4种多环芳烃对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)原肠胚发育的急性毒性研究
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摘要
海洋中的多环芳烃(PAHs)具有较强的生物毒性,且海洋动物早期发育阶段是对环境因素变化响应的最敏感阶段。为探究海洋多环芳烃类有机污染物对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)早期发育阶段原肠胚的毒性影响,采用半静态毒性实验方法,分别考察了4种多环芳烃苯并[a]芘、3-甲基菲、惹烯及2-甲基蒽对仿刺参原肠胚的24、48、72、96 h急性毒性效应。结果表明,在10、50、100、200μg·L~(-1)暴露浓度下,随着暴露时间的延长和暴露浓度的升高,4种多环芳烃对仿刺参原肠胚产生不同程度的急性毒性效应,仿刺参原肠胚存活率与4种多环芳烃浓度之间分别存在显著的剂量-效应关系(P<0.05)。苯并[a]芘对仿刺参原肠胚在24、48 h的半致死浓度(LC_(50))分别为294.4、225.64 mg·L~(-1),3-甲基菲在24、48、72、96 h的LC_(50)分别为404.5、300.7、81.4、17.6mg·L~(-1),惹烯在24、48、72 h的LC_(50)分别为243.1、230、186 mg·L~(-1),2-甲基蒽在24、48、72、96 h的LC_(50)分别244、231.6、152.6、142.9 mg·L~(-1)。4种多环芳烃的安全浓度(SC)分别为39.76、49.8、61.8、62.6μg·L~(-1),其毒性大小顺序为苯并[a]芘>3-甲基菲>惹烯>2-甲基蒽。基于定量构效关系(QSAR)的研究结果可知多环芳烃化合物的毒性差异可能与分子结构等性质有关。该实验为深入研究多环芳烃对海洋环境的毒性效应提供了理论依据。
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in the marine environment have strong biological toxicity, and particularly the early development stage of marine animals is the most sensitive stage to environmental factors. As such, gastrula of Apostichopus japonicus was exposed to benzo [a] pyrene, 3-methylphenanthrene, retene and 2-methylanthracene to study the toxic effects of PAHs on the marine animals. Acute toxic effects for the gastrula of Apostichopus japonicus were measured after 24, 48, 72, 96 h by semi-static toxicity test method. Results showed that a significant dose-effect relationship between the survival rate and the concentrations(P<0.05) was observed under the exposure concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 200 μg·L~(-1). The semi-lethal concentration(LC_(50)) of benzo [a] pyrene on gastrula of Apostichopus japonicus at 24 and 48 h was 294.4 and 225.64 mg·L~(-1). The LC_(50) of 3-methylphenanthrene was 404.5, 300.7, 81.4 and 17.6 mg·L~(-1) at 24, 48, 72, 96 h; the LC_(50) of retene was 243.1, 230 and 186 mg·L~(-1) at 24, 48 and 72 h; the LC_(50) of 2-methylanthracene was 244, 231.6, 152.6 and 142.9 mg·L~(-1) at 24, 48, 72 and96 h, respectively. The safe concentrations(SC) of four PAHs were 39.76, 49.8, 61.8 and 62.6 μg·L~(-1), respectively.The toxicity of four PAHs followed as benzo [a] pyrene > 3-methylphenanthrene > retene > 2-methylanthracene.Based on the study of quantitative structure-activity relationship(QSAR) in environmental toxicology, the differences in the toxicity of PAHs may be related to the molecular structure and other properties. This experiment provides a theoretical basis for the further study of the toxic effects of PAHs on the marine environment.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in the marine environment have strong biological toxicity, and particularly the early development stage of marine animals is the most sensitive stage to environmental factors. As such, gastrula of Apostichopus japonicus was exposed to benzo [a] pyrene, 3-methylphenanthrene, retene and 2-methylanthracene to study the toxic effects of PAHs on the marine animals. Acute toxic effects for the gastrula of Apostichopus japonicus were measured after 24, 48, 72, 96 h by semi-static toxicity test method. Results showed that a significant dose-effect relationship between the survival rate and the concentrations(P<0.05) was observed under the exposure concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 200 μg·L~(-1). The semi-lethal concentration(LC_(50)) of benzo [a] pyrene on gastrula of Apostichopus japonicus at 24 and 48 h was 294.4 and 225.64 mg·L~(-1). The LC_(50) of 3-methylphenanthrene was 404.5, 300.7, 81.4 and 17.6 mg·L~(-1) at 24, 48, 72, 96 h; the LC_(50) of retene was 243.1, 230 and 186 mg·L~(-1) at 24, 48 and 72 h; the LC_(50) of 2-methylanthracene was 244, 231.6, 152.6 and 142.9 mg·L~(-1) at 24, 48, 72 and96 h, respectively. The safe concentrations(SC) of four PAHs were 39.76, 49.8, 61.8 and 62.6 μg·L~(-1), respectively.The toxicity of four PAHs followed as benzo [a] pyrene > 3-methylphenanthrene > retene > 2-methylanthracene.Based on the study of quantitative structure-activity relationship(QSAR) in environmental toxicology, the differences in the toxicity of PAHs may be related to the molecular structure and other properties. This experiment provides a theoretical basis for the further study of the toxic effects of PAHs on the marine environment.
