不同配方落叶剂对榕树冬季集中落叶的效应
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摘要
【目的】探讨不同配方落叶剂对榕树冬季集中落叶的效应及对其生理变化的影响,为有效防治榕树叶部病虫害提供参考依据。【方法】以5年生榕树为试验材料,采用经正交试验筛选获得的5种由不同浓度乙烯利、碘化钾和尿素配成的落叶剂,对榕树进行叶面喷施处理(T1～T5),以喷施清水为对照(CK),统计分析各处理的落叶率、萌发率和病情指数,并测定若干生理指标。【结果】T1～T5处理榕树的落叶率均显著高于CK(P<0.05),叶片病情指数极显著低于CK(P<0.01),其中,喷药后第14 d T5处理的落叶率最高,为90.33%,其次为T4处理,为84.67%,T3处理的落叶率为72.67%。各落叶剂处理榕树叶片的叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量呈先下降后上升的变化趋势,相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量呈先上升后下降的变化趋势。落叶剂处理7 d后,榕树树体均恢复生长,其中T5处理对榕树树体的胁迫较小,对榕树后期发芽影响较小,萌发率达72.36%。【结论】以0.8%乙烯利+0.2%碘化钾+2.0%尿素配成的落叶剂对榕树的落叶效果最佳且生理胁迫小,对其后期叶片萌发影响小,是最佳的榕树落叶剂配方。
【Objective】The effects of different formulations of defoliant agents on the concentration of deciduous leaves in winter and their physiological changes were discussed in order to provide reference for the effective control of leaf diseases and insect pests of Ficus microcarpa L. f.【Method】Five kinds of defoliant agents composed of different concentrations of ethephon,potassium iodide and urea were used to spray the leaf surface of the 5-year-old F. microcarpa(T1-T5). Control(CK)was sprayed by clear water. The defoliation rate,germination rate and disease index of each treatment were analyzed statistically,and physiological indexes were determined.【Result】The defoliation rates in T1-T5 were significantly higher than that of CK(P<0.05),and the disease index of leaf was significantly lower than that of CK(P<0.01).Among them,T5 treatment had the highest defoliation rate(90.33%)on day 14 after spraying,followed by T4(84.67%)and T3(72.67%). The content of chlorophyll and soluble protein in leaves of F. microcarpa treated with defoliant agent decreased first and then increased,and the relative electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde(MDA)content increased first and then decreased. Tree growth resumed in all defoliant treatment groups 7 d after spraying. T5 treatment had little stress on tree and had slight effects on germination later,and the germination rate was 72.36%.【Conclusion】The defoliant with 0.8% ethephon,0.2% potassium iodide and 2.0% urea has the best effect on the leaves of F. microcarpa,and has little effects on the leaf germination in the later stage,so it is the best formula of defoliant for F. microcarpa.
【Objective】The effects of different formulations of defoliant agents on the concentration of deciduous leaves in winter and their physiological changes were discussed in order to provide reference for the effective control of leaf diseases and insect pests of Ficus microcarpa L. f.【Method】Five kinds of defoliant agents composed of different concentrations of ethephon,potassium iodide and urea were used to spray the leaf surface of the 5-year-old F. microcarpa(T1-T5). Control(CK)was sprayed by clear water. The defoliation rate,germination rate and disease index of each treatment were analyzed statistically,and physiological indexes were determined.【Result】The defoliation rates in T1-T5 were significantly higher than that of CK(P<0.05),and the disease index of leaf was significantly lower than that of CK(P<0.01).Among them,T5 treatment had the highest defoliation rate(90.33%)on day 14 after spraying,followed by T4(84.67%)and T3(72.67%). The content of chlorophyll and soluble protein in leaves of F. microcarpa treated with defoliant agent decreased first and then increased,and the relative electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde(MDA)content increased first and then decreased. Tree growth resumed in all defoliant treatment groups 7 d after spraying. T5 treatment had little stress on tree and had slight effects on germination later,and the germination rate was 72.36%.【Conclusion】The defoliant with 0.8% ethephon,0.2% potassium iodide and 2.0% urea has the best effect on the leaves of F. microcarpa,and has little effects on the leaf germination in the later stage,so it is the best formula of defoliant for F. microcarpa.
