运动的词汇化与概念化
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摘要
许多语言学家和心理学家认为,运动在人类的思维中具有特殊的作用,研究运动对于揭示语言的本质和人类认知的奥秘都有重要的意义。从语言学的角度来看,语言学家自然会期望所有语言都有表达运动的方式,都有描写各种不同运动的方式。心理学家Miller和Johnson-Laird(1976:527)认为,运动动词是"所有动词中最具动词特征的词",是"动词中最纯、最典型的词"。这种观点的逻辑延伸就是今天所说的"方位主义"。方位主义假设,运动为其他更抽象的认知域提供了认知框架,是研究其他认知域的基础。因此,研究运动、运动动词、运动的表达方式都具有特殊的意义。本文将首先论述运动及运动的结构,然后根据B. Levin对运动动词的划分,基于运动事件框架,探讨不同类型运动动词的语义、语用、认知特征以及运动事件的词汇化与概念化。
For many linguists and cognitive psychologists,motion plays a special role in human thinking. The psychologists Miller and Johnson-Laird call motion verbs"the most characteristically verbal of all the verbs"and the"purest and most prototypical of verbs. "The logical extension of this view is localism. This is the hypothesis that motion provides the cognitive framework for more abstract domains of meaning such as possession,transformation,and communication. The popularity of localism is one good reason for us to inquire into the properties of motion verbs. This paper attempts to establish some generalizations regarding English motion verbs.Motion verbs in English,according to B. Levin,can be categorized into seven types: verbs of inherently directed motion,manner of motion verbs,verbs of motion using a vehicle,leave verbs,waltz verbs,chase verbs,and accompany verbs. These verbs will be studied within the Motion Event Framework adduced by Leonard Talmy. Their semantic,pragmatic and cognitive features,and the rules of lexicalization and conceptualization of motion will be discussed.
For many linguists and cognitive psychologists,motion plays a special role in human thinking. The psychologists Miller and Johnson-Laird call motion verbs"the most characteristically verbal of all the verbs"and the"purest and most prototypical of verbs. "The logical extension of this view is localism. This is the hypothesis that motion provides the cognitive framework for more abstract domains of meaning such as possession,transformation,and communication. The popularity of localism is one good reason for us to inquire into the properties of motion verbs. This paper attempts to establish some generalizations regarding English motion verbs.Motion verbs in English,according to B. Levin,can be categorized into seven types: verbs of inherently directed motion,manner of motion verbs,verbs of motion using a vehicle,leave verbs,waltz verbs,chase verbs,and accompany verbs. These verbs will be studied within the Motion Event Framework adduced by Leonard Talmy. Their semantic,pragmatic and cognitive features,and the rules of lexicalization and conceptualization of motion will be discussed.
引文
Frawley,W. 1992. Linguistic Semantics[M]. New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Gruber,J. 1976. Lexical Structures in Syntax and Semantics[M]. Amsterdam:North-Holland.
Jackendoff,R. 1983. Semantics and Cognition[M]. Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
Langacker,Ronald W. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar,vol. 1:Theoretical Prerequisites[M]. Stanford:Stanford University Press.
Langgacker,Ronald W. 2008. Cognitive Grammar. A Basic Introduction[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Levin,B. 1993. English Verb Classes and Alternations[M]. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
Miller,G.&P. Johnson-Laird. 1976. Language and Perception[M]. Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.
Slobin,D. I. 1996. Two Ways to Travel:Verbs of Motion in English and Spanish[G]∥M. Shibatani&S. A. Thompson.Grammatical Constructions:Their Form and Meaning. Oxford:Clarendon Press,195-219.
Talmy,L. 1975. Semantics and Syntax of Motion[G]∥Kimball,J. P. Syntax and Semantics,Vol. 4. New York:Academic Press,181-238.
Talmy,L. 1983. How Language Structures Space[G]∥Pick,H.&L. Acredolo. Spatial Orientation. New York:Plenum,225-282.
Talmy,L. 2017. The Targeting System of Language[M]. Cambridge,Mass.:The MIT Press.
文旭. 2007.运动动词“来/去”的语用意义及其指示条件[J].外语教学与研究(2):91-96,160.
Gruber,J. 1976. Lexical Structures in Syntax and Semantics[M]. Amsterdam:North-Holland.
Jackendoff,R. 1983. Semantics and Cognition[M]. Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
Langacker,Ronald W. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar,vol. 1:Theoretical Prerequisites[M]. Stanford:Stanford University Press.
Langgacker,Ronald W. 2008. Cognitive Grammar. A Basic Introduction[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Levin,B. 1993. English Verb Classes and Alternations[M]. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
Miller,G.&P. Johnson-Laird. 1976. Language and Perception[M]. Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.
Slobin,D. I. 1996. Two Ways to Travel:Verbs of Motion in English and Spanish[G]∥M. Shibatani&S. A. Thompson.Grammatical Constructions:Their Form and Meaning. Oxford:Clarendon Press,195-219.
Talmy,L. 1975. Semantics and Syntax of Motion[G]∥Kimball,J. P. Syntax and Semantics,Vol. 4. New York:Academic Press,181-238.
Talmy,L. 1983. How Language Structures Space[G]∥Pick,H.&L. Acredolo. Spatial Orientation. New York:Plenum,225-282.
Talmy,L. 2017. The Targeting System of Language[M]. Cambridge,Mass.:The MIT Press.
文旭. 2007.运动动词“来/去”的语用意义及其指示条件[J].外语教学与研究(2):91-96,160.