引文
[1]Xiang N,Jiang C,Yang T,et al.Occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in seawater,sediments and corals from Hainan Island,China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2018,152:8-15
[2]Men B,He M,Tan L,et al.Distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Daliao River Estuary of Liaodong Bay,Bohai Sea(China)[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2009,58(6):818-826
[3]Zhang A,Zhao S,Wang L,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in seawater and sediments from the northern Liaodong Bay,China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,113(1-2):592-599
[4]Maliszewska-Kordybach B.Persistent Organic Contaminants in the Environment:PAHs as a Case Study[M]//Block J C,Goncharuk V V,Baveye P(eds.).Bioavailability of Organic Xenobiotics in the Environment:Practical Consequences for the Environment.Dordrecht/Boston/London:Kluwer Academic Publishers,1999,64(18):227
[5]Agardy F J,Sullivan P,Clark J J.The Environmental Science of Drinking Water[M].Butterworth-Heinemann,2005:243-245
[6]Lawal A T.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.A review[J].Cogent Environmental Science,2017,3(1):1339841
[7]Meador J P,Stein J E,Reichert W L,et al.Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by marine organisms[J].Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,1995,143(1):79-165
[8]蒋闰兰,肖佰财,禹娜,等.多环芳烃对水生动物毒性效应的研究进展[J].海洋渔业,2014,36(4):372-384Jiang R L,Xiao B C,Yu N,et al.Research advance in toxic effects of PAHs on aquatic animals[J].Marine Fisheries,2014,36(4):372-384(in Chinese)
[9]Cousin X,Cachot J.PAHs and fish-Exposure monitoring and adverse effects-from molecular to individual level[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2014,21(24):13685-13688
[10]Hylland K.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH)ecotoxicology in marine ecosystems[J].Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health,Part A,2006,69(1-2):109-123
[11]Logan D T.Perspective on ecotoxicology of PAHs to fish[J].Human and Ecological Risk Assessment:An International Journal,2007,13(2):302-316
[12]Suzuki N,Ikari T,Sato M,et al.Toxicities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fish and Marine Invertebrates[M]//Hayakawa K.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons:Environmental Behavior and Toxicity in East Asia.Singapore:Springer Singapore,2018:245-259
[13]Bellas J,Saco-Alvarez L,NietoO,et al.Ecotoxicological evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using marine invertebrate embryo-larval bioassays[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2008,57(6):493-502
[14]Billiard S M,Querbach K,Hodson P V.Toxicity of retene to early life stages of two freshwater fish species[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1999,18(9):2070-2077
[15]Mohammed A.Why are Early Life Stages of Aquatic Organisms more Sensitive to Toxicants than Adults?[M]Gowder S.New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing.London:Intech Open,2013:49-62
[16]Barron M G,Carls M G,Heintz R,et al.Evaluation offish early life-stage toxicity models of chronic embryonic exposures to complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures[J].Toxicological Sciences,2004,78(1):60-67
[17]Johnson W,Finley M.Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates[M].Washington:Resource Publication,1980,137:1-106
[18]陈辉辉,覃剑晖,刘海超,等.典型重金属、多环芳烃及菊酯类农药对唐鱼的急性毒性效应[J].华中农业大学学报,2011,30(4):511-515Chen H H,Qin J H,Liu H C,et al.Acute toxicity of representative heavy metals,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and pyrethroid pesticide to Tanichtys albonubes[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultutral University,2011,30(4):511-515(in Chinese)
