黄河流域降水稳定同位素的云下二次蒸发效应
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摘要
雨滴从云底降落到地面过程的云下二次蒸发现象会影响雨滴中的同位素比率,明确降水过程中稳定同位素的变化对研究流域水循环具有重要意义。基于全球降水同位素网络(GNIP)、相关文献同位素数据以及气象数据,首先建立局地大气水线(LMWL)定性分析了黄河流域云下二次蒸发与各气象要素间的关系,其次运用改进的Stewart模型定量计算了蒸发剩余比(f)和云底降水与地面降水的D-excess之差(Δd)。结果表明:(1)黄河流域LMWL方程为:δ~2H=7.01δ~(18)O+1.25(n=293,R~2=0.92),斜率和截距相比GMWL均较小,说明雨滴在下落过程中受到云下二次蒸发的影响。其中0～10 mm的降雨事件对云下二次蒸发影响显著;气温越高,或者水汽压、相对湿度越小,云下二次蒸发越强烈。(2)季节变化上,从春季到冬季,f和Δd逐渐增大,云下二次蒸发逐渐减小。空间变化上,蒙甘区、蒙中区、晋陕甘区和渭河区的西安,年际间云下二次蒸发变化较大,而青南区、祁连-青海湖区、渭河区的平凉、长武、华山和鲁淮区年际差异较小。(3)降水中Δd和f之间的线性关系在不同气象要素范围内有不同的数值,由于不同区域各气象条件存在差异,因此在应用经验公式时需考虑研究区的具体气象条件。
The sub-cloud secondary evaporation of raindrops which happens during their falling process from the cloud base to the ground affects the stable isotopic ratios in the raindrops.It is of great significance to understand the changes of the stable isotopes in precipitation in the study of water cycle in a watershed.In this paper,the isotope data in precipitation were acquired from the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation(GNIP)and the related literatures across the Yellow River Basin.The relationship between sub-cloud secondary evaporation and meteorological elements was analyzed using local meteoric water line(LMWL).Based on an improved Stewart model,the change of the evaporation remaining ratios of raindrops(f) and the difference of D-excess from sub-cloud to ground(Δd)were quantitatively calculated.In this model,the heights of falling raindrops were estimated as lifting condensation level(LCL)using the in-situ meteorological measurements.The stations cover the main climate zones across the Yellow River Basin,which can represent an integrated pattern of sub-secondary evaporation in the study region.The results showed that the LMWL of the Yellow River Basin is δ~2H=7.01δ~(18)O+1.25(n=293, R~2=0.92),and both the slope and the intercept of LMWL are smaller than that of the global meteoric water line(GMWL),which indicates that precipitation isotopes are affected by the sub-cloud secondary evaporation.The precipitation of 0～10 mm per month indicates a significant sub-cloud evaporation effect.And the higher air temperature(or the lower vapor pressure and relative humidity) may result in the greater sub-cloud secondary evaporation.There was an obvious seasonality of evaporation remaining ratio and D-excess changes in the basin.From spring to winter, f and Δd were gradually increased,and sub-cloud secondary evaporation was gradually decreased.According to the climate zoning in China,the larger inter-annual variability in sub-cloud evaporation was exhibited in the sub-regions of Inner Mongolia-Gansu,Central Inner Mongolia,Shanxi-Shaanxi-Gansu and part of Weihe River(especially Xi'an).In contrast,smaller inter-annual trend was seen in the sub-regions of northern Qinghai,Qilian Mountains-Qinghai Lake,part of Weihe River(Pingliang,Changwu and Huashan),and Shandong-Huaihe River.The linear relationship between Δd and f was different under various meteorological conditions as well as geographic locations,and the regression coefficient in the empirical formula should be treated according to local meteorological backgrounds.
