Experimental validation of a new morphing trailing edge system using Price-Pa?doussis wind tunnel tests
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摘要
This paper presents the design and manufacturing of a new morphing wing system carried out at the Laboratory of Applied Research in Active Controls, Avionics and AeroServoElasticity(LARCASE) at the ETS in Montréal. This first version of a morphing wing allows the deformation of its trailing edge, denote by Morphing Trailing Edge(MTE). In order to characterize the technical impact of this deformation, we compare its performance with that of a rigid aileron by testing in the LARCASE's price-Pa?doussis subsonic wind tunnel. The first set of results shows that it is possible to replace an aileron by a MTE on a wing, as an improvement was observed for the MTE aerodynamic performances with respect to the aileron aerodynamic performances.The improvement consisted in the fact that the drag coefficient was smaller, and the lift-to-drag ratio was higher for the same lift coefficient.
This paper presents the design and manufacturing of a new morphing wing system carried out at the Laboratory of Applied Research in Active Controls, Avionics and AeroServoElasticity(LARCASE) at the ETS in Montréal. This first version of a morphing wing allows the deformation of its trailing edge, denote by Morphing Trailing Edge(MTE). In order to characterize the technical impact of this deformation, we compare its performance with that of a rigid aileron by testing in the LARCASE's price-Pa?doussis subsonic wind tunnel. The first set of results shows that it is possible to replace an aileron by a MTE on a wing, as an improvement was observed for the MTE aerodynamic performances with respect to the aileron aerodynamic performances.The improvement consisted in the fact that the drag coefficient was smaller, and the lift-to-drag ratio was higher for the same lift coefficient.
This paper presents the design and manufacturing of a new morphing wing system carried out at the Laboratory of Applied Research in Active Controls, Avionics and AeroServoElasticity(LARCASE) at the ETS in Montréal. This first version of a morphing wing allows the deformation of its trailing edge, denote by Morphing Trailing Edge(MTE). In order to characterize the technical impact of this deformation, we compare its performance with that of a rigid aileron by testing in the LARCASE's price-Pa?doussis subsonic wind tunnel. The first set of results shows that it is possible to replace an aileron by a MTE on a wing, as an improvement was observed for the MTE aerodynamic performances with respect to the aileron aerodynamic performances.The improvement consisted in the fact that the drag coefficient was smaller, and the lift-to-drag ratio was higher for the same lift coefficient.
引文
1.Nemec M,Zingg DW,Pulliam TH.Multipoint and multiobjective aerodynamic shape optimization.AIAA J 2004;42(6):1057-65.
2.Park K,Han JJ,Kim BS,Lee J.Optimal design of airfoil with high aspect ratio in unmanned aerial vehicles.World Academy of Science,Engineering and Technology 2008;2(4):171-77.
3.Barbarino S,Bilgen O,Ajaj RM,Friswell MI,Inman DJ.A review of morphing aircraft.Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 2011;22(9):823-77.
4.Popov AV,Grigorie LT,Botez RM,Mamou M,Mebarki Y.Closed-loop control validation of a morphing wing using wind tunnel tests.Journal of Aircraft 2010;47(4):1309-17.
5.Kammegne MJT,Grigorie LT,Botez RM,Koreanschi A.Design and wind tunnel experimental validation of a controlled new rotary actuation system for a morphing wing application.Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Part G:Journal of Aerospace 2016;230(1):132-45.
6.Koreanschi A,Gabor OS?,Ayrault T,Botez RM,Mamou M,Mebarki Y.Numerical optimization and experimental testing of a morphing wing with aileron system.24th AIAA/AHS adaptive structures conference.2016.p.1083.
7.Koreanschi A,Sugar-Gabor O,Botez RM.Drag optimisation of a wing equipped with a morphing upper surface.The Aeronautical Journal 2016;120(1225):473-93.
8.Michaud F,Joncas S,Botez RM.Design,manufacturing and testing of a small-scale composite morphing wing.19th confrence on composite materials.2013.
9.Gabor OS,Koreanschi A,Botez RM.Low-speed aerodynamic characteristics improvement of ATR 42 airfoil using a morphing wing approach.IECON 2012-38th annual conference on IEEEIndustrial Electronics Society.2012.
10.Reich G,Sanders B.Introduction to morphing aircraft research.Journal of Aircraft 2007;44(4):1059.
11.Sofla AYN,Meguid SA,Tan KT,Yeo WK.Shape morphing of aircraft wing:Status and challenges.Materials&Design 2010;31(3):1284-92.
12.Sanders B,Eastep FE,Forster E.Aerodynamic and aeroelastic characteristics of wings with conformal control surfaces for morphing aircraft.Journal of Aircraft 2003;40(1):94-9.
13.Jacobs EN,Ward KE,Pinkerton RM.The characteristics of 78related airfoil sections from tests in the variable-density wind tunnel.Washington,D.C.:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics;1933.Report No.:460.
14.Gandhi F,Anusonti-Inthra P.Skin design studies for variable camber morphing airfoils.Smart Materials and Structures 2008;17(1):015025.