[19]聂竹兰,李霞.海参再生的研究[J].海洋科学,2006,30(5):78-82Nie Z L,Li X.Study on the regeneration of sea cucumber[J].Marine Sciences,2006,30(5):78-82(in Chinese)
[20]伯葵.海参的鉴别和选购技巧[J].中国防伪报道,2017(6):124-125
[21]姜会超,刘爱英,宋秀凯,等.混合暴露条件下刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)对重金属的富集与释放特征[J].海洋与湖沼,2014,45(1):141-147Jiang H C,Liu A Y,Song X K,et al.Accumulation and release of common heavy metals in Apostichopus japonicus[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2014,45(1):141-147(in Chinese)
[22]张鹏,邢晓磊,孙静娴,等.重金属对海参的污染及毒性毒理研究进展[J].海洋环境科学,2016,35(1):149-154Zhang P,Xing X L,Sun J X,et al.Advances on heavy metals pollution and its toxicology to sea cucumbers[J].Marine Environmental Science,2016,35(1):149-154(in Chinese)
[23]罗耀明,许伟定,李多慧,等.环氧丙烷、丙烯酸和异戊二烯对仿刺参幼参的急性毒性[J].水产科学,2015,34(7):444-447Luo Y M,Xu W D,Li D H,et al.Acute toxicity of propylene oxide,acrylic acid and isoprene to juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus[J].Fisheries Science,2015,34(7):444-447(in Chinese)
[24]Li C,Zhou S,Ren Y,et al.Toxic effects in juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicas(Slenka)exposure to benzo[a]pyrene[J].Fish&Shellfish Immunology,2016,59:375-381
[25]Khazaali A,Kunzmann A,Bastami K D,et al.Baseline of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediment and sea cucumbers(Holothuria leucospilota and Stichopus hermanni)in the northern parts of Persian Gulf[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,110(1):539-545
[26]董俊芳,宋青春,陈秀敏.农药三唑磷对刺参成参的急性毒性研究[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(35):21800-21801Dong J F,Song Q C,Chen X M.Study on the acute toxicity of triazophos pesticide to Stichopus japonicus[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2011,39(35):21800-21801(in Chinese)
[27]李君,宋青春,陈秀敏.农药草甘膦对刺参成参的急性毒性[J].江苏农业科学,2013,41(4):231-232
[28]任传博,田秀慧,孙岩,等.刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)中13种三嗪类除草剂残留情况及风险评估[J].现代食品科技,2014,30(3):244-249Ren C B,Tian X H,Sun Y,et al.Residues and risk assessment of 13 triazine herbicides in Apostichopus japonicus[J].Modern Food Science and Technology,2014,30(3):244-249(in Chinese)
[29]周永欣,章宗涉.水生生物毒性试验方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1989:192-231
[30]Talebi S M,Mohammad-Khoh A.Vapor and particle phase determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination&Toxicology,2003,71(5):1042-1047
[31]王翠华,杨胜龙,邬旸,等.基于QSAR模型研究芳烃化合物对小球藻的抑制活性[J].计算机与应用化学,2012,29(3):297-300Wang Q H,Yang S L,Wu Y,et al.Study on aromatic hydrocarbons inhibition activity to Chlorella vulgaris based on QSAR model[J].Computers and Applied Chemistry,2012,29(3):297-300(in Chinese)
[32]陈粉丽,张松林,陈红梅,等.氯代苯类化合物对斑马鱼胚胎的单一急性毒性[J].环境与职业医学,2010,27(8):472-475Chen F L,Zhang S L,Chen H M,et al.Individual acute toxicity of chlorobenzenes on zebrafish embryo[J].Journal of Environmental&Occupational Medicine,2010,27(8):472-475(in Chinese)
[33]Barron M G,Carls M G,Heintz R,et al.Evaluation of fish early life-stage toxicity models of chronic embryonic exposures to complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures[J].Toxicological Sciences,2004,78(1):60-67
[34]Brette F,Machado B,Cros C,et al.Crude oil impairs cardiac excitation-contraction coupling in fish[J].Science,2014,343(6172):772-776
[35]Suzuki N,Ikari T,Sato M,et al.Toxicities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fish and Marine Invertebrates[M]//Hayakawa K.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons:Environmental Behavior and Toxicity in East Asia.Singapore:Springer Singapore,2018:245-259
[36]宏姗,盛连喜,边红枫.化合物萘对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)发育毒性及基因组DNA甲基化影响的研究[J].东北师大学报:自然科学版,2016,48(3):167-173Chen H S,Sheng L X,Bian H F.Investigation of the effects of developmental toxicity and genomic DNA methylation upon naphthalene exposure in zebrafish(Danio rerio)[J].Journal of Northeast Normal University:Natural Science Edition,2016,48(3):167-173(in Chinese)
