浙江普陀山岛植被区划方案
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摘要
植被是海岛生态系统的重要组成部分。因海岛植被特征与大陆植被迥异,现有的陆域植被区划方案不能完全适用于海岛植被,亟须研究海岛植被区划方案,为海岛资源开发与管理、生物多样性保护、生态可持续发展提供重要依据。以浙江省普陀山岛为例,基于123个样地的群落调查、全岛地形地貌普查以及5类微生境的长期气象观测数据,综合提出海岛植被区划需遵循地域分异的相对一致性、植被类型和植物区系相统一、生物因子与非生物因子相结合的原则。制定了海岛植被区划的3级指标体系:一级指标为山体走势和气候;二级指标为海拔或地貌、植被类型;三级指标为微地形、群丛或群落。依据此方案将普陀山岛植被划分为东南坡温暖湿润区和西北坡冬季寒冷干旱区2个大区域,森林、灌丛、草丛等5个二级区域以及13个群落或群丛等三级区域,并详细阐述了每一级区域划分的依据,包括微气候、地形地貌、群落结构和物种组成等。针对区划结果,依据每一级区域中植被的特征提出相应的经营、管理措施,主要包括间伐、抚育、封育、自然演替等。
Vegetation is an important part of island ecosystem. Due to the distinction of island vegetation from mainland vegetation, the existing mainland vegetation regionalization cannot be entirely applied to the islands.Hence island vegetation regionalization is necessary to provide scientific basis for the development and management of forest resources, protection of biodiversity and sustainable development of forest. Taking Putuo Island in Zhejiang Province as an example, and drawing on the vegetation investigation of 123 communities, survey of topography and landforms, long-term meteorological observation of 5 types micro-environments, this research put forward three principles that island vegetation regionalization should follow: the relative uniformity of geographical differences, the unification of vegetation types and flora, and the combination of biotic and abiotic factors. A system with three levels of indexes was developed: the primary indexes were mountain trend and climate; the secondary indexes were altitude and vegetation types; and the tertiary indexes were micro-topography and communities. According to this regionalization scheme, Putuo Island vegetation could be divided into two main zones including Southeast warm and humid zone and Northwest winter cold and dry zone, five secondary zones including forests, shrubs, grasses and etc., and thirteen tertiary zones. The research also described the basis of island vegetation regionalization, including the characteristics of microclimate, topography and landforms, community structure, and species components of each zone. Finally, the paper put forward the conservation measures for each zone, including thinning, nurturing, breeding, and natural succession. Putuo Island vegetation regionalization scheme filled the gap of island vegetation regionalization research, and provided references and theoretical guidance for the vegetation regionalization of other islands.
Vegetation is an important part of island ecosystem. Due to the distinction of island vegetation from mainland vegetation, the existing mainland vegetation regionalization cannot be entirely applied to the islands.Hence island vegetation regionalization is necessary to provide scientific basis for the development and management of forest resources, protection of biodiversity and sustainable development of forest. Taking Putuo Island in Zhejiang Province as an example, and drawing on the vegetation investigation of 123 communities, survey of topography and landforms, long-term meteorological observation of 5 types micro-environments, this research put forward three principles that island vegetation regionalization should follow: the relative uniformity of geographical differences, the unification of vegetation types and flora, and the combination of biotic and abiotic factors. A system with three levels of indexes was developed: the primary indexes were mountain trend and climate; the secondary indexes were altitude and vegetation types; and the tertiary indexes were micro-topography and communities. According to this regionalization scheme, Putuo Island vegetation could be divided into two main zones including Southeast warm and humid zone and Northwest winter cold and dry zone, five secondary zones including forests, shrubs, grasses and etc., and thirteen tertiary zones. The research also described the basis of island vegetation regionalization, including the characteristics of microclimate, topography and landforms, community structure, and species components of each zone. Finally, the paper put forward the conservation measures for each zone, including thinning, nurturing, breeding, and natural succession. Putuo Island vegetation regionalization scheme filled the gap of island vegetation regionalization research, and provided references and theoretical guidance for the vegetation regionalization of other islands.
引文
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[2]钱崇澍,吴征镒,陈昌笃.中国植被的类型[J].地理科学,1956,22(1):37-92.QIAN Chongshu,WU Zhengyi,CHEN Changdu.The vegetation types of China[J].Acta Geogr Sin,1956,22(1):37-92.
[3]中国植被编辑委员会.中国植被[M].北京:科学出版社,1980.
[4]陈灵芝.中国植物区系与植被地理[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.
[5]蔡燕红,宋振亚,李亚蔚,等.中国陆地与海岛植被分类研究综述与展望[J].海洋学报,2016,38(4):95-108.CAI Yanhong,SONG Zhenya,LI Yawei,et al.A review and outlook of terrestrial and insular vegetation classification research in China[J].Haiyang Xuebao,2016,38(4):95-108.
[6]李飞,赵军,赵传燕,等.中国潜在植被空间分布格局[J].生态学报,2008,28(11):5347-5355.LI Fei,ZHAO Jun,ZHAO Chuanyan,et al.The potential vegetation spatial distributions and patterns in China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2008,28(11):5347-5355.
[7]方精云.也论我国东部植被带的划分[J].植物学报,2001,43(5):522-533.FANG Jingyun.Re-discussion about the forest vegetation zonation in Eastern China[J].Acta Bot Sin,2001,43(5):522-533.
[8]於琍,李克让,陶波,等.植被地理分布对气候变化的适应性研究[J].地理科学进展,2010,29(11):1326-1332.YU Li,LI Kerang,TAO Bo,et al.Simulating and assessing the adaptability of geographic distribution of vegetation to climate change in China[J].Prog Geog,2010,29(11):1326-1332.
[9]方精云,宋永昌,刘鸿雁,等.植被气候关系与我国的植被分区[J].植物学报,2002,44(9):1105-1122.FANG Jingyun,SONG Yongchang,LIU Hongyan,et al.Vegetation climate relationship and its application in the division of vegetation zone in China[J].Acta Bot Sin,2002,44(9):1105-1122.
[10]胡军飞,许洺山,田文斌,等.浙江普陀山主要林型群落结构特征分析[J].浙江农林大学学报,2016,33(5):768-777.HU Junfei,XU Mingshan,TIAN Wenbin,et al.Community structure for main forests in Mount Putuo,Zhejiang Province[J].J Zhejiang A&F Univ,2016,33(5):768-777.
[11]中国海岛志编纂委员会.中国海岛志:浙江卷第2册[M].北京:海洋出版社,2013:412-459.
[12]宋永昌,王祥荣.浙江天童国家森林公园的植被和区系[M].上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,1995.
[13]郑度.关于地理学的区域性和地域分异研究[J].地理研究,1998,17(1):4-9.ZHENG Du.A study on the regionality and regional differentiation of geography[J].Geogr Res,1998,17(1):4-9.