15.Peel LD,Mejia J,Narvaez B,Thompson K,Lingala M.Development of a simple morphing wing using elastomeric composites as skins and actuators.Journal of Mechanical Design2009;131(9):091003.
16.Amendola G,Dimino I,Pecora R,Amoroso F,Actuation system design for a morphing aileron.Applied Mechanics and Materials2015;798:582-88.
17.Monner HP,Sachau D,Breitbach E.Design aspects of the elastic trailing edge for an adaptive wing.German Aerospace Center Braunschweig(Germany)Inst of Structural Mechanics;2000.Report No:ADP010488.
18.Monner HP,Hanselka H,Breitbach EJ.Development and design of flexible fowler flaps for an adaptive wing.Smart Structures and Materials 1998:Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies 1998;3326:60-71.
19.Poonsong P.Design and analysis of a multi-section variable camber wing[dissertation].College Park:University of Maryland;2004.
20.Kota S,Hetrick JA,Osborn R,Paul D,Pendleton E,Flick P,et al.Design and application of compliant mechanisms for morphing aircraft structures.Smart Structures and Materials 2003:Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies2003;5054:24-34.
21.Liu SL,Ge WJ,Li SJ.Optimal design of compliant trailing edge for shape changing.Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2008;21(2):187-92.
22.Elzey DM,Sofla AYN,Wadley HN.A bio-inspired highauthority actuator for shape morphing structures.Smart structures and materials 2003:Active Materials:Behavior and Mechanics2003;5053:92-101.
23.Elzey DM,Sofla AY,Wadley HN.A shape memory-based multifunctional structural actuator panel.International Journal of solids and Structures 2005;42(7):1943-55.
24.Berton B.Shape memory alloys application:trailing edge shape control.Dassault Aviation,Saint-Cloud(France);2006.Report No:ADA479896.
25.Moosavian A,Chae EJ,Pankonien AM,Lee AJ,Inman DJ.Aparametric study on a bio-inspired continuously morphing trailing edge.Bioinspiration,Biomimetics,and Bioreplication2017;10162:204.
26.Wang DP,Bartley-Cho JD,Martin CA,Hallam BJ.Development of high-rate large-deflection hingeless trailing-edge control surface for the Smart Wing wind tunnel model.Smart structures and materials 2001:Industrial and commercial applications of smart structures technologies 2001;4332:407-19.
27.Aero@Net,Cnc@Net.Utilitaire profscan[Internet].2004 Dec[Accessed 13 December 2017];Available from:http://www.teaser.fr/~abrea/cncnet/logiciel/profscan.phtml.
28.Communier D,Flores Salinas M,Carranza Moyao O,Botez RM.Aero structural modeling of a wing using CATIA V5 and XFLR5software and experimental validation using the Price-Pa?¨doussis wing tunnel.AIAA atmospheric flight mechanics conference.Reston:AIAA;2015.
29.Onen AS,Cevher L,Senipek M,Mutlu T,Gungor O,Uzunlar IO,et al.Modeling and controller design of a VTOL UAV.Unmanned Aircraft Systems(ICUAS)2015 International Conference;2015.
30.Howel LL.Compliant mechanisms.New York:John Wiley&Sons;2001.
31.Howle LL,Midha A.A method for the design of compliant mechanisms with small-length flexural pivots.Journal of Mechanical Design 1994;116(1):280-90.
32.Communier D.Methodologie de modelisation aerostructurelle d’une aile utilisant un logiciel de calcul aerodynamique et un logiciel de calcul par elements finis[dissertation].Montreal:Ecole de Technologie Superieure;2015.
33.Cai Z,Ross RJ.Mechanical properties of wood-based composite materials.Wood handbook,wood as an engineering material.2010.p.12.
34.Vorobiev AN,Rennie RM,Jumper EJ,McLaughlin TE.Experimental investigation of lift enhancement and roll control using plasma actuators.Journal of Aircraft 2008;45(4):1315-21.
2.Park K,Han JJ,Kim BS,Lee J.Optimal design of airfoil with high aspect ratio in unmanned aerial vehicles.World Academy of Science,Engineering and Technology 2008;2(4):171-77.
3.Barbarino S,Bilgen O,Ajaj RM,Friswell MI,Inman DJ.A review of morphing aircraft.Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 2011;22(9):823-77.
4.Popov AV,Grigorie LT,Botez RM,Mamou M,Mebarki Y.Closed-loop control validation of a morphing wing using wind tunnel tests.Journal of Aircraft 2010;47(4):1309-17.
5.Kammegne MJT,Grigorie LT,Botez RM,Koreanschi A.Design and wind tunnel experimental validation of a controlled new rotary actuation system for a morphing wing application.Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Part G:Journal of Aerospace 2016;230(1):132-45.
6.Koreanschi A,Gabor OS?,Ayrault T,Botez RM,Mamou M,Mebarki Y.Numerical optimization and experimental testing of a morphing wing with aileron system.24th AIAA/AHS adaptive structures conference.2016.p.1083.
7.Koreanschi A,Sugar-Gabor O,Botez RM.Drag optimisation of a wing equipped with a morphing upper surface.The Aeronautical Journal 2016;120(1225):473-93.