[2]Men B,He M,Tan L,et al.Distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Daliao River Estuary of Liaodong Bay,Bohai Sea(China)[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2009,58(6):818-826
[3]Zhang A,Zhao S,Wang L,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in seawater and sediments from the northern Liaodong Bay,China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,113(1-2):592-599
[4]Maliszewska-Kordybach B.Persistent Organic Contaminants in the Environment:PAHs as a Case Study[M]//Block J C,Goncharuk V V,Baveye P(eds.).Bioavailability of Organic Xenobiotics in the Environment:Practical Consequences for the Environment.Dordrecht/Boston/London:Kluwer Academic Publishers,1999,64(18):227
[5]Agardy F J,Sullivan P,Clark J J.The Environmental Science of Drinking Water[M].Butterworth-Heinemann,2005:243-245
[6]Lawal A T.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.A review[J].Cogent Environmental Science,2017,3(1):1339841
[7]Meador J P,Stein J E,Reichert W L,et al.Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by marine organisms[J].Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,1995,143(1):79-165
[8]蒋闰兰,肖佰财,禹娜,等.多环芳烃对水生动物毒性效应的研究进展[J].海洋渔业,2014,36(4):372-384Jiang R L,Xiao B C,Yu N,et al.Research advance in toxic effects of PAHs on aquatic animals[J].Marine Fisheries,2014,36(4):372-384(in Chinese)
[9]Cousin X,Cachot J.PAHs and fish-Exposure monitoring and adverse effects-from molecular to individual level[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2014,21(24):13685-13688
[10]Hylland K.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH)ecotoxicology in marine ecosystems[J].Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health,Part A,2006,69(1-2):109-123
[11]Logan D T.Perspective on ecotoxicology of PAHs to fish[J].Human and Ecological Risk Assessment:An International Journal,2007,13(2):302-316
[12]Suzuki N,Ikari T,Sato M,et al.Toxicities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fish and Marine Invertebrates[M]//Hayakawa K.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons:Environmental Behavior and Toxicity in East Asia.Singapore:Springer Singapore,2018:245-259
[13]Bellas J,Saco-Alvarez L,NietoO,et al.Ecotoxicological evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using marine invertebrate embryo-larval bioassays[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2008,57(6):493-502
[14]Billiard S M,Querbach K,Hodson P V.Toxicity of retene to early life stages of two freshwater fish species[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1999,18(9):2070-2077
[15]Mohammed A.Why are Early Life Stages of Aquatic Organisms more Sensitive to Toxicants than Adults?[M]Gowder S.New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing.London:Intech Open,2013:49-62
[16]Barron M G,Carls M G,Heintz R,et al.Evaluation offish early life-stage toxicity models of chronic embryonic exposures to complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures[J].Toxicological Sciences,2004,78(1):60-67
[17]Johnson W,Finley M.Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates[M].Washington:Resource Publication,1980,137:1-106
[18]陈辉辉,覃剑晖,刘海超,等.典型重金属、多环芳烃及菊酯类农药对唐鱼的急性毒性效应[J].华中农业大学学报,2011,30(4):511-515Chen H H,Qin J H,Liu H C,et al.Acute toxicity of representative heavy metals,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and pyrethroid pesticide to Tanichtys albonubes[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultutral University,2011,30(4):511-515(in Chinese)
[19]聂竹兰,李霞.海参再生的研究[J].海洋科学,2006,30(5):78-82Nie Z L,Li X.Study on the regeneration of sea cucumber[J].Marine Sciences,2006,30(5):78-82(in Chinese)
