East Asian summer monsoon.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,30,330-340,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-2062-3.
Gao,H.,and F.Xue,2006:Seasonal variation of the crossequatorial flows and their influences on the onset of South China Sea summer monsoon.Climatic and Environmental Research,11,57-68,https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-9585.2006.01.005.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Gao,Y.Q.,and Coauthors,2015:Arctic sea ice and Eurasian climate:A review.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,32,92-114,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-014-0009-6.
Graf,H.-F.,and D.Zanchettin,2012:Central Pacific El Ni?o,the“subtropical bridge,”and Eurasian climate.J.Geophys.Res.,117,D01102,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016493.
Gu,D.J.,T.Li,Z.P.Ji,and B.Zheng,2010:On the phase relations between the Western North Pacific,Indian,and Australian monsoons.J.Climate,23,5572-5589,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI2761.1.
Han,W.Q.,and Coauthors,2014:Intensification of decadal and multi-decadal sea level variability in the western tropical Pacific during recent decades.Climate Dyn.,43,1357-1379,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1951-1.
Hong,C.-C.,Y.-K.Wu,T.Li,and C.-C.Chang,2014:The climate regime shift over the Pacific during 1996/1997.Climate Dyn.,43,435-446,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1867-9.
Hu,P.,W.Chen,R.P.Huang,and D.Nath,2018:On the weakening relationship between the South China Sea summer monsoon onset and cross-equatorial flow after the late 1990s.International Journal of Climatology,38,3202-3208,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5472.
Hu,P.,W.Chen,and S.F.Chen,2019:Interdecadal change in the South China Sea summer monsoon withdrawal around the mid-2000s.Climate Dyn.,52,6053-6064,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4494-7.
Huang,F.,and X.Zhang,2010:Temporal nonsynchronization of the Asian summer monsoon onset and retreat between wind circulation and rainfall.Periodical of Ocean University of China,40,9-18,https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-5174.2010.04.002.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Huang,R.H.,and Y.F.Wu,1989:The influence of ENSO on the summer climate change in China and its mechanism.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,6,21-32,https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02656915.
Huang,R.H.,L.T.Zhou,and W.Chen,2003:The progresses of recent studies on the variabilities of the East Asian monsoon and their causes.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,20,55-69,https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03342050.
Huang,R.H.,W.Chen,B.L.Yang,and R.H.Zhang,2004:Recent advances in studies of the interaction between the east Asian winter and summer monsoons and ENSO cycle.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,21,407-424,https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02915568.
Huang,R.H.,L.Gu,L.T.Zhou,and S.S.Wu,2006:Impact of the thermal state of the tropical western Pacific on onset date and process of the South China Sea summer monsoon.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,23,909-924,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-006-0909-1.
Huang,R.H.,J.L.Chen,L.Wang,and Z.D.Lin,2012:Characteristics,processes,and causes of the spatio-temporal variabilities of the East Asian monsoon system.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,29,910-942,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-2015-x.
Huangfu,J.-L.,R.-H.Huang,and W.Chen,2015:Influence of tropical Western Pacific warm pool thermal state on the interdecadal change of the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon in the late-1990s.Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters,8,95-99,https://doi.org/10.3878/AOSL20150002.
IPCC,2013:Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge University Press.
Jhun,J.-G.,and E.J.Lee,2004:A new East Asian winter monsoon index and associated characteristics of the winter monsoon.J.Climate,17,711-726,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0711:ANEAWM>2.0.CO;2.
Jia,X.J.,and H.Lin,2011:Influence of forced large-scale atmospheric patterns on surface air temperature in China.Mon.Wea.Rev.,139,830-852,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010MWR3348.1.
Jia,X.J.,H.Lin,and X.Yao,2014:The influence of tropical Pacific SST anomaly on surface air temperature in China.J.Climate,27,1425-1444,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00176.1.
Jia,X.J.,H.Lin,and J.W.Ge,2015a:The interdecadal change of ENSO impact on wintertime East Asian climate.J.Geophys.Res.,120,11 918-11 935,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023583.