The sub-cloud secondary evaporation of raindrops which happens during their falling process from the cloud base to the ground affects the stable isotopic ratios in the raindrops.It is of great significance to understand the changes of the stable isotopes in precipitation in the study of water cycle in a watershed.In this paper,the isotope data in precipitation were acquired from the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation(GNIP)and the related literatures across the Yellow River Basin.The relationship between sub-cloud secondary evaporation and meteorological elements was analyzed using local meteoric water line(LMWL).Based on an improved Stewart model,the change of the evaporation remaining ratios of raindrops(f) and the difference of D-excess from sub-cloud to ground(Δd)were quantitatively calculated.In this model,the heights of falling raindrops were estimated as lifting condensation level(LCL)using the in-situ meteorological measurements.The stations cover the main climate zones across the Yellow River Basin,which can represent an integrated pattern of sub-secondary evaporation in the study region.The results showed that the LMWL of the Yellow River Basin is δ~2H=7.01δ~(18)O+1.25(n=293, R~2=0.92),and both the slope and the intercept of LMWL are smaller than that of the global meteoric water line(GMWL),which indicates that precipitation isotopes are affected by the sub-cloud secondary evaporation.The precipitation of 0～10 mm per month indicates a significant sub-cloud evaporation effect.And the higher air temperature(or the lower vapor pressure and relative humidity) may result in the greater sub-cloud secondary evaporation.There was an obvious seasonality of evaporation remaining ratio and D-excess changes in the basin.From spring to winter, f and Δd were gradually increased,and sub-cloud secondary evaporation was gradually decreased.According to the climate zoning in China,the larger inter-annual variability in sub-cloud evaporation was exhibited in the sub-regions of Inner Mongolia-Gansu,Central Inner Mongolia,Shanxi-Shaanxi-Gansu and part of Weihe River(especially Xi'an).In contrast,smaller inter-annual trend was seen in the sub-regions of northern Qinghai,Qilian Mountains-Qinghai Lake,part of Weihe River(Pingliang,Changwu and Huashan),and Shandong-Huaihe River.The linear relationship between Δd and f was different under various meteorological conditions as well as geographic locations,and the regression coefficient in the empirical formula should be treated according to local meteorological backgrounds.
引文
[1] ZHU G F,GUO H W,QIN D H,et al.Contribution of recycled moisture to precipitation in the monsoon marginal zone:Estimate based on stable isotope data[J].Journal of Hydrology,2019,569:423-435.
[2] SPRENGER M,LEISTERT H,GIMBEL K,et al.Illuminating hydrological processes at the soil-vegetation-atmosphere interface with water stable isotopes[J].Reviews of Geophysics,2016,54(3):674-704.
[3] ZHANG M J,WANG S J.Precipitation isotopes in the Tianshan Mountains as a key to water cycle in arid Central Asia[J].Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions,2018,10(1):27-37.
[4] LIU J T,GAO Z J,WANG M,et al.Stable isotope characteristics of different water bodies in the Lhasa River Basin[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2019,78(3):71.
[5] FROEHLICH K,KRALIK M,PAPESCH W,et al.Deuterium excess in precipitation of Alpine regions-moisture recycling[J].Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies,2008,44(1):61-70.
[6] 刘洁遥,张福平,冯起,等.西北地区降水稳定同位素的云下二次蒸发效应[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(5):109-118.[LIU Jieyao,ZHANG Fuping,FENG Qi,et al.Influence of below-cloud secondary evaporation on stable isotope composition in precipitation in northwest China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(5):109-118.]
[7] 周盼盼.乌鲁木齐河流域云下二次蒸发效应对降水稳定氢氧同位素的影响[D].兰州:西北师范大学,2017.[ZHOU Panpan.Effects of below-cloud secondary evaporation for stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in Urumqi River Basin[D].Lanzhou:Northwest Normal University,2017.]
[8] DANSGAARD W.Stable isotope in precipitation[J].Tellus,1964,14(4):436-468.
[9] DRUHAN J L,MAHER K.The influence of mixing on stable isotope ratios in porous media:A revised Rayleigh model[J].Water Resources Research,2017,53(2):1101-1124.
[10] WANG S J,ZHANG M J,CHE Y J,et al.Influence of below-cloud evaporation on deuterium excess in precipitation of arid Central Asia and its meteorological controls[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,2016,17(7):1973-1984.
[11] 潘素敏,张明军,王圣杰.新疆夏季云下二次蒸发对雨滴稳定同位素影响的定量研究[J].干旱区地理,2018,41(3):56-66.[PAN Sumin,ZHANG Mingjun,WANG Shengjie.Quantitative study of sub-cloud secondary evaporation effect on stable isotopes in raindrops during summer in Xinjiang[J].Arid Land Geography,2018,41(3):56-66.]
[12] 孟玉川,刘国东.长江流域降水稳定同位素的云下二次蒸发效应[J].水科学进展,2010,21(3):327-334.[MENG Yuchuan,LIU Guodong.Effect of below-cloud secondary evaporation the stable isotopes in precipitation over the Yangtze River Basin[J].Advances in Water Science,2010,21(3):327-334.]
[13] 赵诗坤,庞朔光,文蓉,等.海河流域降水稳定同位素的云底二次蒸发效应[J].地理科学进展,2015,34(8):1031-1038.[ZHAO Shikun,PANG Shuoguang,WEN Rong,et al.Influence of below-cloud secondary evaporation on stable isotope composition in precipitation in the Haihe River Basin,China[J].Progress in Geography,2015,34(8):1031-1038.]