[20]伯葵.海参的鉴别和选购技巧[J].中国防伪报道,2017(6):124-125
[21]姜会超,刘爱英,宋秀凯,等.混合暴露条件下刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)对重金属的富集与释放特征[J].海洋与湖沼,2014,45(1):141-147Jiang H C,Liu A Y,Song X K,et al.Accumulation and release of common heavy metals in Apostichopus japonicus[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2014,45(1):141-147(in Chinese)
[22]张鹏,邢晓磊,孙静娴,等.重金属对海参的污染及毒性毒理研究进展[J].海洋环境科学,2016,35(1):149-154Zhang P,Xing X L,Sun J X,et al.Advances on heavy metals pollution and its toxicology to sea cucumbers[J].Marine Environmental Science,2016,35(1):149-154(in Chinese)
[23]罗耀明,许伟定,李多慧,等.环氧丙烷、丙烯酸和异戊二烯对仿刺参幼参的急性毒性[J].水产科学,2015,34(7):444-447Luo Y M,Xu W D,Li D H,et al.Acute toxicity of propylene oxide,acrylic acid and isoprene to juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus[J].Fisheries Science,2015,34(7):444-447(in Chinese)
[24]Li C,Zhou S,Ren Y,et al.Toxic effects in juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicas(Slenka)exposure to benzo[a]pyrene[J].Fish&Shellfish Immunology,2016,59:375-381
[25]Khazaali A,Kunzmann A,Bastami K D,et al.Baseline of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediment and sea cucumbers(Holothuria leucospilota and Stichopus hermanni)in the northern parts of Persian Gulf[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,110(1):539-545
[26]董俊芳,宋青春,陈秀敏.农药三唑磷对刺参成参的急性毒性研究[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(35):21800-21801Dong J F,Song Q C,Chen X M.Study on the acute toxicity of triazophos pesticide to Stichopus japonicus[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2011,39(35):21800-21801(in Chinese)
[27]李君,宋青春,陈秀敏.农药草甘膦对刺参成参的急性毒性[J].江苏农业科学,2013,41(4):231-232
[28]任传博,田秀慧,孙岩,等.刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)中13种三嗪类除草剂残留情况及风险评估[J].现代食品科技,2014,30(3):244-249Ren C B,Tian X H,Sun Y,et al.Residues and risk assessment of 13 triazine herbicides in Apostichopus japonicus[J].Modern Food Science and Technology,2014,30(3):244-249(in Chinese)
[29]周永欣,章宗涉.水生生物毒性试验方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1989:192-231
[30]Talebi S M,Mohammad-Khoh A.Vapor and particle phase determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination&Toxicology,2003,71(5):1042-1047
[31]王翠华,杨胜龙,邬旸,等.基于QSAR模型研究芳烃化合物对小球藻的抑制活性[J].计算机与应用化学,2012,29(3):297-300Wang Q H,Yang S L,Wu Y,et al.Study on aromatic hydrocarbons inhibition activity to Chlorella vulgaris based on QSAR model[J].Computers and Applied Chemistry,2012,29(3):297-300(in Chinese)
[32]陈粉丽,张松林,陈红梅,等.氯代苯类化合物对斑马鱼胚胎的单一急性毒性[J].环境与职业医学,2010,27(8):472-475Chen F L,Zhang S L,Chen H M,et al.Individual acute toxicity of chlorobenzenes on zebrafish embryo[J].Journal of Environmental&Occupational Medicine,2010,27(8):472-475(in Chinese)
[33]Barron M G,Carls M G,Heintz R,et al.Evaluation of fish early life-stage toxicity models of chronic embryonic exposures to complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures[J].Toxicological Sciences,2004,78(1):60-67
[34]Brette F,Machado B,Cros C,et al.Crude oil impairs cardiac excitation-contraction coupling in fish[J].Science,2014,343(6172):772-776
[35]Suzuki N,Ikari T,Sato M,et al.Toxicities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fish and Marine Invertebrates[M]//Hayakawa K.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons:Environmental Behavior and Toxicity in East Asia.Singapore:Springer Singapore,2018:245-259
[36]宏姗,盛连喜,边红枫.化合物萘对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)发育毒性及基因组DNA甲基化影响的研究[J].东北师大学报:自然科学版,2016,48(3):167-173Chen H S,Sheng L X,Bian H F.Investigation of the effects of developmental toxicity and genomic DNA methylation upon naphthalene exposure in zebrafish(Danio rerio)[J].Journal of Northeast Normal University:Natural Science Edition,2016,48(3):167-173(in Chinese)