Jia,X.J.,S.Wang,H.Lin,and Q.Bao,2015b:A connection between the tropical Pacific Ocean and the winter climate in the Asian-Pacific region.J.Geophys.Res.,120,430-448,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022324.
Jia,X.J.,J.W.Ge,and S.Wang,2016:Diverse impacts of ENSO on wintertime rainfall over the Maritime Continent.International Journal of Climatology,36,3384-3397,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4562.
Kajikawa,Y.,and B.Wang,2012:Interdecadal change of the South China Sea summer monsoon onset.J.Climate,25,3207-3218,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00207.1.
Kajikawa,Y.,T.Yasunari,S.Yoshida,and H.Fujinami,2012:Advanced Asian summer monsoon onset in recent decades.Geophys.Res.Lett.,39,L03803,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050540.
Kao,H.-Y.,and J.-Y.Yu,2009:Contrasting Eastern-Pacific and Central-Pacific types of ENSO.J.Climate,22,615-632,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2309.1.
Karori,M.A.,J.P.Li,and F.-F.Jin,2013:The asymmetric influence of the two types of El Ni?o and La Ni?a on summer rainfall over Southeast China.J.Climate,26,4567-4582,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00324.1.
Kosaka,Y.,and S.-P.Xie,2013:Recent global-warming hiatus tied to equatorial Pacific surface cooling.Nature,501,403-407,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12534.
Kwon,M.,J.-G.Jhun,B.Wang,S.-I.An,and J.-S.Kug,2005:Decadal change in relationship between east Asian and WNPsummer monsoons.Geophys.Res.Lett.,32,L16709,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023026.
Kwon,M.,J.-G.Jhun,and K.-J.Ha,2007:Decadal change in east Asian summer monsoon circulation in the mid-1990s.Geophys.Res.Lett.,34,L21706,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031977.
Lau,K.-M.,K.-M.Kim,and S.Yang,2000:Dynamical and boundary forcing characteristics of regional components of the Asian summer monsoon.J.Climate,13,2461-2482,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2461:DABFCO>2.0.CO;2.
Lee,T.,and M.J.McPhaden,2010:Increasing intensity of El Ni?o in the central-equatorial Pacific.Geophys.Res.Lett.,37,L14603,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044007.
Lei,Y.H.,B.Hoskins,and J.Slingo,2011:Exploring the interplay between natural decadal variability and anthropogenic climate change in summer rainfall over China.Part I:Observational evidence.J.Climate,24,4584-4599,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3794.1.
Li,C.,and S.L.Li,2014:Interannual seesaw between the somali and the Australian cross-equatorial flows and its connection to the East Asian summer monsoon.J.Climate,27,3966-3981,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00288.1.
Li,H.M.,A.G.Dai,T.J.Zhou,and J.Lu,2010:Responses of East Asian summer monsoon to historical SST and atmospheric forcing during 1950-2000.Climate Dyn.,34,501-514,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0482-7.
Li,J.P.,and L.Zhang,2009:Wind onset and withdrawal of Asian summer monsoon and their simulated performance in AMIPmodels.Climate Dyn.,32,935-968,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0465-8.
Li,T.,B.Wang,C.-P.Chang,and Y.S.Zhang,2003:A theory for the Indian Ocean dipole-zonal mode.J.Atmos.Sci.,60,2119-2135,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2119:ATFTIO>2.0.CO;2.
Li,T.,B.Wang,B.Wu,T.J.Zhou,C.-P.Chang,and R.H.Zhang,2017:Theories on formation of an anomalous anticyclone in western North Pacific during El Ni?o:A review.Journal of Meteorological Research,31,987-1006,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-017-7147-6.
Li,X.Z.,W.Zhou,D.L.Chen,C.Y.Li,and J.Song,2014:Water vapor transport and moisture budget over Eastern China:Remote forcing from the two types of El Ni?o.J.Climate,27,8778-8792,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00049.1.