引文
蔡瑞国,张敏,戴忠民,田雷,王振林.2006.施氮水平对优质小麦旗叶光合特性和子粒生长发育的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,12(1):49-55.[Cai R G,Zhang M,Dai ZM,Tian L,Wang Z L.2006.Effects of nitrogen application on photosynthetic characteristics and grain growth of flag leaves of high quality wheat[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,12(1):49-55.]
蔡小林,潘介春,周煜棉,刘红红,黄桂香.2016.混合药剂对番荔枝采后脱叶率的影响[J].安徽农业科学,44(30):36-37.[Cai X L,Pan J C,Zhou Y M,Liu H H,Huang GX.2016.Effect of mixed insecticides on defoliation rate of Annona chinensis[J].Anhui Agricultural Sciences,44(30):36-37.]
陈小玲,王威,吴雪娥,张瑶,陈清西.2015.补光对出口模拟贮运人参榕叶片生长和光合作用的影响[J].西北植物学报,35(1):153-160.[Chen X L,Wang W,Wu X E,Zhang Y,Chen Q X.2015.Effect of light supplement on the growth and photosynthesis of Ficus microcarpa leaves in export simulated storage and transportation[J].Journal of Northwest Botany,35(1):153-160.]
樊庆鲁,陈云,陈冠文,尹飞虎.2010.不同配方棉花脱叶与催熟应用技术研究[J].新疆农业科学,47(12):2390-2396.[Fan Q L,Chen Y,Chen G W,Yin F H.2010.Studies on the techniques of defoliation and ripening of cotton with different formulations[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Science,47(12):2390-2396.]
高玲,张荣铣.2007.抽穗期施氮肥对延缓小麦旗叶衰老的机理初探[J].核农学报,21(3):291-294.[Gao L,Zhang RX.2007.Preliminary study on the mechanism of applying nitrogen fertilizer at heading stage to delay senescence of wheat flag leaves[J].Journal of Nuclear Agriculture,21(3):291-294.]
郭天财,宋晓,马冬云,王永华,谢迎新,查菲娜,岳艳军,岳彩凤.2007.施氮水平对冬小麦旗叶光合特性的调控效应[J].作物学报,33(12):1977-1981.[Guo T C,Song X,Ma D Y,Wang Y H,Xie Y X,Zha F N,Yue Y J,Yue CF.2007.Effects of nitrogen application on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves of winter wheat[J].Crop Proceedings,33(12):1977-1981.]
洪志方,蓝炎阳,吴士彬,陈毅勇,王少峰.2013.出口盆栽榕树贮运优化处理研究[J].中国农学通报,29(28):53-59.[Hong Z F,Lan Y Y,Wu S B,Chen Y Y,Wang S F.2013.Study on optimal treatment of storage and transportation of Ficus microcarpa for export potted plants[J].China Agricultural Bulletin,29(28):53-59.]
黄庆裕,朱来佳,黎达境,贝进标,贝玉梅.2010.水稻纹枯病病情指数与病株率关系数学模型的研究及应用[J].广西植保,23(1):1-3.[Huang Q Y,Zhu L J,Li D J,Bei JB,Bei Y M.2010.Study and application of mathematical model of relationship between disease index and plant rate of rice sheath blight[J].Guangxi Plant Protection,23(1):1-3.]
李合生.2000.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社.[Li H S.2000.Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Experiment Principle and Technology[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press.]
李荣森.2016.脱叶催熟剂在棉花上的应用效果研究[J].现代农业科技,45(6):149.[Li R S.2016.Study on the effect of defoliation and ripening agent on cotton[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,45(6):149.]
李媛,刘虎岐.2009.悬铃木集中落叶的化学调控研究及落叶剂的配制筛选[J].陕西林业科技,37(2):4-7.[Li Y,Liu H Q.2009.Studies on the chemical regulation of concentrated deciduous leaves and selection of defoliant in Platanus[J].Shaanxi Forestry Science and Technology,37(2):4-7.]
李晓燕,郭平,杨颖.2015.促落叶剂对悬铃木形态特征的影响研究[J].中国园艺文摘,(10):29-30.[Li X Y,Guo P,Yang Y.2015.Effects of defoliant on chinar morphological characters[J].Chinese Horticulture Abstracts,(10):29-30.]