[14] STEWART M K.Stable isotope fractionation due to evaporation and isotopic exchange of falling water drops:Applications to atmospheric processes and evaporation of lakes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1975,80(9):1133-1146.
[15] PENG T R,WANG C H,HUANG C H,et al.Stable isotopic characteristic of Taiwan’s precipitation:A case study of western Pacific monsoon region[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2010,289(3):357-366.
[16] CHEN F L,ZHANG M J,WANG S J,et al.Relationship between sub-cloud secondary evaporation and stable isotope in precipitation of Lanzhou and surrounding area[J].Quaternary International,2015,380(4):68-74.
[17] 靳晓刚,张明军,王圣杰,等.基于氢氧稳定同位素的黄土高原云下二次蒸发效应[J].环境科学,2015,36(4):1241-1248.[JIN Xiaogang,ZHANG Mingjun,WANG Shengjie,et al.Effect of below-cloud secondary evaporation in precipitations over the Loess Plateau based on the stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(4):1241-1248.]
[18] 苏小四,林学钰,廖资生,等.黄河水δ18O、δD和3H的沿程变化特征及其影响因素研究[J].地球化学,2003,32(4):349-357.[SU Xiaosi,LIN Xueyu,LIAO Zisheng,et al.Variation of isotopes in the Yellow River along the flow path and its affecting factors[J].Geochimica,2003,32(4):349-357.]
[19] 李小飞,张明军,王圣杰,等.黄河流域大气降水氢、氧稳定同位素时空分布特征及其环境意义[J].地质学报,2013,87(2):269-277.[LI Xiaofei,ZHANG Mingjun,WANG Shengjie,et al.Spatial and temporal variation of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in precipitation in the Yellow River Basin and its environmental significance[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2013,87(2):269-275.]
[20] 赵兰兰,刘志雨,王金星.气候变化下的黄河流域极端水文现象特征分析[J].水文,2015,35(5):78-81.[ZHAO Lanlan,LIU Zhiyu,WANG Jinxing.Analysis of extreme hydrological events characteristics of Yellow River Basin under climate change[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2015,35(5):78-81.]
[21] 朱炳海.中国气候[M].北京:科学出版社,1962.[ZHU Binghai.Chinese climate[M].Beijing:Science Press,1962.]
[22] 章新平,刘晶淼,田立德,等.亚洲降水中δ18O沿不同水汽输送路径的变化[J].地理学报,2004,59(5):699-708.[ZHANG Xinping,LIU Jinmiao,TIAN Lide,et al.Variations of δ18O in precipitation along vapor transport paths over Asia[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2004,59(5):699-708.]
[23] LIU J R,SONG X F,YUAN G F,et al.Characteristics of δ18O in precipitation over Eastern Monsoon China and the water vapor sources[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2010,55(2):200-211.
[24] REN W,YAO T D,YANG X X,et al.Implications of variations in δ18O and δD in precipitation at Madoi in the eastern Tibetan Plateau[J].Quaternary International,2013,313-314:56-61.
[25] 张生春.陕西省现代大气降水氢氧稳定同位素组成特征研究[J].陕西地质,1989,7(2):57-66.[ZHANG Shengchun.Characteristics of hydrogen-oxygen isotope compositions of contemporarily atmospheric sedimentation in Shaanxi Province[J].Geology of Shaanxi,1989,7(2):57-66.]
[26] FRIEDMAN I,O’NEIL J R.Data of geochemistry:Compilation of stable isotope fractionation factors of geochemical interest[R].US Government Printing Office,1997.
[27] CRISS R E.Principles of stable isotope distribution[M].New York,USA:Oxford University,1999.
[28] MERLIVAT L.Quantitative aspects of the study of water balances in lakes using the deuterium and oxygen-18 concentrations in the water[C]//Proceedings of a Symposium on Use of Isotopes in Hydrology.1970:89-107.
[29] BERBERAN-SANTOS M N,BODUNOV E N,POGLIANI L.On the barometric formula[J].American Journal of Physics,1997,65(5):404-412.
[30] BEST A C.Empirical formulae for the terminal velocity of water drops falling through the atmosphere[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1950,76(329):302-311.
[31] KINZER G D,GUNN R.The evaporation,temperature and thermal relaxation-time of freely falling waterdrops[J].Journal of Meteorology,1951,8(2):71-83.
[32] 钱允祺,陶士珩.黄土高原降雨雨滴最终速度的分布律[J].西北农业大学学报,1998,26(5):20-24.[QIAN Yunqi,TAO Shiheng.Distribution of raindrop’s terminal velocity in the Loess Plateau[J].Acta University Agricultural Boreali-occidentalis,1998,26(5):20-24.]