Lin,A.L.,R.H.Zhang,and C.He,2017:The relation of crossequatorial flow during winter and spring with South China Sea summer monsoon onset.International Journal of Climatology,37,4576-4585,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5106.
Liu,H.W.,T.J.Zhou,Y.X.Zhu,and Y.H.Lin,2012:The strengthening East Asia summer monsoon since the early1990s.Chinese Science Bulletin,57,1553-1558,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-4991-8.
Liu,Y.,G.Huang,and R.H.Huang,2011:Inter-decadal variability of summer rainfall in Eastern China detected by the Lepage test.Theor.Appl.Climatol.,106,481-488,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-011-0442-8.
Liu,Y.Q.,and Y.H.Ding,1992:Influence of El Nino on weather and climate in China.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,6,117-131.
Liu,Y.Y.,L.Wang,W.Zhou,and W.Chen,2014:Three Eurasian teleconnection patterns:Spatial structures,temporal variability,and associated winter climate anomalies.Climate Dyn.,42,2817-2839,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2163-z.
Lu,R.Y.,H.L.Dong,Q.Su,and H.Ding,2014:The 30-60-day intraseasonal oscillations over the subtropical western North Pacific during the summer of 1998.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,31,1-7,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-013-3019-x.
Luo,D.H.,Y.Q.Xiao,Y.Yao,A.G.Dai,I.Simmonds,and C.L.E.Franzke,2016a:Impact of ural blocking on winter warm arctic-cold eurasian anomalies.Part I:Blocking-induced amplification.J.Climate,29,3925-3947,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0611.1.
Luo,D.H.,Y.Q.Xiao,Y.N.Diao,A.G.Dai,C.L.E.Franzke,and I.Simmonds,2016b:Impact of ural blocking on winter warm arctic-cold eurasian anomalies.Part II:The link to the north atlantic oscillation.J.Climate,29,3949-3971,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0612.1.
Luo,D.H.,Y.N.Chen,A.G.Dai,M.Mu,R.H.Zhang,and S.Ian,2017:Winter Eurasian cooling linked with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.Environmental Research Letters,12,125002,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8de8.
Luo,M.,and L.J.Lin,2017:Objective determination of the onset and withdrawal of the South China Sea summer monsoon.Atmospheric Science Letters,18:276-282,https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.753.
Ma,T.J.,W.Chen,D.Nath,H.-F.Graf,L.Wang,and J.L.Huangfu,2018a:East Asian winter monsoon impacts the ENSO-related teleconnections and North American seasonal air temperature prediction.Scientific Reports,8,6547,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24552-3.
Ma,T.J.,W.Chen,J.Feng,and R.G.Wu,2018b:Modulation effects of the East Asian winter monsoon on El Ni?o-related rainfall anomalies in southeastern China.Scientific Reports,8,14107,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32492-1.
Mei,S.-L.,W.Chen,and S.-F.Chen,2015:On the relationship between the northern limit of southerly wind and summer precipitation over East China.Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters,8,52-56,https://doi.org/10.3878/AOSL20140078.
Miller,A.J.,D.R.Cayan,T.P.Barnett,N.E.Graham,and J.M.Oberhuber,1994:The 1976-77 climate shift of the Pacific ocean.Oceanography,7,21-26,https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.1994.11.
Mori,M.,M.Watanabe,H.Shiogama,J.Inoue,and M.Kimoto,2014:Robust Arctic sea-ice influence on the frequent Eurasian cold winters in past decades.Nature Geoscience,7,869-873,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2277.
Nakanowatari,T.,K.Sato,and J.Inoue,2014:Predictability of the barents sea ice in early winter:Remote effects of oceanic and atmospheric thermal conditions from the North Atlantic.J.Climate,27,8884-8901,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00125.1.
Pascolini-Campbell,M.,D.Zanchettin,O.Bothe,C.Timmreck,D.Matei,J.H.Jungclaus,and H.-F.Graf,2015:Toward a record of Central Pacific El Ni?o events since 1880.Theor.Appl.Climatol.,119,379-389,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-014-1114-2.