刘伟,徐坤,苏华,王惠林.2007.氮素对菠菜衰老生理指标的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,13(6):1110-1115.[Liu W,Xu K,Su H,Wang H L.2007.Effects of nitrogen on Spinacia oleracea physiological indexes of spinach[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,13(6):1110-1115.]
聂松青,刘昆玉,石雪晖,杨国顺,钟晓红,倪建军,陈斌,徐丰,白描.2013.叶面喷施氮素对葡萄成熟后期叶片生理生化指标及果实品质的影响[J].湖南农业科学,43(7):104-107.[Nie S Q,Liu K Y,Shi X H,Yang G S,Zhong X H,Ni J J,Chen B,Xu F,Bai M.2013.Effects of foliar spraying nitrogen on physiological and biochemical indexes leaf and quality of fruit in late mature period of grape[J].Hunan Agricultural Sciences,43(7):104-107.]
唐薇,张冬梅,李维江,李振怀,卢合全,徐士振,辛承松,董合忠.2018.防治棉花烂铃的农艺和化学措施研究[J].中国棉花,45(6):6-9.[Tang W,Zhang D M,Li W J,Li ZH,Lu H Q,Xu S Z,Xin C S,Dong H Z.2018.Studies on agronomic and chemical measures to control cotton boll rot[J].Cotton in China,45(6):6-9.]
田发清,罗文扬.2013.榕树在园林绿化上的应用[J].现代农业科技,42(19):221-223.[Tian F C,Luo W Y.2013.Application of Ficus microcarpa in landscaping[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,42(19):221-223.]
王贵平,王金政,薛晓敏,路超,聂佩显.2014.晚秋叶施高浓度尿素对苹果落叶及贮藏氮素的影响[J].江苏农业科学,42(1):140-142.[Wang G P,Wang J Z,Xue X M,Lu C,Nie P X.2014.Effects of high concentration urea application on apple leaves and storage nitrogen in late autumn[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Science,42(1):140-142.]
王学奎.2006.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].第2版.北京:高等教育出版社.[Wang X K.2006.Experiment Principle and Technique of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry[M].The 2ndEdition.Beijing:Higher Education Press.]
王宜,杨丽红.2014.脱叶剂对棉花脱叶率和产量的影响[J].中国棉花,41(4):28-30.[Wang Y,Yang L H.2014.Effects of defoliating agents on the defoliation rate and yield of cotton[J].Cotton in China,41(4):28-30.]
张鹤平.2004.榕树盆景北方莳养落叶原因及防止措施[J].特种经济动植物,7(10):40.[Zhang H P.2004.Reasons and prevention measures of planting deciduous leaves in bonsai north of Ficus microcarpa[J].Special Sconomic Plants and Animals,7(10):40.]
张明涛.2005.乙烯利(CEPA)诱导荔枝新梢落叶机理的初步研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学.[Zhang M T.2005.A preliminary study on the mechanism of ethephon(CEPA)inducing Litchi chinensis Sonn.leaves[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University.]
张武,陆晓英,杨子祥,白明第,马春花,杨顺林.2013.元谋干热河谷区乙烯利促进夏黑葡萄落叶试验[J].中外葡萄与葡萄酒,38(3):34-36.[Zhang W,Lu X Y,Yang Z X,Bai M D,Ma C H,Yang S L.2013.Experiment on ethephon promotion of Summer Black leaves in Yuanmou dry and hot valley[J].Chinese and Foreign Grapes and Wine,38(3):34-36.]
赵英永,戴云,崔秀明,张文斌,马妮.2006.考马斯亮蓝G-250染色法测定草乌中可溶性蛋白含量[J].云南民族大学学报(自然科学版),15(3):235-237.[Zhao Y Y,Dai Y,Cui X M,Zhang W B,Ma N.2006.Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 staining method for the determination of soluble protein in Aconitum officinalis[J].Journal of Yunnan University for Nationalities(Natural Science),15(3):235-237.]
Cheng L,Fuchigami L H.2002.Growth of young apple trees in relation to reserve nitrogen and carbohydrates[J].Tree Physiology,22(18):1297-1303.