[33] BARNES S L.An empirical shortcut to the calculation of temperature and pressure at the lifted condensation level[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1968,7(3):511.
[34] MURRAY F W.On the computation of saturation vapor pressure[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1967,6(1):203-204.
[35] CRAIG H.Isotopic variation in meteoric waters[J].Science,1961,133(3465):1702-1703.
[36] 陈粉丽.基于大气降水稳定同位素的兰州市水循环研究[D].兰州:西北师范大学,2016.[CHEN Fenli.Water cycle research in Lanzhou City based on stable isotope in precipitation[D].Lanzhou:Northwest Normal University,2016.]
[2] SPRENGER M,LEISTERT H,GIMBEL K,et al.Illuminating hydrological processes at the soil-vegetation-atmosphere interface with water stable isotopes[J].Reviews of Geophysics,2016,54(3):674-704.
[3] ZHANG M J,WANG S J.Precipitation isotopes in the Tianshan Mountains as a key to water cycle in arid Central Asia[J].Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions,2018,10(1):27-37.
[4] LIU J T,GAO Z J,WANG M,et al.Stable isotope characteristics of different water bodies in the Lhasa River Basin[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2019,78(3):71.
[5] FROEHLICH K,KRALIK M,PAPESCH W,et al.Deuterium excess in precipitation of Alpine regions-moisture recycling[J].Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies,2008,44(1):61-70.
[6] 刘洁遥,张福平,冯起,等.西北地区降水稳定同位素的云下二次蒸发效应[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(5):109-118.[LIU Jieyao,ZHANG Fuping,FENG Qi,et al.Influence of below-cloud secondary evaporation on stable isotope composition in precipitation in northwest China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(5):109-118.]
[7] 周盼盼.乌鲁木齐河流域云下二次蒸发效应对降水稳定氢氧同位素的影响[D].兰州:西北师范大学,2017.[ZHOU Panpan.Effects of below-cloud secondary evaporation for stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in Urumqi River Basin[D].Lanzhou:Northwest Normal University,2017.]
[8] DANSGAARD W.Stable isotope in precipitation[J].Tellus,1964,14(4):436-468.
[9] DRUHAN J L,MAHER K.The influence of mixing on stable isotope ratios in porous media:A revised Rayleigh model[J].Water Resources Research,2017,53(2):1101-1124.
[10] WANG S J,ZHANG M J,CHE Y J,et al.Influence of below-cloud evaporation on deuterium excess in precipitation of arid Central Asia and its meteorological controls[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,2016,17(7):1973-1984.
[11] 潘素敏,张明军,王圣杰.新疆夏季云下二次蒸发对雨滴稳定同位素影响的定量研究[J].干旱区地理,2018,41(3):56-66.[PAN Sumin,ZHANG Mingjun,WANG Shengjie.Quantitative study of sub-cloud secondary evaporation effect on stable isotopes in raindrops during summer in Xinjiang[J].Arid Land Geography,2018,41(3):56-66.]
[12] 孟玉川,刘国东.长江流域降水稳定同位素的云下二次蒸发效应[J].水科学进展,2010,21(3):327-334.[MENG Yuchuan,LIU Guodong.Effect of below-cloud secondary evaporation the stable isotopes in precipitation over the Yangtze River Basin[J].Advances in Water Science,2010,21(3):327-334.]
[13] 赵诗坤,庞朔光,文蓉,等.海河流域降水稳定同位素的云底二次蒸发效应[J].地理科学进展,2015,34(8):1031-1038.[ZHAO Shikun,PANG Shuoguang,WEN Rong,et al.Influence of below-cloud secondary evaporation on stable isotope composition in precipitation in the Haihe River Basin,China[J].Progress in Geography,2015,34(8):1031-1038.]
[14] STEWART M K.Stable isotope fractionation due to evaporation and isotopic exchange of falling water drops:Applications to atmospheric processes and evaporation of lakes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1975,80(9):1133-1146.
[15] PENG T R,WANG C H,HUANG C H,et al.Stable isotopic characteristic of Taiwan’s precipitation:A case study of western Pacific monsoon region[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2010,289(3):357-366.
[16] CHEN F L,ZHANG M J,WANG S J,et al.Relationship between sub-cloud secondary evaporation and stable isotope in precipitation of Lanzhou and surrounding area[J].Quaternary International,2015,380(4):68-74.