Piao,J.L.,W.Chen,K.Wei,Y.Liu,H.-F.Graf,J.-B.Ahn,and A.Pogoreltsev,2017:An abrupt rainfall decrease over the Asian inland plateau region around 1999 and the possible underlying mechanism.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,34,456-468,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-016-6136-5.
Qian,W.H.,X.L.Shan,D.L.Chen,C.W.Zhu,and Y.F.Zhu,2012:Droughts near the northern fringe of the East Asian summer monsoon in China during 1470-2003.Climatic Change,110,373-383,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0096-7.
Rong,X.Y.,R.H.Zhang,and T.Li,2010:Impacts of Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies on Indo-East Asian summer monsoon-ENSO relationship.Chinese Science Bulletin,55,2458-2468,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-010-3098-3.
Saji,N.H.,B.N.Goswami,P.N.Vinayachandran,and T.Yamagata,1999:A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean.Nature,401,360-363,https://doi.org/10.1038/43854.
Sato,K.,J.Inoue,and M.Watanabe,2014:Influence of the Gulf Stream on the Barents Sea ice retreat and Eurasian coldness during early winter.Environmental Research Letters,9,084009,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/084009.
Si,D.,and Y.H.Ding,2013:Decadal change in the correlation pattern between the Tibetan plateau winter snow and the East Asian summer precipitation during 1979-2011.J.Climate,26,7622-7634,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00587.1.
Simmonds,I.,and P.D.Govekar,2014:What are the physical links between Arctic sea ice loss and Eurasian winter climate?Environmental Research Letters,9,101003,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/101003.
Tang,J.,and B.Y.Wu,2012:Inter-decadal shift of East Asian summer monsoon in the early 1990s.Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,23,402-413,https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2012.04.003.(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tang,Q.H.,X.J.Zhang,X.H.Yang,and J.A.Francis,2013:Cold winter extremes in northern continents linked to Arctic sea ice loss.Environmental Research Letters,8,014036,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014036.
Tao,S.Y.,and L.X.Chen,1987:A review of recent research on the East Asian summer monsoon in China.Monsoon Meteorology,C.P.Chang and T.N.Krishnamurti,Eds.,Oxford University Press,60-92.
Thompson,D.W.J.,and J.M.Wallace,2001:Regional climate impacts of the Northern Hemisphere annular mode.Science,293,85-89,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1058958.
Tong,H.W.,J.C.L.Chan,and W.Zhou,2009:The role of MJO and mid-latitude fronts in the South China Sea summer monsoon onset.Climate Dyn.,33,827-841,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0490-7.
Trenberth,K.E.,and J.T.Fasullo,2013:An apparent hiatus in global warming?Earth’s Future,1,19-32,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013EF000165.
Walsh,J.E.,2014:Intensified warming of the Arctic:Causes and impacts on middle latitudes.Global and Planetary Change,117,52-63,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.03.003.
Wang,B.,1995:Interdecadal changes in El Ni?o onset in the last four decades.J.Climate,8,267-285,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0267:ICIENO>2.0.CO;2.
Wang,B.,and LinHo,2002:Rainy season of the Asian-Pacific summer monsoon.J.Climate,15,386-398,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0386:RSOTAP>2.0.CO;2.
Wang,B.,Z.W.Wu,J.P.Li,J.Liu,C.-P.Chang,Y.H.Ding,and G.X.Wu,2008a:How to Measure the strength of the East Asian summer monsoon.J.Climate,21,4449-4463,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2183.1.
Wang,B.,J.Yang,T.J.Zhou,and B.Wang,2008b:Interdecadal changes in the major modes of Asian-Australian monsoon variability:Strengthening relationship with ENSO since the late 1970s.J.Climate,21,1771-1789,https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1981.1.
Wang,B.,F.Huang,Z.W.Wu,J.Yang,X.H.Fu,and K.Kikuchi,2009a:Multi-scale climate variability of the South China Sea monsoon:A review.Dyn.Atmos.Oceans,47,15-37,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2008.09.004.