Patterson S E.2001.Cutting loose abscission and dehiscence in Arabidopsis[J].Plant Physiology,126(2):494-500.
Taylor J E,Whitelaw C A.2001.Signals in abscission[J].New Phytologist,151(2):323-340.
蔡小林,潘介春,周煜棉,刘红红,黄桂香.2016.混合药剂对番荔枝采后脱叶率的影响[J].安徽农业科学,44(30):36-37.[Cai X L,Pan J C,Zhou Y M,Liu H H,Huang GX.2016.Effect of mixed insecticides on defoliation rate of Annona chinensis[J].Anhui Agricultural Sciences,44(30):36-37.]
陈小玲,王威,吴雪娥,张瑶,陈清西.2015.补光对出口模拟贮运人参榕叶片生长和光合作用的影响[J].西北植物学报,35(1):153-160.[Chen X L,Wang W,Wu X E,Zhang Y,Chen Q X.2015.Effect of light supplement on the growth and photosynthesis of Ficus microcarpa leaves in export simulated storage and transportation[J].Journal of Northwest Botany,35(1):153-160.]
樊庆鲁,陈云,陈冠文,尹飞虎.2010.不同配方棉花脱叶与催熟应用技术研究[J].新疆农业科学,47(12):2390-2396.[Fan Q L,Chen Y,Chen G W,Yin F H.2010.Studies on the techniques of defoliation and ripening of cotton with different formulations[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Science,47(12):2390-2396.]
高玲,张荣铣.2007.抽穗期施氮肥对延缓小麦旗叶衰老的机理初探[J].核农学报,21(3):291-294.[Gao L,Zhang RX.2007.Preliminary study on the mechanism of applying nitrogen fertilizer at heading stage to delay senescence of wheat flag leaves[J].Journal of Nuclear Agriculture,21(3):291-294.]
郭天财,宋晓,马冬云,王永华,谢迎新,查菲娜,岳艳军,岳彩凤.2007.施氮水平对冬小麦旗叶光合特性的调控效应[J].作物学报,33(12):1977-1981.[Guo T C,Song X,Ma D Y,Wang Y H,Xie Y X,Zha F N,Yue Y J,Yue CF.2007.Effects of nitrogen application on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves of winter wheat[J].Crop Proceedings,33(12):1977-1981.]
洪志方,蓝炎阳,吴士彬,陈毅勇,王少峰.2013.出口盆栽榕树贮运优化处理研究[J].中国农学通报,29(28):53-59.[Hong Z F,Lan Y Y,Wu S B,Chen Y Y,Wang S F.2013.Study on optimal treatment of storage and transportation of Ficus microcarpa for export potted plants[J].China Agricultural Bulletin,29(28):53-59.]
黄庆裕,朱来佳,黎达境,贝进标,贝玉梅.2010.水稻纹枯病病情指数与病株率关系数学模型的研究及应用[J].广西植保,23(1):1-3.[Huang Q Y,Zhu L J,Li D J,Bei JB,Bei Y M.2010.Study and application of mathematical model of relationship between disease index and plant rate of rice sheath blight[J].Guangxi Plant Protection,23(1):1-3.]
李合生.2000.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社.[Li H S.2000.Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Experiment Principle and Technology[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press.]
李荣森.2016.脱叶催熟剂在棉花上的应用效果研究[J].现代农业科技,45(6):149.[Li R S.2016.Study on the effect of defoliation and ripening agent on cotton[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,45(6):149.]
李媛,刘虎岐.2009.悬铃木集中落叶的化学调控研究及落叶剂的配制筛选[J].陕西林业科技,37(2):4-7.[Li Y,Liu H Q.2009.Studies on the chemical regulation of concentrated deciduous leaves and selection of defoliant in Platanus[J].Shaanxi Forestry Science and Technology,37(2):4-7.]
李晓燕,郭平,杨颖.2015.促落叶剂对悬铃木形态特征的影响研究[J].中国园艺文摘,(10):29-30.[Li X Y,Guo P,Yang Y.2015.Effects of defoliant on chinar morphological characters[J].Chinese Horticulture Abstracts,(10):29-30.]