[17] 靳晓刚,张明军,王圣杰,等.基于氢氧稳定同位素的黄土高原云下二次蒸发效应[J].环境科学,2015,36(4):1241-1248.[JIN Xiaogang,ZHANG Mingjun,WANG Shengjie,et al.Effect of below-cloud secondary evaporation in precipitations over the Loess Plateau based on the stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(4):1241-1248.]
[18] 苏小四,林学钰,廖资生,等.黄河水δ18O、δD和3H的沿程变化特征及其影响因素研究[J].地球化学,2003,32(4):349-357.[SU Xiaosi,LIN Xueyu,LIAO Zisheng,et al.Variation of isotopes in the Yellow River along the flow path and its affecting factors[J].Geochimica,2003,32(4):349-357.]
[19] 李小飞,张明军,王圣杰,等.黄河流域大气降水氢、氧稳定同位素时空分布特征及其环境意义[J].地质学报,2013,87(2):269-277.[LI Xiaofei,ZHANG Mingjun,WANG Shengjie,et al.Spatial and temporal variation of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in precipitation in the Yellow River Basin and its environmental significance[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2013,87(2):269-275.]
[20] 赵兰兰,刘志雨,王金星.气候变化下的黄河流域极端水文现象特征分析[J].水文,2015,35(5):78-81.[ZHAO Lanlan,LIU Zhiyu,WANG Jinxing.Analysis of extreme hydrological events characteristics of Yellow River Basin under climate change[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2015,35(5):78-81.]
[21] 朱炳海.中国气候[M].北京:科学出版社,1962.[ZHU Binghai.Chinese climate[M].Beijing:Science Press,1962.]
[22] 章新平,刘晶淼,田立德,等.亚洲降水中δ18O沿不同水汽输送路径的变化[J].地理学报,2004,59(5):699-708.[ZHANG Xinping,LIU Jinmiao,TIAN Lide,et al.Variations of δ18O in precipitation along vapor transport paths over Asia[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2004,59(5):699-708.]
[23] LIU J R,SONG X F,YUAN G F,et al.Characteristics of δ18O in precipitation over Eastern Monsoon China and the water vapor sources[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2010,55(2):200-211.
[24] REN W,YAO T D,YANG X X,et al.Implications of variations in δ18O and δD in precipitation at Madoi in the eastern Tibetan Plateau[J].Quaternary International,2013,313-314:56-61.
[25] 张生春.陕西省现代大气降水氢氧稳定同位素组成特征研究[J].陕西地质,1989,7(2):57-66.[ZHANG Shengchun.Characteristics of hydrogen-oxygen isotope compositions of contemporarily atmospheric sedimentation in Shaanxi Province[J].Geology of Shaanxi,1989,7(2):57-66.]
[26] FRIEDMAN I,O’NEIL J R.Data of geochemistry:Compilation of stable isotope fractionation factors of geochemical interest[R].US Government Printing Office,1997.
[27] CRISS R E.Principles of stable isotope distribution[M].New York,USA:Oxford University,1999.
[28] MERLIVAT L.Quantitative aspects of the study of water balances in lakes using the deuterium and oxygen-18 concentrations in the water[C]//Proceedings of a Symposium on Use of Isotopes in Hydrology.1970:89-107.
[29] BERBERAN-SANTOS M N,BODUNOV E N,POGLIANI L.On the barometric formula[J].American Journal of Physics,1997,65(5):404-412.
[30] BEST A C.Empirical formulae for the terminal velocity of water drops falling through the atmosphere[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1950,76(329):302-311.
[31] KINZER G D,GUNN R.The evaporation,temperature and thermal relaxation-time of freely falling waterdrops[J].Journal of Meteorology,1951,8(2):71-83.
[32] 钱允祺,陶士珩.黄土高原降雨雨滴最终速度的分布律[J].西北农业大学学报,1998,26(5):20-24.[QIAN Yunqi,TAO Shiheng.Distribution of raindrop’s terminal velocity in the Loess Plateau[J].Acta University Agricultural Boreali-occidentalis,1998,26(5):20-24.]
[33] BARNES S L.An empirical shortcut to the calculation of temperature and pressure at the lifted condensation level[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1968,7(3):511.
[34] MURRAY F W.On the computation of saturation vapor pressure[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1967,6(1):203-204.
[35] CRAIG H.Isotopic variation in meteoric waters[J].Science,1961,133(3465):1702-1703.
[36] 陈粉丽.基于大气降水稳定同位素的兰州市水循环研究[D].兰州:西北师范大学,2016.[CHEN Fenli.Water cycle research in Lanzhou City based on stable isotope in precipitation[D].Lanzhou:Northwest Normal University,2016.]