Wang,B.,J.Liu,H.-J.Kim,P.J.Webster,and S.-Y.Yim,2012:Recent change of the global monsoon precipitation(1979-2008).Climate Dyn.,39,1123-1135,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1266-z.
Wang,L.,and W.Chen,2014:The East Asian winter monsoon:Re-amplification in the mid-2000s.Chinese Science Bulletin,59,430-436,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-013-0029-0.
Wang,L.,and M.-M.Lu,2017:The East Asian winter monsoon.The Global Monsoon System:Research and Forecast,C.P.Chang,Ed.,3rd ed.World Scientific,51-61.
Wang,L.,R.H.Huang,L.Gu,W.Chen,and L.H.Kang,2009b:Interdecadal variations of the East Asian winter monsoon and their association with quasi-stationary planetary wave activity.J.Climate,22,4860-4872,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2973.1.
Wang,L.,W.Chen,G.Huang,and G.Zeng,2017a:Changes of the transitional climate zone in East Asia:Past and future.Climate Dyn.,49,1463-1477,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3400-4.
Wang,L.,P.Q.Xu,W.Chen,and Y.Liu,2017b:Interdecadal variations of the silk road pattern.J.Climate,30,9915-9932,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0340.1.
Wang,L.,G.Huang,W.Chen,W.Zhou,and W.Q.Wang,2018:Wet-to-dry shift over Southwest China in 1994 tied to the warming of tropical warm pool.Climate Dyn.,51,3111-3123,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4068-8.
Wang,X.,X.W.Jiang,S.Yang,and Y.Q.Li,2013:Different impacts of the two types of El Ni?o on Asian summer monsoon onset.Environmental Research Letters,8,044053,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/044053.
Wang,Z.Y.,and Y.H.Ding,2008:Climatic characteristics of rainy seasons in China.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,32,1-13,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2008.01.01.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wei,W.,R.H.Zhang,and M.Wen,2012:Meridional variation of South Asian High and its relationship with the summer precipitation over China.Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,23,650-659,https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2012.06.002.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wei,W.,R.H.Zhang,M.Wen,B.-J.Kim,and J.-C.Nam,2014:Interannual variation of the South Asian high and its relation with Indian and East Asian summer monsoon rainfall.J.Climate,28,2623-2634,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00454.1.
Wen,Z.P.,N.G.Wu,and G.X.Chen,2016:Mechanisms for the anomaly of local meridional circulation during early and delayed onsets of the South China Sea summer monsoon.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,40,63-77,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1508.15204.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Weng,H.Y.,K.Ashok,S.K.Behera,S.A.Rao,and T.Yamagata,2007:Impacts of recent El Ni?o Modoki on dry/wet conditions in the Pacific rim during boreal summer.Climate Dyn.,29,113-129,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0234-0.
Weng,H.Y.,S.K.Behera,and T.Yamagata,2009:Anomalous winter climate conditions in the Pacific rim during recent El Ni?o Modoki and El Ni?o events.Climate Dyn.,32,663-674,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0394-6.
Weng,H.Y.,G.X.Wu,Y.M.Liu,S.K.Behera,and T.Yamagata,2011:Anomalous summer climate in China influenced by the tropical Indo-Pacific Oceans.Climate Dyn.,36,769-782,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0658-9.
Wu,L.G.,and C.Wang,2015:Has the Western Pacific subtropical high extended westward since the late 1970s?J.Climate,28,5406-5413,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00618.1.
Wu,R.G.,and B.P.Kirtman,2007:Regimes of seasonal air-sea interaction and implications for performance of forced simulations.Climate Dyn.,29,393-410,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0246-9.
Wu,R.G.,Z.P.Wen,S.Yang,and Y.Q.Li,2010:An interdecadal change in southern China summer rainfall around 1992/93.J.Climate,23,2389-2403,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3336.1.