刘伟,徐坤,苏华,王惠林.2007.氮素对菠菜衰老生理指标的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,13(6):1110-1115.[Liu W,Xu K,Su H,Wang H L.2007.Effects of nitrogen on Spinacia oleracea physiological indexes of spinach[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,13(6):1110-1115.]
聂松青,刘昆玉,石雪晖,杨国顺,钟晓红,倪建军,陈斌,徐丰,白描.2013.叶面喷施氮素对葡萄成熟后期叶片生理生化指标及果实品质的影响[J].湖南农业科学,43(7):104-107.[Nie S Q,Liu K Y,Shi X H,Yang G S,Zhong X H,Ni J J,Chen B,Xu F,Bai M.2013.Effects of foliar spraying nitrogen on physiological and biochemical indexes leaf and quality of fruit in late mature period of grape[J].Hunan Agricultural Sciences,43(7):104-107.]
唐薇,张冬梅,李维江,李振怀,卢合全,徐士振,辛承松,董合忠.2018.防治棉花烂铃的农艺和化学措施研究[J].中国棉花,45(6):6-9.[Tang W,Zhang D M,Li W J,Li ZH,Lu H Q,Xu S Z,Xin C S,Dong H Z.2018.Studies on agronomic and chemical measures to control cotton boll rot[J].Cotton in China,45(6):6-9.]
田发清,罗文扬.2013.榕树在园林绿化上的应用[J].现代农业科技,42(19):221-223.[Tian F C,Luo W Y.2013.Application of Ficus microcarpa in landscaping[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,42(19):221-223.]
王贵平,王金政,薛晓敏,路超,聂佩显.2014.晚秋叶施高浓度尿素对苹果落叶及贮藏氮素的影响[J].江苏农业科学,42(1):140-142.[Wang G P,Wang J Z,Xue X M,Lu C,Nie P X.2014.Effects of high concentration urea application on apple leaves and storage nitrogen in late autumn[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Science,42(1):140-142.]
王学奎.2006.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].第2版.北京:高等教育出版社.[Wang X K.2006.Experiment Principle and Technique of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry[M].The 2ndEdition.Beijing:Higher Education Press.]
王宜,杨丽红.2014.脱叶剂对棉花脱叶率和产量的影响[J].中国棉花,41(4):28-30.[Wang Y,Yang L H.2014.Effects of defoliating agents on the defoliation rate and yield of cotton[J].Cotton in China,41(4):28-30.]
张鹤平.2004.榕树盆景北方莳养落叶原因及防止措施[J].特种经济动植物,7(10):40.[Zhang H P.2004.Reasons and prevention measures of planting deciduous leaves in bonsai north of Ficus microcarpa[J].Special Sconomic Plants and Animals,7(10):40.]
张明涛.2005.乙烯利(CEPA)诱导荔枝新梢落叶机理的初步研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学.[Zhang M T.2005.A preliminary study on the mechanism of ethephon(CEPA)inducing Litchi chinensis Sonn.leaves[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University.]
张武,陆晓英,杨子祥,白明第,马春花,杨顺林.2013.元谋干热河谷区乙烯利促进夏黑葡萄落叶试验[J].中外葡萄与葡萄酒,38(3):34-36.[Zhang W,Lu X Y,Yang Z X,Bai M D,Ma C H,Yang S L.2013.Experiment on ethephon promotion of Summer Black leaves in Yuanmou dry and hot valley[J].Chinese and Foreign Grapes and Wine,38(3):34-36.]
赵英永,戴云,崔秀明,张文斌,马妮.2006.考马斯亮蓝G-250染色法测定草乌中可溶性蛋白含量[J].云南民族大学学报(自然科学版),15(3):235-237.[Zhao Y Y,Dai Y,Cui X M,Zhang W B,Ma N.2006.Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 staining method for the determination of soluble protein in Aconitum officinalis[J].Journal of Yunnan University for Nationalities(Natural Science),15(3):235-237.]
Cheng L,Fuchigami L H.2002.Growth of young apple trees in relation to reserve nitrogen and carbohydrates[J].Tree Physiology,22(18):1297-1303.
Patterson S E.2001.Cutting loose abscission and dehiscence in Arabidopsis[J].Plant Physiology,126(2):494-500.
Taylor J E,Whitelaw C A.2001.Signals in abscission[J].New Phytologist,151(2):323-340.