8.Michaud F,Joncas S,Botez RM.Design,manufacturing and testing of a small-scale composite morphing wing.19th confrence on composite materials.2013.
9.Gabor OS,Koreanschi A,Botez RM.Low-speed aerodynamic characteristics improvement of ATR 42 airfoil using a morphing wing approach.IECON 2012-38th annual conference on IEEEIndustrial Electronics Society.2012.
10.Reich G,Sanders B.Introduction to morphing aircraft research.Journal of Aircraft 2007;44(4):1059.
11.Sofla AYN,Meguid SA,Tan KT,Yeo WK.Shape morphing of aircraft wing:Status and challenges.Materials&Design 2010;31(3):1284-92.
12.Sanders B,Eastep FE,Forster E.Aerodynamic and aeroelastic characteristics of wings with conformal control surfaces for morphing aircraft.Journal of Aircraft 2003;40(1):94-9.
13.Jacobs EN,Ward KE,Pinkerton RM.The characteristics of 78related airfoil sections from tests in the variable-density wind tunnel.Washington,D.C.:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics;1933.Report No.:460.
14.Gandhi F,Anusonti-Inthra P.Skin design studies for variable camber morphing airfoils.Smart Materials and Structures 2008;17(1):015025.
15.Peel LD,Mejia J,Narvaez B,Thompson K,Lingala M.Development of a simple morphing wing using elastomeric composites as skins and actuators.Journal of Mechanical Design2009;131(9):091003.
16.Amendola G,Dimino I,Pecora R,Amoroso F,Actuation system design for a morphing aileron.Applied Mechanics and Materials2015;798:582-88.
17.Monner HP,Sachau D,Breitbach E.Design aspects of the elastic trailing edge for an adaptive wing.German Aerospace Center Braunschweig(Germany)Inst of Structural Mechanics;2000.Report No:ADP010488.
18.Monner HP,Hanselka H,Breitbach EJ.Development and design of flexible fowler flaps for an adaptive wing.Smart Structures and Materials 1998:Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies 1998;3326:60-71.
19.Poonsong P.Design and analysis of a multi-section variable camber wing[dissertation].College Park:University of Maryland;2004.
20.Kota S,Hetrick JA,Osborn R,Paul D,Pendleton E,Flick P,et al.Design and application of compliant mechanisms for morphing aircraft structures.Smart Structures and Materials 2003:Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies2003;5054:24-34.
21.Liu SL,Ge WJ,Li SJ.Optimal design of compliant trailing edge for shape changing.Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2008;21(2):187-92.
22.Elzey DM,Sofla AYN,Wadley HN.A bio-inspired highauthority actuator for shape morphing structures.Smart structures and materials 2003:Active Materials:Behavior and Mechanics2003;5053:92-101.
23.Elzey DM,Sofla AY,Wadley HN.A shape memory-based multifunctional structural actuator panel.International Journal of solids and Structures 2005;42(7):1943-55.
24.Berton B.Shape memory alloys application:trailing edge shape control.Dassault Aviation,Saint-Cloud(France);2006.Report No:ADA479896.
25.Moosavian A,Chae EJ,Pankonien AM,Lee AJ,Inman DJ.Aparametric study on a bio-inspired continuously morphing trailing edge.Bioinspiration,Biomimetics,and Bioreplication2017;10162:204.
26.Wang DP,Bartley-Cho JD,Martin CA,Hallam BJ.Development of high-rate large-deflection hingeless trailing-edge control surface for the Smart Wing wind tunnel model.Smart structures and materials 2001:Industrial and commercial applications of smart structures technologies 2001;4332:407-19.
27.Aero@Net,Cnc@Net.Utilitaire profscan[Internet].2004 Dec[Accessed 13 December 2017];Available from:http://www.teaser.fr/~abrea/cncnet/logiciel/profscan.phtml.
28.Communier D,Flores Salinas M,Carranza Moyao O,Botez RM.Aero structural modeling of a wing using CATIA V5 and XFLR5software and experimental validation using the Price-Pa?¨doussis wing tunnel.AIAA atmospheric flight mechanics conference.Reston:AIAA;2015.
29.Onen AS,Cevher L,Senipek M,Mutlu T,Gungor O,Uzunlar IO,et al.Modeling and controller design of a VTOL UAV.Unmanned Aircraft Systems(ICUAS)2015 International Conference;2015.
30.Howel LL.Compliant mechanisms.New York:John Wiley&Sons;2001.
31.Howle LL,Midha A.A method for the design of compliant mechanisms with small-length flexural pivots.Journal of Mechanical Design 1994;116(1):280-90.
32.Communier D.Methodologie de modelisation aerostructurelle d’une aile utilisant un logiciel de calcul aerodynamique et un logiciel de calcul par elements finis[dissertation].Montreal:Ecole de Technologie Superieure;2015.
33.Cai Z,Ross RJ.Mechanical properties of wood-based composite materials.Wood handbook,wood as an engineering material.2010.p.12.
34.Vorobiev AN,Rennie RM,Jumper EJ,McLaughlin TE.Experimental investigation of lift enhancement and roll control using plasma actuators.Journal of Aircraft 2008;45(4):1315-21.