Xiang,B.Q.,and B.Wang,2013:Mechanisms for the advanced Asian summer monsoon onset since the mid-to-late 1990s.J.Climate,26,1993-2009,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00445.1.
Xiang,B.Q.,B.Wang,and T.Li,2013:A new paradigm for the predominance of standing Central Pacific Warming after the late 1990s.Climate Dyn.,41,327-340,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1427-8.
Xiao,X.,W.Chen,G.Z.Fan,and D.W.Zhou,2016:Possible external forcing factors for the interdecadal change in the East Asian winter monsoon around the late 1990s.Climatic and Environmental Research,21,197-209(in Chinese).
Xie,S.-P.,K.M.Hu,J.Hafner,H.Tokinaga,Y.Du,G.Huang,and T.Sampe,2009:Indian ocean capacitor effect on indoWestern Pacific climate during the summer following El Ni?o.J.Climate,22,730-747,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2544.1.
Xie,S.-P.,Y.Du,G.Huang,X.-T.Zheng,H.Tokinaga,K.M.Hu,and Q.Y.Liu,2010:Decadal shift in El Ni?o influences on indo-Western Pacific and East Asian climate in the 1970s.J.Climate,23,3352-3368,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3429.1.
Xie,S.-P.,Y.Kosaka,Y.Du,K.M.Hu,J.S.Chowdary,and G.Huang,2016:Indo-western Pacific ocean capacitor and coherent climate anomalies in post-ENSO summer:A review.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,33,411-432,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-015-5192-6.
Xue,F.,Q.C.Zeng,R.H.Huang,C.Y.Li,R.Y.Lu,and T.J.Zhou,2015a:Recent advances in monsoon studies in China.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,32,206-229,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-014-0015-8.
Xue,X.,2016:The instable influence of ENSO on South Asian High and its possible physical mechanisms.PhD.dissertation,Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.(in Chinese)
Xue,X.,W.Chen,S.F.Chen,and D.W.Zhou,2015b:Modulation of the connection between boreal winter ENSO and the South Asian high in the following summer by the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation.J.Geophys.Res.,120,7393-7411,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023260.
Xue,X.,W.Chen,D.Nath,and D.W.Zhou,2015c:Whether the decadal shift of South Asia high intensity around the late1970s exists or not.Theor.Appl.Climatol.,120,673-683,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-014-1200-5.
Xue,X.,W.Chen,S.F.Chen,and J.Feng,2018:PDO modulation of the ENSO impact on the summer South Asian high.Climate Dyn.,50,1393-1411,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3692-z.
Yim,S.-Y.,B.Wang,and M.Kwon,2014:Interdecadal change of the controlling mechanisms for East Asian early summer rainfall variation around the mid-1990s.Climate Dyn.,42,1325-1333,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1760-6.
Yu,B.,X.B.Zhang,H.Lin,and J.-Y.Yu,2015:Comparison of wintertime North American climate impacts associated with multiple ENSO indices.Atmosphere-Ocean,53,426-445,https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2015.1079697.
Yuan,F.,and W.Chen,2013:Roles of the tropical convective activities over different regions in the earlier onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon after 1993.Theor.Appl.Climatol.,113,175-185,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0776-x.
Yuan,F.,W.Chen,and W.Zhou,2012a:Analysis of the role played by circulation in the persistent precipitation over south China in June 2010.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,29,769-781,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-2018-7.
Yuan,X.,and X.F.Liu,2013:Onset-withdrawal dates of autumn persistent rains over western China and the associated autumn to winter evolution of the atmospheric circulation.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,71,913-924,http://dx.doi.org/10.11676/qxxb2013.034.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yuan,Y.,S.Yang,and Z.Q.Zhang,2012b:Different evolutions of the Philippine Sea anticyclone between the Eastern and Central Pacific El Ni?o:Possible effects of Indian ocean SST.J.Climate,25,7867-7883,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00004.1.
Zhan,Y.J.,G.Y.Ren,and Y.Y.Ren,2016:Start and end dates of rainy season and their temporal change in recent decades over East Asia.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,94,41-53,https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2016-003.
Zhang,H.L.,Q.Zhang,P.Yue,L.Zhang,Q.Liu,S.B.Qiao,and P.C.Yan,2016:Aridity over a semiarid zone in northern China and responses to the East Asian summer monsoon.J.Geophys.Res.,121,13 901-13 918,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025261.
Zhang,H.Y.,Z.P.Wen,R.G.Wu,Z.S.Chen,and Y.Y.Guo,2017a:Inter-decadal changes in the East Asian summer monsoon and associations with sea surface temperature anomaly in the South Indian Ocean.Climate Dyn.,48,1125-1139,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3131-6.
Zhang,H.Y.,Z.P.Wen,R.G.Wu,X.Z.Li,and R.D.Chen,2019:An inter-decadal increase in summer sea level pressure over the Mongolian region around the early 1990s.Climate Dyn.,52,1935-1948,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4228-x.
Zhang,L.X.,and T.J.Zhou,2015:Decadal change of East Asian summer tropospheric temperature meridional gradient around the early 1990s.Science China Earth Sciences,58,1609-1622,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-015-5117-3.
Zhang,Q.,Y.F.Qian,and X.H.Zhang,2000:Interannual and interdecadal variations of the South Asia high.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,24,67-78,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2000.01.07.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang,R.H.,2015:Changes in East Asian summer monsoon and summer rainfall over eastern China during recent decades.Science Bulletin,60,1222-1224,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-015-0824-x.
Zhang,R.H.,A.Sumi,and M.Kimoto,1996:Impact of El Nino on the East Asian monsoon:A diagnostic study of the’86/87and’91/92 events.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,74,49-62,https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.74.1 49.
Zhang,R.H.,A.Sumi,and M.Kimoto,1999:A diagnostic study of the impact of El Ni?o on the precipitation in China.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,16,229-241,https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02973084.
Zhang,R.H.,T.R.Li,M.Wen,and L.K.Liu,2015:Role of intraseasonal oscillation in asymmetric impacts of El Ni?o and La Ni?a on the rainfall over southern China in boreal winter.Climate Dyn.,45,559-567,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2207-4.
Zhang,R.H.,Q.Y.Min,and J.Z.Su,2017b:Impact of El Ni?o on atmospheric circulations over East Asia and rainfall in China:Role of the anomalous western North Pacific anticyclone.Science China Earth Sciences,60,1124-1132,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-9026-x.
Zhang,Y.S.,T.Li,and B.Wang,2004:Decadal change of the spring snow depth over the Tibetan Plateau:The associated circulation and influence on the East Asian summer monsoon.J.Climate,17,2780-2793,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2780:DCOTSS>2.0.CO;2.
Zhou,W.,and J.C.L.Chan,2007:ENSO and the South China Sea summer monsoon onset.International Journal of Climatology,27,157-167,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1380.
Zhou,W.,W.Chen,and D.X.Wang,2012:The implications of El Ni?o-southern oscillation signal for south China monsoon climate.Aquatic Ecosystem Health&Management,15,14-19,https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2012.652050.
Zhu,Y.L.,H.J.Wang,and W.Zhou,2011:Recent changes in the summer precipitation pattern in East China and the background circulation.Climate Dyn.,36,1463-1473,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0852-9.
Zhu,C.W.,B.Wang,W.H.Qian,and B.Zhang,2012:Recent weakening of northern East Asian summer monsoon:A possible response to global warming.Geophys.Res.Lett.,39,L09701,https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051155.
Zhu,Z.W.,T.Li,and J.H.He,2014:Out-of-phase relationship between boreal spring and summer decadal rainfall changes in Southern China.J.Climate,27,1083-1099,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00180.1.
Zuo,Z.Y.,S.Yang,R.H.Zhang,P.P.Jiang,L.Zhang,and F.Wang,2013:Long-term variations of broad-scale Asian summer monsoon circulation and possible causes.J.Climate,26,8947-8961,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00691.1.